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Special Issue "Recent Trends and Advances in Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing"

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 December 2023 | Viewed by 5399

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Dr. Violeta Lazic

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ENEA, Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, RM, Italy
Interests: development of laser based instruments; LIBS; Raman; LIF; applications and fundamental studies relative to LIBS

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the past several decades, laser spectroscopy has rapidly evolved in terms of scientific knowledge, instrument development, applications and widespread use. This fast growth was stimulated by the development of commercial laser sources and spectrometers/detectors with more compact dimensions, lower costs and higher performances compared to the initially available components. Using a properly chosen laser spectroscopy technique, it is possible to rapidly obtain information about the molecular and elemental composition of materials in solid, liquid and gaseous states, and in various environmental conditions. Among the most used laser spectroscopy techniques are Raman spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS). The existing instruments are extremely various, ranging from hand-held to sophisticated laboratory tools, while the measurement distance might be from sub-millimetric to hundreds of meters (stand-off systems). This Special Issue is intended to present recent results regarding various laser spectroscopic techniques with the aim of reviewing the trends and advances. The following topics will be covered, but studies on other relevant topics are also welcome:

Applications of a specific laser spectroscopy technique in various fields and working conditions;
Results of combined laser spectroscopy techniques;
Data processing;
Sample preparation;
Novel laser spectroscopy instruments.

Dr. Violeta Lazic
Guest Editor

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Research

Open AccessArticle

Separation of Leather, Synthetic Leather and Polymers Using Handheld Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

and

Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052648 - 28 Feb 2023

Viewed by 867

Abstract

Genuine leather is produced from animal skin by chemical tanning using chemical or vegetable agents, while synthetic leather is a combination of fabric and polymer. The replacement of natural leather by synthetic leather is becoming more difficult to identify. In this work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is evaluated to separate between very similar materials: leather, synthetic leather, and polymers. LIBS is now widely employed to provide a specific fingerprint from the different materials. Animal leathers processed with vegetable, chromium, or titanium tanning were analyzed together with polymers and synthetic leather from different origins. The spectra exhibited typical signatures from the tanning agents (Cr, Ti, Al) and the dyes and pigments, but also from polymer characteristic bands. The principal factor analysis allowed to discriminate between four main groups of samples representing the tanning processes and the polymer or synthetic leather character. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparative Long-Wave Infrared Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Employing 1-D and 2-D Focal Plane Array Detectors

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Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031366 - 26 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1095

Abstract

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) emissions of laser-induced plasma on solid potassium chloride and acetaminophen tablet surfaces were studied using both a one-dimensional (1-D) linear array detection system and, for the first time, a two-dimensional (2-D) focal plane array (FPA) detection system. Both atomic and molecular infrared emitters in the vicinity of the plasma were identified by analyzing the detected spectral signatures in the infrared region. Time- and space-resolved long-wave infrared emissions were also studied to assess the temporal and spatial behaviors of atomic and molecular emitters in the plasma. These pioneer temporal and spatial investigations of infrared emissions from laser-induced plasma would be valuable to the modeling of plasma evolutions and the advances of the novel LWIR laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). When integrated both temporally (≥200 µs) and spatially using a 2-D FPA detector, the observed intensities and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of single-shot LWIR LIBS signature emissions from intact molecules were considerably enhanced (e.g., with enhancement factors up to 16 and 3.76, respectively, for a 6.62 µm band of acetaminophen molecules) and, in general, comparable to those from the atomic emitters. Pairing LWIR LIBS with conventional ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV/Vis/NIR) LIBS, a simultaneous UV/Vis/NIR + LWIR LIBS detection system promises unprecedented capability of in situ, real-time, and stand-off investigation of both atomic and molecular target compositions to detect and characterize a range of chemistries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing)

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Open AccessArticle

Impact of Glass Irradiation on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Data Analysis

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Sensors 2023, 23(2), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020691 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1022

Abstract

Increased absorption of optical materials arising from exposure to ionizing radiation must be accounted for to accurately analyze laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) data retrieved from high-radiation environments. We evaluate this effect on two examples that mimic the diagnostics placed within novel nuclear reactor designs. The analysis is performed on LIBS data measured with 1% Xe gas in an ambient He environment and 1% Eu in a molten LiCl-KCl matrix, along with the measured optical absorption from the gamma- and neutron-irradiated low-OH fused silica and sapphire glasses. Significant changes in the number of laser shots required to reach a 3

σ

detection level are observed for the Eu data, increasing by two orders of magnitude after exposure to a 1.7 × 10¹⁷ n/cm² neutron fluence. For all cases examined, the spectral dependence of absorption results in the introduction of systematic errors. Moreover, if lines from different spectral regions are used to create Boltzmann plots, this attenuation leads to statistically significant changes in the temperatures calculated from the Xe II lines and Eu II lines, lowering them from 8000 ± 610 K to 6900 ± 810 K and from 15,800 ± 400 K to 7200 ± 800 K, respectively, for exposure to the 1.7 × 10¹⁷ n/cm² fluence. The temperature range required for a 95% confidence interval for the calculated temperature is also broadened. In the case of measuring the Xe spectrum, these effects may be mitigated using only the longer-wavelength spectral region, where radiation attenuation is relatively small, or through analysis using the iterative Saha–Boltzmann method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing)

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Open AccessArticle

Temperature Measurements by Wavelength Modulation Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy with Logarithmic Conversion and 1f Signal Detection

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Sensors 2023, 23(2), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020622 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 852

Abstract

A new version of a sensor for temperature measurements in the case of strong laser intensity fluctuation was developed. It was based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) with wavelength modulation, logarithmic conversion of the absorption signal, and detection of the first harmonic of the modulation frequency. The efficiency of the technique was demonstrated under experimental conditions with excess multiplicative noise. Temperature was evaluated from the ratio of integrated absorbance of two lines of the water molecule with different lower energy levels. Two algorithms of data processing were tested, simultaneous fitting of two spectral ranges with selected absorption lines and independent fitting of two absorption lines profiles. The correctness of the gas temperature evaluation was verified by simultaneous measurements with a commercial thermocouple. An error in temperature evaluation of less than 40 at 1000 K was achieved even when processing a single scan of the diode lasers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing)

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Open AccessArticle

Homogeneity Measurements of Li-Ion Battery Cathodes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

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Sensors 2022, 22(22), 8816; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228816 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1016

Abstract

We study the capability of nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ns-LIBS) for depth-resolved concentration measurements of Li-Ion battery cathodes. With our system, which is optimized for quality control applications in the production line, we pursue the goal to unveil manufacturing faults and irregularities during the production process of cathodes as early as possible. Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) is widely considered to be better suited for depth-resolved element analysis. Nevertheless, the small size and intensity of the plasma plume, non-thermal energy distribution in the plasma and high investment costs of fs-LIBS make ns-LIBS more attractive for inline application in the industrial surrounding. The system, presented here for the first time, is able to record quasi-depth-resolved relative concentration profiles for carbon, nickel, manganese, cobalt, lithium and aluminum which are the typical elements used in the binder/conductive additive, the active cathode material and the current collector. LIBS often causes high variations in signal intensity from pulse to pulse, so concentration determination is, in general, conducted on the average of many pulses. We show that the spot-to-spot variations we measure are governed by the microstructure of the cathode foil and are not an expression of the limited precision of the LIBS setup. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Laser Spectroscopy and Sensing)

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