Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is It a Crime? Cyberstalking Victims’ Reasons for Not Reporting to Law Enforcement

by Erica R. Fissel

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(12), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120659 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1265

Using a sample of 376 young adults (18- to 25-year-olds) who had been cyberstalked in the previous 12 months, the current study attempts to (1) understand the self-identified reasons behind cyberstalking victims’ choice to not report their experiences to law enforcement and (2) [...] Read more.

Using a sample of 376 young adults (18- to 25-year-olds) who had been cyberstalked in the previous 12 months, the current study attempts to (1) understand the self-identified reasons behind cyberstalking victims’ choice to not report their experiences to law enforcement and (2) determine if there are gender or racial differences associated with the reasons for not reporting. Findings revealed that approximately 86% of cyberstalking victims did not personally report their victimization to law enforcement. The most common reasons for not reporting included not knowing their experience was criminal in nature (53.99%), dealing with it another way (42.82%), and thinking the police would not do anything for them (32.98%) or would not be helpful (31.91%). Analyses also revealed that there were gender-specific differences in one of the reasons for not reporting. Women and another gender identity selected “Thought the police would not do anything” significantly more than men. Implications for these findings are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

13 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sexual Victimization and Hypersexuality in College Women: Examining Alcohol Use as a Potential Mediator

by Ethan Marshall

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(12), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120654 - 25 Nov 2023

Viewed by 942

Abstract

The past two decades have yielded a large body of literature that uncovered an unfortunate reality: sexual victimization is more prevalent than previously thought. This body of literature has also indicated a number of the negative consequences of experiencing sexual victimization, including mental [...] Read more.

The past two decades have yielded a large body of literature that uncovered an unfortunate reality: sexual victimization is more prevalent than previously thought. This body of literature has also indicated a number of the negative consequences of experiencing sexual victimization, including mental illness, substance abuse, and sexual dysfunction. Recent research has also indicated that sexual victimization may lead to hypersexuality. What has yet to be researched is how other negative consequences of sexual victimization, such as substance abuse, may contribute to elevated levels of hypersexuality. Since these behaviors are associated with experiencing future instances of sexual violence, it is important to understand the relationship between these factors. The purpose of the current study is to address this gap in the research by examining whether alcohol use mediates the effect between sexual victimization and hypersexuality. Results indicate that alcohol use does partially mediate the relationship between sexual victimization and hypersexuality, but that sexual victimization still accounts for a significant amount of variation with respect to hypersexuality. These findings indicate that sexual victimization experiences may lead some to engage in problematic coping behaviors, such as risky sexual behavior and increased alcohol consumption, which may place individuals at an increased risk of future victimization experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Victimization: The Relationship between Community Types, Violence against Women and Reporting Behaviors

by Ryan Randa, Sarah R. Bostrom, Wyatt Brown, Bradford W. Reyns and Jessica C. Fleming

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(9), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12090471 - 23 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1192

Abstract

Existing research suggests that victimization risk is higher among urban residents. Violence against women is a notable exception in this trend. While the literature does indicate that rural women are at equal risk for violent victimization, it does not differentiate between types of [...] Read more.

Existing research suggests that victimization risk is higher among urban residents. Violence against women is a notable exception in this trend. While the literature does indicate that rural women are at equal risk for violent victimization, it does not differentiate between types of non-urban spaces (exurbs, suburbs, small towns, dispersed rural). We use a five-category measure of rural-urban location articulated land use to disentangle victim–offender relationship distribution using a female victim sample from the 1996–2005 United States National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). In the most rural areas (dispersed rural locations), women are most likely to be victimized by friends or acquaintances. The proportion of women victimized by strangers in dispersed rural locations is very low. As urbanicity increases, so does the proportion of women victimized by strangers. The findings indicate that victim–offender relationships may be dictated by proximity. In dispersed rural locations, there are comparatively fewer people unknown to the victim than in central city locations. Consequently, proximity dictates that offenders in dispersed rural locations are unlikely to be strangers. The articulated land use measure ensures that the differences between types of rural and suburban locations are identified. Future research should consider the impact of proximity on rural victimization and increased specificity in rural measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

16 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reporting and Help-Seeking among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Victims of Stalking

by Jessica C. Fleming, Ashley K. Fansher, Ryan Randa and Bradford W. Reyns

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(8), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080424 - 25 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Given the disproportionately higher rates of stalking among sexual minority individuals, the present study aimed to explore factors that influence these victims’ help-seeking behaviors. Employing data from the United States’ 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), this study explores [...] Read more.

Given the disproportionately higher rates of stalking among sexual minority individuals, the present study aimed to explore factors that influence these victims’ help-seeking behaviors. Employing data from the United States’ 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), this study explores various demographic and psychological factors impacting help-seeking among sexual minority and heterosexual victims. Results indicate that sexual minority individuals are significantly more likely to seek help than heterosexual victims of stalking. Further exploration through logistic regression, limited to the sexual minority group, shows significant associations between help-seeking and age, sex, and emotional distress from stalking, but not race. Indicating that younger respondents, female respondents, and those experiencing an emotional impact are more likely to seek help for stalking victimization among sexual minority victims. These findings emphasize the importance of sexual orientation in understanding help-seeking behaviors among stalking victims, suggesting a need for more tailored support services for the sexual minority community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

13 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Empirical Relationship between Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy, and Intimate Partner Violence Experiences among a Sample of Previously Adjudicated Youth

by Sara Zedaker and Amanda Goodson

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(6), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060354 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1195

Abstract

The impact of intimate partner violence on procedural justice has not received much attention in extant literature. As such, the current study uses data from the Pathways to Desistance Study to examine how elements of intimate partner violence affect trust in police and [...] Read more.

The impact of intimate partner violence on procedural justice has not received much attention in extant literature. As such, the current study uses data from the Pathways to Desistance Study to examine how elements of intimate partner violence affect trust in police and perceptions of legitimacy toward the criminal justice system. Results indicated several important findings regarding the effects of intimate partner violence on procedural justice. Limitations, future research, and policy recommendations are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Decade of Decision Making: Prosecutorial Decision Making in Sexual Assault Cases

by Ashley K. Fansher and Bethany Welsh

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(6), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060348 - 12 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1868

Abstract

In the United States, it is estimated that fewer than 30% of sexual assaults are reported to law enforcement, less than 5% will result in an arrest, and approximately 3% will result in a felony conviction. The present study examines a census of [...] Read more.

In the United States, it is estimated that fewer than 30% of sexual assaults are reported to law enforcement, less than 5% will result in an arrest, and approximately 3% will result in a felony conviction. The present study examines a census of sexual assault reports from 2012 to 2020 in a large police department in the Midwest region of the United States, considering only those cases presented to the district attorney’s office for consideration (n = 700). Victim characteristics, suspect characteristics, and incident characteristics were examined as relating to a prosecutor accepting a case for charges. Further, a series of “ideal victim” characteristics were identified and used to create an additive scale based on prior research. The most significant predictors of prosecutor acceptance in the full sample were a lack of “date rape” drugs, continued cooperation from the victim, the suspect having a prior arrest for sexual assault, and the assault being reported within 24 h of occurring. A separate model was conducted for only those cases with continued cooperation from the victim. The researchers discuss the implications of these significant factors and suggest training to change false perceptions of victims among criminal justice officials and to increase victim reporting/cooperation in cases of sexual assault. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accompaniment in the Gender and Social Discrimination of Migrant Women Victims of Gender-Based Violence: From Bibliography to Situated Key in Burgos, Spain

by Abel Merino Orozco, Miriam Calvo Ruiz, Cristina Di Giusto Valle, Gloria Pérez de Albéniz Garrote, Begoña Medina Gómez, Aida Gutiérrez García, Sara Saez Velasco and Valeriana Guijo Blanco

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(6), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060325 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1096

Abstract

Migrant women who experience gender-based violence face a framework of social vulnerability that is compounded by their status as both women and migrants, requiring specific attention in social support. The aim of this study is to understand the situation of women in the [...] Read more.

Migrant women who experience gender-based violence face a framework of social vulnerability that is compounded by their status as both women and migrants, requiring specific attention in social support. The aim of this study is to understand the situation of women in the social and health access realm, drawing from scientific literature as well as the voices of migrant women and professionals who support them, in order to establish priority guidelines for social support. The study begins with a bibliographic analysis of scientific literature on migrant women who have experienced gender-based violence, which informs six interviews with migrant women and five professionals, delving into their social needs and support requirements. The most prominent results point to the need for sustained and interdisciplinary support throughout the process of accessing healthcare and legal services. In addition, there is a call for social awareness in understanding the specific and personal needs of migrant women. Finally, educational support is required to dismantle patriarchal beliefs that legitimize gender discrimination and violence, avoiding re-victimization and acknowledging the multi-dimensional nature of women’s experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

Review

Jump to: Research

14 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessReview

Psychometric Test Review of the Abusive Behaviour Inventory (ABI)

by Rebecca Heron, Gracie McAndrew, Karen Parsonson and Kevin Browne

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(7), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12070400 - 10 Jul 2023

Viewed by 2502

Abstract

This paper examines the Abusive Behaviour Inventory (ABI), which is regarded as an efficient self-report measure with demonstrated high reliability and validity. This examination aims to determine the tool’s effectiveness when screening for victims of domestic violence and present recommendations for how the [...] Read more.

This paper examines the Abusive Behaviour Inventory (ABI), which is regarded as an efficient self-report measure with demonstrated high reliability and validity. This examination aims to determine the tool’s effectiveness when screening for victims of domestic violence and present recommendations for how the device may be improved. Within this critique, the ABI is analysed through a literature review and the exploration of the tool’s development. A detailed overview of the ABI is included, and its reliability and validity are critically reviewed. Findings from the research base of this tool are presented and also discussed. While the ABI is regarded as an efficient self-report measure which has been demonstrated to have both high reliability and validity, after evaluation, implementing a structured professional judgement (SPJ) approach is recommended. This would expand the tool’s utility to include risk and safety assessment. In addition, methods and considerations for including LGBTQ relationships are introduced. Finally, implications for the ABI’s use in informing batterer intervention programs are highlighted. It is concluded that more research is warranted to continue increasing the ABI’s applicability to different intimate relationship archetypes and populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

20 pages, 427 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intimate Partner Rape: A Review of Six Core Myths Surrounding Women’s Conduct and the Consequences of Intimate Partner Rape

by Caroline Lilley, Dominic Willmott, Dara Mojtahedi and Danielle Labhardt

Soc. Sci. 2023, 12(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010034 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5793

Abstract

The focus of this paper is to highlight and review the evidence surrounding common intimate partner rape (IPR) myths, their prevalence in society, and identify those who are most likely to endorse such beliefs. Six core IPR myths are discussed related to misconceptions [...] Read more.

The focus of this paper is to highlight and review the evidence surrounding common intimate partner rape (IPR) myths, their prevalence in society, and identify those who are most likely to endorse such beliefs. Six core IPR myths are discussed related to misconceptions surrounding (1) women’s decisions to remain in abusive relationships, (2) why women delay or never report IPR, (3) women’s perceived motivations when an IPR report is made, (4) a perceived lack of trauma that occurs as a consequence of this type of rape, (5) male sexual entitlement within intimate relationships, and (6) whether it is even possible to rape a marital partner. This article draws together a wealth of studies and research that evidence why such IPR myths are indeed factually inaccurate and examines how victims, justice professionals, police practitioners, and legal decision-makers endorsement of false beliefs pertaining to intimate partner rape serve to hinder various justice pathways. We discuss the consequences of rape mythology in so far as they create social barriers that prohibit the reporting of rape, impact the progression of an allegation through the criminal justice system and ultimately, obstruct rape victims’ access to justice. The review concludes by considering evidence regarding the possible benefits of education interventions in reducing the problematic influence of rape myths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses)

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Gendered Violence: Victim Perceptions and System Responses

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (9 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI