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Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors
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Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 27226

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Antonio Di Bartolomeo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
Interests: 2D materials (graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides); 1D materials (nanowires and nanotubes); field effect transistors; van der Waals heterojunctions; Schottky junctions; photodetectors; non-volatile memories; field emission
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Carbon nanotubes have been among the most-studied materials of the past three decades. The high surface-to-volume ratio, combined with chemical and thermal stability, mechanical strength and flexibility, high current carrying capability and controllable bandgap, have made them the material of choice for a variety of sensing applications.

Single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, individual or in the form of ultrathin networks or thin films, have been exploited in a countless amount of fast, sensitive and inexpensive sensors for chemical and biological agents, radiation, temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.

The high sensitivity of the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes to molecules adsorbed on their surface make them an ideal material for the development of chemical and biological sensors. Gas sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity were demonstrated soon after their discovery in 1991. Functionalized by carboxyl and amino groups, metallic nanoparticles or polymers, carbon nanotubes led to the formation of chemically active sensors. Boundary-modified nanotubes were proposed for the identification of metallic atoms and their ions. Oxidation and reduction reactions occurring during the interaction with biomolecules has enabled a special group of carbon nanotube-based electrochemical and biological sensors (biosensors). Carbon nanotubes have been used for the detection of DNA, enzymes, proteins, glucose, etc. The ultra-small size has enabled a new generation of wearable sensors for the monitoring of daily activities or for medical purposes.

The temperature dependence of the electrical transport in carbon nanotubes has made possible the fabrication of small-size thermistors with fast responses over a wide range of temperatures. Carbon nanotubes are used as pressure sensors or strain gauges in a variety of configurations, where physical mechanisms such as the changing conductivity of films on stress or the modulation of their field emission current have been exploited. Individual or groups of nanotubes have been widely employed for electromagnetic radiation detection, from the ultraviolet to the terahertz. Environmental radioactivity monitoring or dosimetry with carbon nanotubes is a very active research field. The appearance of a voltage on single-wall nanotube bundles in the direction of a liquid flow has allowed the development of sensitive nanotube-based flow sensors.   

The Special Issue “Carbon Nanotube Sensors” aims to summarize the state of the art of the research and the technology on carbon nanotube-based sensors. The Special Issue includes, but is not limited to,  the following applications:

  • Chemical sensors
  • Detection of metallic atoms
  • Biosensors
  • Immunosensors
  • DNA, enzyme, protein sensors
  • Electrochemical sensors
  • Vapor sensors
  • Humidity sensors
  • Strain gauge
  • Pressure sensors
  • Temperature sensors
  • Bolometers
  • Photodetectors
  • Radiation detectors
  • Flow sensors

The purpose of the Special Issue is to collect original research papers or review articles. Although the emphasis is on practical applications, we also welcome fundamental studies.

Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Antonio Di Bartolomeo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Single-wall carbon nanotube
  • Multi-wall carbon nanotube
  • Sensor
  • Temperature sensor
  • Pressure sensor
  • Chemical sensor
  • Gas sensor
  • Biological sensor
  • Electrochemical sensor
  • Immunosensor
  • Optical sensors
  • Photodetector
  • Radiation detector
  • Humidity sensor
  • Flow sensor

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 3598 KiB  
Article
High Efficiency Crumpled Carbon Nanotube Heaters for Low Drift Hydrogen Sensing
by Jeonhyeong Park, Il Ryu Jang, Kyungtaek Lee and Hoe Joon Kim
Sensors 2019, 19(18), 3878; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183878 - 09 Sep 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4163
Abstract
This work presents the fabrication of crumpled carbon nanotubes (C-CNTs) thin film heaters and their application towards high sensitivity and low drift hydrogen gas sensing. Utilizing a spray coating of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal shrinkage of polystyrene (PS) substrate, we [...] Read more.
This work presents the fabrication of crumpled carbon nanotubes (C-CNTs) thin film heaters and their application towards high sensitivity and low drift hydrogen gas sensing. Utilizing a spray coating of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal shrinkage of polystyrene (PS) substrate, we have fabricated C-CNTs with closely packed junctions. Joule heating of C-CNTs gives higher temperature at a given input voltage compared to as-deposited CNTs. In addition, temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is analyzed for accurate temperature control and measurement of the heater. The C-CNT heaters are capable of hydrogen gas sensing while demonstrating higher measurement sensitivities along with lower drift compared to as-deposited CNT devices. In addition, the self-heating of C-CNT heaters help rapid desorption of hydrogen, and thus allowing repetitive and stable sensor operation. Our findings reveal that both CNT morphologies and heating temperatures affect the hydrogen sensing performances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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10 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Source Separation Using Sensor’s Frequency Response: Theory and Practice on Carbon Nanotubes Sensors
by Aurore Quelennec, Éric Duchesne, Hélène Frémont and Dominique Drouin
Sensors 2019, 19(15), 3389; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153389 - 02 Aug 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increased demand in integrated sensors for electronic devices. Multi-functional sensors provide the same amount of data using fewer sensors. Carbon nanotubes are non-selectively sensitive to temperature, gas and strain. Thus, carbon nanotubes are perfect candidates to design multi-functional sensors. [...] Read more.
Nowadays, there is an increased demand in integrated sensors for electronic devices. Multi-functional sensors provide the same amount of data using fewer sensors. Carbon nanotubes are non-selectively sensitive to temperature, gas and strain. Thus, carbon nanotubes are perfect candidates to design multi-functional sensors. In our study, we are interested in a dual humidity-temperature sensor. Here, we present a novel method to differentiate at least two sources using the sensor’s frequency responses based on multiwall carbon nanotubes sensors. The experimental results demonstrate that there are temperature- or moisture-invariant frequencies of the impedance magnitude, and their values depend on the sensor’s geometry. The proposed measurement model shows that source-invariant frequencies of the phase can be also determined. In addition, the source separation method is generalized to other materials or sources enabling multi-functional sensors for environment monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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11 pages, 1012 KiB  
Article
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) as Solid-Contact in All-Solid-State Perchlorate ISEs: Applications to Fireworks and Propellants Analysis
by Saad S. M. Hassan, Ahmed Galal Eldin, Abd El-Galil E. Amr, Mohamed A. Al-Omar and Ayman H. Kamel
Sensors 2019, 19(12), 2697; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122697 - 14 Jun 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3343
Abstract
Herein, we present reliable, robust, stable, and cost-effective solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for perchlorate determination. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as solid-contact material and indium (III) 5, 10, 15, 20-(tetraphenyl) porphyrin chloride (InIII-porph) as an ion carrier. The sensor exhibited [...] Read more.
Herein, we present reliable, robust, stable, and cost-effective solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for perchlorate determination. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as solid-contact material and indium (III) 5, 10, 15, 20-(tetraphenyl) porphyrin chloride (InIII-porph) as an ion carrier. The sensor exhibited an improved sensitivity towards ClO4− ions with anionic slope of −56.0 ± 1.1 (R2 = 0.9998) mV/decade over a linear range 1.07 × 10−6 – 1.0 × 10−2 M and detection limit of 1.8 × 10−7 M. The short-term potential stability and the double-layer capacitance were measured by chronopotentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, respectively. The sensor is used for ClO4− determination in fireworks and propellant powders. The results fairly agree with data obtained by ion chromatography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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12 pages, 1633 KiB  
Article
Ecofriendly Long Life Nanocomposite Sensors for Determination of Carbachol in Presence of Choline: Application in Ophthalmic Solutions and Biological Fluids
by Eman A. Al-Harbi, Mona H. Abdelrahman and Amira M. El-Kosasy
Sensors 2019, 19(10), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102357 - 22 May 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2797
Abstract
Several emerging nano scale forms of carbon are showing great promise in electrochemical sensing such as graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Herein we present an ecofriendly method to fabricate long life and sensitive ion selective sensors based on graphene and MWCNTs nanocomposites [...] Read more.
Several emerging nano scale forms of carbon are showing great promise in electrochemical sensing such as graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Herein we present an ecofriendly method to fabricate long life and sensitive ion selective sensors based on graphene and MWCNTs nanocomposites with no need for volatile organic solvents. Both sensors were fabricated, for the analysis of carbachol in ophthalmic solutions, plasma and urine where ion- association complex was formed between cationic carbachol and anionic Sodium tetra phenyl borate (NaTBP) in a ratio 1:1. Both sensors were evaluated according to the IUPAC recommendation data, revealing linear response in the concentration range 10−7 M to 10−2 M with near Nernstian slopes 50.80 ± 5 and 58.14 ± 3 mV/decade and correlation coefficients 0.9992 and 0.9998 for graphene and MWCNTs based sensors, respectively. Both sensors were successfully applied as stability indicating method for the analysis of carbachol in presence of its metabolite choline, in ophthalmic preparations, in plasma and urine showing good recovery percentage values. MWCNTs based sensor showed some advantages over graphene sensor regarding lower limit of detection (LOD), longer life time and higher selectivity towards carbachol. Statistical comparison of the proposed sensors with the official method showed no significant difference for accuracy and precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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20 pages, 7842 KiB  
Article
In-Situ Monitoring of a Filament Wound Pressure Vessel by the MWCNT Sensor under Hydraulic Fatigue Cycling and Pressurization
by Biao Xiao, Bin Yang, Fu-Zhen Xuan, Yun Wan, Chaojie Hu, Pengcheng Jin, Hongshuai Lei, Yanxun Xiang and Kang Yang
Sensors 2019, 19(6), 1396; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061396 - 21 Mar 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4322
Abstract
As a result of the high specific strength/stiffness to mass ratio, filament wound composite pressure vessels are extensively used to contain gas or fluid under pressure. The ability to in-situ monitor the composite pressure vessels for possible damage is important for high-pressure medium [...] Read more.
As a result of the high specific strength/stiffness to mass ratio, filament wound composite pressure vessels are extensively used to contain gas or fluid under pressure. The ability to in-situ monitor the composite pressure vessels for possible damage is important for high-pressure medium storage industries. This paper describes an in-situ monitoring method to permanently monitor composite pressure vessels for their structural integrity. The sensor is made of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) that can be embedded in the composite skin of the pressure vessels. The sensing ability of the sensor is firstly evaluated in various mechanical tests, and in-situ monitoring experiments of a full-scale composite pressure vessel during hydraulic fatigue cycling and pressurization are performed. The monitoring results of the MWCNT sensor are compared with the strains measured by the strain gauges. The results show that the measured signal by the developed sensor matches the mechanical behavior of the composite laminates under various load conditions. In the hydraulic fatigue test, the relationship between the resistance and the strain is built, and could be used to quantitative monitor the filament wound pressure vessel. The bursting of the pressure vessel can be detected by the sharp increase of the MWCNT sensor resistance. Embedding the MWCNT sensor into the composite pressure vessel is successfully demonstrated as a promising method for structural health monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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15 pages, 8821 KiB  
Article
Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Nanoplatelet Hybrid Film as a Flexible Multifunctional Sensor
by JianRen Huang, XiaoXiang Yang, Shiuh-Chuan Her and Yuan-Ming Liang
Sensors 2019, 19(2), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020317 - 14 Jan 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4771
Abstract
A flexible hybrid film consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared and employed as a multifunctional sensor to monitor temperature and liquid leakage, based on the piezoresistive effect. The influences of the GNP content on the mechanical, thermal, [...] Read more.
A flexible hybrid film consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared and employed as a multifunctional sensor to monitor temperature and liquid leakage, based on the piezoresistive effect. The influences of the GNP content on the mechanical, thermal, and sensing properties were investigated. Experimental results showed that both the hardness and Young’s modulus of the hybrid film were decreased with an increasing GNP content, while the thermal conductivity exhibited in an opposite trend. The electrical resistance of the hybrid film decreased was linearly with an increase in temperature. The resistance change increased linearly with an increase of the solvent adsorption. These features demonstrated the potential applications of the hybrid film in the detection of temperature, and liquid leakage. The sensitivity of leakage detection is increasing with the increase of the GNP loading, while temperature sensitivity is in the opposite trend. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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11 pages, 5107 KiB  
Article
Ni-CNT Chemical Sensor for SF6 Decomposition Components Detection: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
by Yingang Gui, Xiaoxing Zhang, Peigeng Lv, Shan Wang, Chao Tang and Qu Zhou
Sensors 2018, 18(10), 3493; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103493 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3740
Abstract
SF6 decomposition components detection is a key technology to evaluate and diagnose the insulation status of SF6-insulated equipment online, especially when insulation defects-induced discharge occurs in equipment. In order to detect the type and concentration of SF6 decomposition components, [...] Read more.
SF6 decomposition components detection is a key technology to evaluate and diagnose the insulation status of SF6-insulated equipment online, especially when insulation defects-induced discharge occurs in equipment. In order to detect the type and concentration of SF6 decomposition components, a Ni-modified carbon nanotube (Ni-CNT) gas sensor has been prepared to analyze its gas sensitivity and selectivity to SF6 decomposition components based on an experimental and density functional theory (DFT) theoretical study. Experimental results show that a Ni-CNT gas sensor presents an outstanding gas sensing property according to the significant change of conductivity during the gas molecule adsorption. The conductivity increases in the following order: H2S > SOF2 > SO2 > SO2F2. The limit of detection of the Ni-CNT gas sensor reaches 1 ppm. In addition, the excellent recovery property of the Ni-CNT gas sensor makes it easy to be widely used. A DFT theoretical study was applied to analyze the influence mechanism of Ni modification on SF6 decomposition components detection. In summary, the Ni-CNT gas sensor prepared in this study can be an effective way to evaluate and diagnose the insulation status of SF6-insulated equipment online. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotube Based Sensors)
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