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Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2024 | Viewed by 20173

Special Issue Editors

Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, PL-20618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: optoelectronics; optics; optical sensing
Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, PL-20618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: optoelectronics; optics; optical fibers; fiber optic technology; photonics; optical sensing; optics and photonics; fiber optic communication; nonlinear optics; optics and lasers
Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, PL-20618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: automatics; electronics and electrical engineering
Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, PL-20618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: automatics; electronics and electrical engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical detection is an increasingly important technological area that determines the provision of knowledge for various fields of human activity. Among others, air quality testing, ICT security, and the detection of a number of phenomena in urban areas are becoming increasingly relevant.

Optoelectronic sensors are widely used in many fields of the economy, especially in control and measurement systems. The development of new technologies allows the construction of new fiber optic sensors, which are characterized by much higher sensitivity, robustness (high temperatures and other environmental hazards) and accuracy than their current electronic counterparts. Thanks to the development of new trends in optoelectronic sensor manufacturing technology, it is possible to use them in many branches of the economy, including the mining and fuel and energy sectors, and construction, in addition to their universal use in medicine. Especially in medicine, the precision of measurements characteristic for these sensors plays a significant role. Here, safety and reliability have a direct impact on proper diagnosis and thus determine the quality of human life. Today, many areas of industry require innovative detection methods for a range of physical quantities and chemical agents. Precision, frequency, and sometimes the ability to measure at all are of crucial importance for ongoing processes. In particular, fiber optic sensors are needed in the mining and petrochemical industries and the transmission of oil and gas processing products. The measurement of explosive gas concentrations in these areas is particularly important for safety reasons. The development of new advanced technologies for sensor systems will create an opportunity to develop unique solutions in the dynamically developing area of control and measurement systems. The development of methods for the long-term monitoring and analysis of data from sensor systems is another necessary scientific area for development.

This Special Issue covers recent trends and developments in the technology of manufacturing sensory systems and methods for analyzing data from optoelectronic sensors.

Prof. Dr. Waldemar Wojcik
Dr. Piotr Kisala
Dr. Andrzej Kotyra
Dr. Andrzej Smolarz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Design and manufacturing technologies for optoelectronic sensors
  • Development of new measurement methods based on optoelectronic sensors of physical and chemical quantities
  • Analysis and processing of data from optoelectronic sensors
  • Applications of optoelectronic sensors

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3071 KiB  
Article
Optical Sensor System for 3D Jones Matrix Reconstruction of Optical Anisotropy Maps of Self-Assembled Polycrystalline Soft Matter Films
by Waldemar Wójcik, Zhengbing Hu, Yuriy Ushenko, Andrzej Smolarz, Iryna Soltys, Oleksander Dubolazov, Oleksander Ushenko, Olexandra Litvinenko, Ivan Mikirin, Ivan Gordey, Oleksandr Pavlyukovich, Sergii Pavlov, Natalia Pavlyukovich, Saltanat Amirgaliyeva, Aliya Kalizhanova and Zhalau Aitkulov
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051589 - 29 Feb 2024
Viewed by 431
Abstract
Our work uses a polarization matrix formalism to analyze and algorithmically represent optical anisotropy by open dehydration of blood plasma films. Analytical relations for Jones matrix reconstruction of optical birefringence maps of protein crystal networks of dehydrated biofluid films are found. A technique [...] Read more.
Our work uses a polarization matrix formalism to analyze and algorithmically represent optical anisotropy by open dehydration of blood plasma films. Analytical relations for Jones matrix reconstruction of optical birefringence maps of protein crystal networks of dehydrated biofluid films are found. A technique for 3D step-by-step measurement of the distributions of the elements of the Jones matrix or Jones matrix images (JMI) of the optically birefringent structure of blood plasma films (BPF) has been created. Correlation between JMI maps and corresponding birefringence images of dehydrated BPF and saliva films (SF) obtained from donors and prostate cancer patients was determined. Within the framework of statistical analysis of layer-by-layer optical birefringence maps, the parameters most sensitive to pathological changes in the structure of dehydrated films were found to be the central statistical moments of the 1st to 4th orders. We physically substantiated and experimentally determined the sensitivity of the method of 3D polarization scanning technique of BPF and SF preparations in the diagnosis of endometriosis of uterine tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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12 pages, 4079 KiB  
Article
Optical Properties of Light-Scattering Standards for CCD Photometry
by Denys Bondariev, Natalia Bezugla, Paweł Komada, Nataliia Stelmakh and Mykhailo Bezuglyi
Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7700; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187700 - 06 Sep 2023
Viewed by 793
Abstract
This paper analyzes the light-scattering standards currently used for calibration (verification) and systematic research in photo and spectrophotometry tools. The application specificities in studying the diffuse reflected and transmitted light during biomedical CCD photometry are considered. The advantages of a new class of [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the light-scattering standards currently used for calibration (verification) and systematic research in photo and spectrophotometry tools. The application specificities in studying the diffuse reflected and transmitted light during biomedical CCD photometry are considered. The advantages of a new class of photometers with non-spherical reflectors as ellipsoids of revolution truncated along the focal planes with the internal mirror surface are presented. The ellipsoid first focal plane is combined with the surface of the under-study media, and the second is optically coupled to the CCD image sensor plane. The principles of zone analysis of spatial distribution reproduced in photometric images on a CCD sensor are substantiated. The illuminance levels of photometric image areas in reflected and transmitted light from the thickness of the standard for the wavelength of laser radiation of 650 nm of different power was experimentally investigated. Polynomial dependences were obtained, and regression coefficients of the illuminance of the external and middle rings in photometric images for the reflected and transmitted light on the laser power were determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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13 pages, 1238 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Millimeter-Wave Satellite Radiometer Working at Room-Temperature with High Photon Conversion Efficiency
by Kerlos Atia Abdalmalak, Gabriel Santamaria Botello, Mallika Irene Suresh, Enderson Falcón-Gómez, Alejandro Rivera Lavado and Luis Enrique García-Muñoz
Sensors 2022, 22(6), 2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062400 - 21 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2597
Abstract
In this work, the design of an integrated 183GHz radiometer frontend for earth observation applications on satellites is presented. By means of the efficient electro-optic modulation of a laser pump with the observed millimeter-wave signal followed by the detection of the generated [...] Read more.
In this work, the design of an integrated 183GHz radiometer frontend for earth observation applications on satellites is presented. By means of the efficient electro-optic modulation of a laser pump with the observed millimeter-wave signal followed by the detection of the generated optical sideband, a room-temperature low-noise receiver frontend alternative to conventional Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) or Schottky mixers is proposed. Efficient millimeter-wave to 1550 nm upconversion is realized via a nonlinear optical process in a triply resonant high-Q Lithium Niobate (LN) Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) resonator. By engineering a micromachined millimeter-wave cavity that maximizes the overlap with the optical modes while guaranteeing phase matching, the system has a predicted normalized photon-conversion efficiency 101 per mW pump power, surpassing the state-of-the-art by around three orders of magnitude at millimeter-wave frequencies. A piezo-driven millimeter-wave tuning mechanism is designed to compensate for the fabrication and assembly tolerances and reduces the complexity of the manufacturing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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32 pages, 2859 KiB  
Article
Influence of an External Electric Field and Dissipative Tunneling on Recombination Radiation in Quantum Dots
by Vladimir D. Krevchik, Aleksei V. Razumov, Mikhail B. Semenov, Saygid U. Uvaysov, Vladimir P. Kulagin, Paweł Komada, Saule Smailova and Aisha Mussabekova
Sensors 2022, 22(4), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041300 - 09 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The effect of an external electric field and dissipative tunneling on the spectral intensity of recombination radiation in a quantum dot with an A+ + e impurity complex (a hole localized on a neutral acceptor interacting with an electron localized in the [...] Read more.
The effect of an external electric field and dissipative tunneling on the spectral intensity of recombination radiation in a quantum dot with an A+ + e impurity complex (a hole localized on a neutral acceptor interacting with an electron localized in the ground state of the quantum dot) is studied in the zero-radius potential model in the adiabatic approximation. The probability of dissipative tunneling of a hole is calculated in the one-instanton approximation. A high sensitivity of the recombination radiation intensity to the strength of the external electric field and to such parameters of the surrounding matrix (dissipative tunneling parameters) as temperature, the constant of interaction with the contact medium (or the heat-bath), and the frequency of phonon modes, has been revealed. It is shown that an external electric field leads to a shift of the recombination radiation threshold by several tens of meV, and a change in the parameters of dissipative tunneling has a noticeable effect on the spectral intensity of recombination radiation. It is shown that the resonant tunneling effect manifests itself in the form of “dips” in the field dependence of the spectral intensity of recombination radiation, which occur at certain values of the external electric field strength and temperature. This opens up certain prospects for the use of the considered system “quantum dot—impurity complex A+ + e” under conditions of dissipative tunneling for the study and diagnostics of biological objects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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16 pages, 6105 KiB  
Article
Measuring Setup for Experimental Research of Two-Coordinate Fiber-Optic Acceleration Sensors with Cylindrical Lenses
by Elena Badeeva, Tatiana Murashkina, Andrey Motin, Saygid Uvaysov, Ainur Kozbakova and Daniel Sawicki
Sensors 2022, 22(3), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031125 - 01 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
The article presents the possibilities of using fiber-optic acceleration (FOC) sensors on products of rocket-space and aviation technology as part of information-measuring systems. A special measuring device has been developed for experimental confirmation of the main characteristics of the technical characteristics of the [...] Read more.
The article presents the possibilities of using fiber-optic acceleration (FOC) sensors on products of rocket-space and aviation technology as part of information-measuring systems. A special measuring device has been developed for experimental confirmation of the main characteristics of the technical characteristics of the developed, two-coordinate fiber-optic acceleration sensors. The developed measuring setup for the experimental research of a two-coordinate fiber-optic acceleration sensor with two, cylindrical lenses fixed on two H-shaped elastic elements deflected under the influence of acceleration in two mutually perpendicular directions X and Y, intended for operation in harsh conditions of rocket and space technology. The experimental equipment consists of the developed setup for setting micromovements and an information conversion unit, including modules for signal conversion, transmission, power supply, signal amplification, and indication. Experimental dependences of the output voltage from the information conversion unit’s output on the micro-displacement in the range corresponding to the micro-displacements of the inertial mass with a cylindrical lens under acceleration in the range of ±100 m/s2 were obtained on the micro-displacement setting unit. The maximum value of the linearity error of the prototype acceleration sensor together with the information conversion unit was 0.07%. The conversion sensitivity of a two-coordinate fiber-optic acceleration sensor per the experimental dependences obtained on the Data Physics LE-612 MST/DSA 10–40 k vibration stand when exposed to sinusoidal vibration with an acceleration amplitude from 2 to 10 g in the frequency range from 5 to 2560 Hz was, on average, 3 mV/m/s2. The conducted experimental research confirms the performance of experimental samples of fiber-optic acceleration sensors together with an information conversion unit, as well as the achievement of high metrological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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26 pages, 7547 KiB  
Article
Multispectral High Temperature Thermography
by Waldemar Wójcik, Vladimir Firago, Andrzej Smolarz, Indira Shedreyeva and Bakhyt Yeraliyeva
Sensors 2022, 22(3), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030742 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1590
Abstract
The paper considers the issues of creating high-temperature digital thermographs based on RGB photodetector arrays. It has been shown that increasing the reliability of temperature measurement of bodies with unknown spectral coefficient of thermal radiation can be ensured by optimal selection of the [...] Read more.
The paper considers the issues of creating high-temperature digital thermographs based on RGB photodetector arrays. It has been shown that increasing the reliability of temperature measurement of bodies with unknown spectral coefficient of thermal radiation can be ensured by optimal selection of the used spectral range and registration of the observed thermal radiation fields in three spectral ranges. The registration of thermal radiation in four or more spectral ranges was found to be inefficient due to the increasing error in temperature determination. This paper presents a method for forming three overlapping spectral regions in the NIR spectral range, which is based on the use of an external spectral filter and a combination of the spectral characteristics of an RGB photodetector array. It is shown that it is necessary to ensure the stability of the solution of the system of three nonlinear equations with respect to the influence of noise. For this purpose, the use of a priori information about the slope factor of the spectral dependence of the thermal radiation coefficient in the selected spectral range for the controlled bodies is proposed. The theoretical results are confirmed by examples of their application in a thermograph based on an array of CMOS RGB photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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31 pages, 3912 KiB  
Article
A Probabilistic Approach to Estimating Allowed SNR Values for Automotive LiDARs in “Smart Cities” under Various External Influences
by Roman Meshcheryakov, Andrey Iskhakov, Mark Mamchenko, Maria Romanova, Saygid Uvaysov, Yedilkhan Amirgaliyev and Konrad Gromaszek
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020609 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
The paper proposes an approach to assessing the allowed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) of unmanned autonomous vehicles based on the predetermined probability of false alarms under various intentional and unintentional influencing factors. The focus of this study is [...] Read more.
The paper proposes an approach to assessing the allowed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) of unmanned autonomous vehicles based on the predetermined probability of false alarms under various intentional and unintentional influencing factors. The focus of this study is on the relevant issue of the safe use of LiDAR data and measurement systems within the “smart city” infrastructure. The research team analyzed and systematized various external impacts on the LiDAR systems, as well as the state-of-the-art approaches to improving their security and resilience. It has been established that the current works on the analysis of external influences on the LiDARs and methods for their mitigation focus mainly on physical (hardware) approaches (proposing most often other types of modulation and optical signal frequencies), and less often software approaches, through the use of additional anomaly detection techniques and data integrity verification systems, as well as improving the efficiency of data filtering in the cloud point. In addition, the sources analyzed in this paper do not offer methodological support for the design of the LiDAR in the very early stages of their creation, taking into account a priori assessment of the allowed SNR threshold and probability of detecting a reflected pulse and the requirements to minimize the probability of “missing” an object when scanning with no a priori assessments of the detection probability characteristics of the LiDAR. The authors propose a synthetic approach as a mathematical tool for designing a resilient LiDAR system. The approach is based on the physics of infrared radiation, the Bayesian theory, and the Neyman–Pearson criterion. It features the use of a predetermined threshold for false alarms, the probability of interference in the analytics, and the characteristics of the LiDAR’s receivers. The result is the analytical solution to the problem of calculating the allowed SNR while stabilizing the level of “false alarms” in terms of background noise caused by a given type of interference. The work presents modelling results for the “false alarm” probability values depending on the selected optimality criterion. The efficiency of the proposed approach has been proven by the simulation results of the received optical power of the LiDAR’s signal based on the calculated SNR threshold and noise values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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18 pages, 2209 KiB  
Article
Information Conversion in Measuring Channels with Optoelectronic Sensors
by Vasyl V. Kukharchuk, Sergii V. Pavlov, Volodymyr S. Holodiuk, Valery E. Kryvonosov, Krzysztof Skorupski, Assel Mussabekova and Gaini Karnakova
Sensors 2022, 22(1), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010271 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1450
Abstract
The purpose of this work is the authors’ attempt to identify the main phases of information transformation in measurement channels on the example of an optical measurement channel with microprocessor control. The authors include such phases: hardware implementation and analytical representation of an [...] Read more.
The purpose of this work is the authors’ attempt to identify the main phases of information transformation in measurement channels on the example of an optical measurement channel with microprocessor control. The authors include such phases: hardware implementation and analytical representation of an optical sensor’s converting functions and a current-to-voltage converter; based on the methods of experimental computer science, the converting functions and sensitivity are deduced, analytical dependences for estimation of a range of measurement are obtained. It is shown that the choice of information transmission type in the microprocessor measuring channel significantly affects the speed of the measuring channel. Based on the uncertainty in the form of entropy before and after measurements, the amount of information for measuring channels with optoelectronic sensors is estimated. The application of the results obtained in the work allows even at the design stage of physical and mathematical modeling to assess the basic static metrological characteristics of measuring channels, aimed at reducing the stage of development and debugging of hardware and software and standardization of their metrological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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27 pages, 8458 KiB  
Article
Research Active Posterior Rhinomanometry Tomography Method for Nasal Breathing Determining Violations
by Oleg G. Avrunin, Yana V. Nosova, Ibrahim Younouss Abdelhamid, Sergii V. Pavlov, Natalia O. Shushliapina, Natalia A. Bouhlal, Ainur Ormanbekova, Aigul Iskakova and Damian Harasim
Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8508; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248508 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
This study analyzes the existing methods for studying nasal breathing. The aspects of verifying the results of rhinomanometric diagnostics according to the data of spiral computed tomography are considered, and the methodological features of dynamic posterior active rhinomanometry and the main indicators of [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the existing methods for studying nasal breathing. The aspects of verifying the results of rhinomanometric diagnostics according to the data of spiral computed tomography are considered, and the methodological features of dynamic posterior active rhinomanometry and the main indicators of respiration are also analyzed. The possibilities of testing respiratory olfactory disorders are considered, the analysis of errors in rhinomanometric measurements is carried out. In the conclusions, practical recommendations are given that have been developed for the design and operation of tools for functional diagnostics of nasal breathing disorders. It is advisable, according to the data of dynamic rhinomanometry, to assess the functioning of the nasal valve by the shape of the air flow rate signals during forced breathing and the structures of the soft palate by the residual nasopharyngeal pressure drop. It is imperative to take into account not only the maximum coefficient of aerodynamic nose drag, but also the values of the pressure drop and air flow rate in the area of transition to the turbulent quadratic flow regime. From the point of view of the physiology of the nasal response, it is necessary to look at the dynamic change to the current mode, given the hour of the forced response, so that it will ensure the maximum possible acidity in the legend. When planning functional rhinosurgical operations, it is necessary to apply the calculation method using computed tomography, which makes it possible to predict the functional result of surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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14 pages, 6841 KiB  
Article
Methods of Projecting Mode Amplitude Changes on the Wavelength Axis in Order to Determine the Bending Radius on the Basis of TFBG Grating Spectra
by Sławomir Cięszczyk, Damian Harasim, Ainur Ormanbekova, Krzysztof Skorupski and Martyna Wawrzyk
Sensors 2021, 21(22), 7526; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227526 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1391
Abstract
Tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) are used as sensors to determine many quantities such as refractive index, temperature, stress, rotation and bending. The TFBG spectrum contains a lot of information and various algorithms are used for its analysis. However, most of these algorithms [...] Read more.
Tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) are used as sensors to determine many quantities such as refractive index, temperature, stress, rotation and bending. The TFBG spectrum contains a lot of information and various algorithms are used for its analysis. However, most of these algorithms are dedicated to the analysis of spectral changes under the influence of the refractive index. The most popular algorithm used for this purpose is to calculate the area occupied by cladding modes. Among the remaining algorithms, there are those that use the determination of the cut-off wavelength as a surrounding refractive index (SRI) indicator. Projection on the wavelength axis can also be used to calculate the bending radius of the fibre. However, this is a more difficult task than with SRI, because the mode decay in bending is not so easy to catch. In this article, we propose a multi-step algorithm that allows to determine the impact of bending on mode leakage. At the same time, the place on the wavelength from the side of the Bragg mode and the ghost mode is determined, which represents the cladding mode radiated from the cladding under the influence of bending. The developed algorithm consists of the following operations carried out on the transmission spectrum: Fourier filtering, calculation of the cumulative value of the spectral length, low-pass filtering of the cumulative curve or its corresponding polynomial approximation, determination of the first and second derivative of the approximated curve, and projection of the second derivative of the curve on the wavelength axis. The shift of the wavelength determined in this way indirectly indicates the bending radius of the optical fibre. Based on multiple measurements, we prove that the presented algorithm provides better results when determining the bending radius compared to other algorithms adopted for this purpose and proposed for SRI measurements. Additionally, we analyse the method of determining the shift of a fragment of the spectrum using the phase of the discrete Fourier transform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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29 pages, 12963 KiB  
Article
Design and Manufacturing Optoelectronic Sensors for the Measurement of Refractive Index Changes under Unknown Polarization State
by Damian Harasim, Piotr Kisała, Bakhyt Yeraliyeva and Janusz Mroczka
Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7318; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217318 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1683
Abstract
This article proposes a new method for detecting slight refractive index changes under conditions of unknown polarization state. It is argued that an insignificant modification of the tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) structure and selecting the appropriate spectral region allows us to accurately [...] Read more.
This article proposes a new method for detecting slight refractive index changes under conditions of unknown polarization state. It is argued that an insignificant modification of the tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) structure and selecting the appropriate spectral region allows us to accurately track changes in the refractive index. It has also been proven that the method can be easily made insensitive to temperature and that the sensitivity to changes in the polarization plane of the input light can be significantly reduced, which is crucial in later practical applications. Analytes in the form of an aqueous glucose solution were used to calibrate the sensor. The proposed method, based on perpendicular tilted fiber Bragg grating (P-TFBG), has a wide range of universality because its development and slight modification will enable the detection of glucose, pathogens, and viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Technology Trends in Optoelectronic Sensors)
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