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Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment
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Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 10670

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Fang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductor, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Interests: optical fiber sensing technology; fiber lasers; fiber-optic sensors for marine information and security; disaster monitoring; seismic monitoring and acoustic sensors
Prof. Dr. Chi Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
2. Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
Interests: marine sensors and instruments for the monitoring of ocean temperature, salinity, depth, density, current, nitrate, dissolved oxygen and microbial based on integrated photonics and fiber optic technologies
Prof. Dr. Zhou Meng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Interests: fiber-optic hydrophone; fiber laser

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There has recently been a growing interest in the potential use of optic fiber sensing technology for marine environments. As the ocean observation process accelerates, the application of optical fiber sensing technology in this field has become a research hotspot for the characteristics of strong adaptability to harsh environments and easy large-scale networking.

This Special Issue therefore aims to put together original research and review articles on recent advances, technologies, solutions, applications, and new challenges in the field of optical fiber sensing technology for marine environments.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Optic fiber sensors for physical ocean observation;
  • Optic fiber sensors for chemical ocean observation;
  • Optic fiber sensors for biological ocean observation;
  • Optic fiber sensors for geophysical ocean observation;
  • Optic fiber marine acoustic sensors;
  • Marine application of optic fiber sensors.

Prof. Dr. Fang Li
Prof. Dr. Chi Wu
Prof. Dr. Zhou Meng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 17213 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Fiber-Optic Vector Magnetic Field Sensors Based on the Magneto-Strictive Effect
by Ning Li, Yuren Chen, Chaofan Zhang, Jie Nong, Wenjie Xu, Zhencheng Wang, Junbo Yang, Yang Yu and Zhenrong Zhang
Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7127; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167127 - 11 Aug 2023
Viewed by 881
Abstract
Fiber-optic magnetic field sensors have garnered considerable attention in the field of marine monitoring due to their compact size, robust anti-electromagnetic interference capabilities, corrosion resistance, high sensitivity, ease of multiplexing and integration, and potential for large-scale sensing networks. To enable the detection of [...] Read more.
Fiber-optic magnetic field sensors have garnered considerable attention in the field of marine monitoring due to their compact size, robust anti-electromagnetic interference capabilities, corrosion resistance, high sensitivity, ease of multiplexing and integration, and potential for large-scale sensing networks. To enable the detection of marine magnetic field vector information, we propose an optical fiber vector magnetic field sensor that integrates three single-axis sensors in an orthogonal configuration. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification are conducted to investigate its magnetic field and temperature sensing characteristics, and a sensitivity matrix is established to address the cross-sensitivity between the magnetic field and temperature; experimental tests were conducted to assess the vector response of the three-dimensional (3D) vector sensor across the three orthogonal axes; the obtained experimental results illustrate the commendable magnetic field vector response exhibited by the sensor in the orthogonal axes, enabling precise demodulation of vector magnetic field information. This sensor presents several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, easy integration, and reliability vectorially. Consequently, it holds immense potential for critical applications in marine magnetic field network detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment)
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15 pages, 15611 KiB  
Article
Design of OMC-Sagnac Loop Using PDMS and Different Package Structures to Improve Sensing Performance and Optimize the Ill-Conditioned Matrix
by Shumao Zhang, Yang Yu, Xiaoyang Hu, Qiang Bian, Dongying Wang, Junjie Weng, Jianqiao Liang, Linyi Wei, Peng Jiang, Hong Luo, Linfeng Yang, Junbo Yang and Zhenrong Zhang
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4655; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104655 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1223
Abstract
In the process of ocean exploration, highly accurate and sensitive measurements of seawater temperature and pressure significantly impact the study of seawater’s physical, chemical, and biological processes. In this paper, three different package structures, V-shape, square-shape, and semicircle-shape, are designed and fabricated, and [...] Read more.
In the process of ocean exploration, highly accurate and sensitive measurements of seawater temperature and pressure significantly impact the study of seawater’s physical, chemical, and biological processes. In this paper, three different package structures, V-shape, square-shape, and semicircle-shape, are designed and fabricated, and an optical microfiber coupler combined Sagnac loop (OMCSL) is encapsulated in these structures with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Then, the temperature and pressure response characteristics of the OMCSL, under different package structures, are analyzed by simulation and experiment. The experimental results show that structural change hardly affects temperature sensitivity, and square-shape has the highest pressure sensitivity. In addition, with an input error of 1% F.S., temperature and pressure errors were calculated, which shows that a semicircle-shape structure can increase the angle between lines in the sensitivity matrix method (SMM), and reduce the effect of the input error, thus optimizing the ill-conditioned matrix. Finally, this paper shows that using the machine learning method (MLM) effectively improves demodulation accuracy. In conclusion, this paper proposes to optimize the ill-conditioned matrix problem in SMM demodulation by improving sensitivity with structural optimization, which essentially explains the cause of the large errors for multiparameter cross-sensitivity. In addition, this paper proposes to use the MLM to solve the problem of large errors in the SMM, which provides a new method to solve the problem of the ill-conditioned matrix in SMM demodulation. These have practical implications for engineering an all-optical sensor that can be used for detection in the ocean environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment)
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11 pages, 5249 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensor Using a 638 nm Semiconductor Laser for Air-Water Surface Velocity Measurements
by Ran Song, Xinyu Zhang, Lili Jiang, Zhijun Zhang, Zhigang Qiao, Xianglong Hao, Juan Su, Chenxu Lu, Guangbing Yang, Xuejun Xiong, Liyuan Gao and Chi Wu
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041795 - 05 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1294
Abstract
An integrated interferometric fiber optic velocimetry sensor has been proposed and demonstrated at the central wavelength of 638 nm. The sensor is based on the principle of two laser-beams’ interference. The light signal scattered from the particles or vapor is demodulated to measure [...] Read more.
An integrated interferometric fiber optic velocimetry sensor has been proposed and demonstrated at the central wavelength of 638 nm. The sensor is based on the principle of two laser-beams’ interference. The light signal scattered from the particles or vapor is demodulated to measure the water surface velocity and water vapor velocity. Three velocity measurement experiments are carried out to measure the velocity, and the experimental data shows that the velocity increases linearly in the range of 4 mm·s−1 to 100 mm·s−1, with a slope of linear fitting curve of 0.99777 and the R-Square of 1.00000. The velocity calculated from frequency shift fits well with the reference velocity. The maximum average relative error in the three velocity measurements is less than 2.5%. In addition, the maximum speed of 4.398 m·s−1 is confirmed in the rotating disk calibration experiment, which expands the sensor’s velocity measurement range. To solve the problem that it is difficult to directly measure the velocity of small-scale water surface flow velocity, especially from the aspect of the low velocity of air-water surface, the interferometric fiber optic sensor can be applied to the measurement of water surface velocity and wind velocity on the water surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment)
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14 pages, 4698 KiB  
Communication
Salinity and Temperature Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Fiber Ring Laser with Tapered Side-Hole Fiber Embedded in Sagnac Interferometer
by Fang Zhao, Weihao Lin, Jie Hu, Shuaiqi Liu, Feihong Yu, Xingwei Chen, Guoqing Wang, Perry Ping Shum and Liyang Shao
Sensors 2022, 22(21), 8533; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218533 - 05 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
This paper presented a new kind of salinity and temperature dual-parameter sensor based on a fiber ring laser (FRL) with tapered side-hole fiber (SHF) embedded in a Sagnac interferometer. The sensing structure is majorly composed of tapered SHF located in the middle of [...] Read more.
This paper presented a new kind of salinity and temperature dual-parameter sensor based on a fiber ring laser (FRL) with tapered side-hole fiber (SHF) embedded in a Sagnac interferometer. The sensing structure is majorly composed of tapered SHF located in the middle of SHF inside the Sagnac interferometer loop structure. The influences of the SHF’s diameters of different tapered in the Sagnac interferometer loop on the FRL sensing system are studied. The presence of air holes in the SHF makes the cladding mode easier to excite, and the interaction between the cladding mode with its surroundings is enhanced, thus having higher salinity sensitivity. Besides, the unique advantages of high resolution, narrower linewidth, and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of fiber laser make the measurement results more accurate. In this experiment, the SHF with different taper diameters was made, and it was found that reducing the diameter of the taper waist diameter could further improve the salinity sensitivity. When the waist diameter was 9.70 μm, the maximum salinity sensitivity of 0.2867 nm/‰ was achieved. Temperature sensing experiments were also carried out. The maximum temperature sensitivity of the FRL sensing system was −0.3041 nm/°C at the temperature range from 20 to 30 °C. The sensor has the characteristics of easy manufacture, good selectivity, and high sensitivity, proving the feasibility of simultaneous measurement of seawater salinity and temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment)
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Review

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15 pages, 3884 KiB  
Review
Principles and Applications of Seismic Monitoring Based on Submarine Optical Cable
by Junzhe Yu, Pengbai Xu, Zhangjun Yu, Kunhua Wen, Jun Yang, Yuncai Wang and Yuwen Qin
Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5600; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125600 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2105
Abstract
Submarine optical cables, utilized as fiber-optic sensors for seismic monitoring, are gaining increasing interest because of their advantages of extending the detection coverage, improving the detection quality, and enhancing long-term stability. The fiber-optic seismic monitoring sensors are mainly composed of the optical interferometer, [...] Read more.
Submarine optical cables, utilized as fiber-optic sensors for seismic monitoring, are gaining increasing interest because of their advantages of extending the detection coverage, improving the detection quality, and enhancing long-term stability. The fiber-optic seismic monitoring sensors are mainly composed of the optical interferometer, fiber Bragg grating, optical polarimeter, and distributed acoustic sensing, respectively. This paper reviews the principles of the four optical seismic sensors, as well as their applications of submarine seismology over submarine optical cables. The advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and the current technical requirements are concluded, respectively. This review can provide a reference for studying submarine cable-based seismic monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment)
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27 pages, 7318 KiB  
Review
Review of Seawater Fiber Optic Salinity Sensors Based on the Refractive Index Detection Principle
by Gaochao Li, Yongjie Wang, Ancun Shi, Yuanhui Liu and Fang Li
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042187 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
This paper presents a systematic review of the research available on salinity optic fiber sensors (OFSs) for seawater based on the refractive index (RI) measurement principle for the actual measurement demand of seawater salinity in marine environmental monitoring, the definition of seawater salinity [...] Read more.
This paper presents a systematic review of the research available on salinity optic fiber sensors (OFSs) for seawater based on the refractive index (RI) measurement principle for the actual measurement demand of seawater salinity in marine environmental monitoring, the definition of seawater salinity and the correspondence between the seawater RI and salinity. To further investigate the progress of in situ measurements of absolute salinity by OFSs, the sensing mechanisms, research progress and measurement performance indices of various existing fiber optic salinity sensors are summarized. According to the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010 (TEOS-10), absolute salinity is recommended for sensor calibration and measurement. Comprehensive domestic and international research progress shows that fiber-optic RI sensors are ideal for real-time, in situ measurement of the absolute salinity of seawater and have excellent potential for application in long-term in situ measurements in the deep ocean. Finally, based on marine environmental monitoring applications, a development plan and the technical requirements of salinity OFSs are proposed to provide references for researchers engaged in related industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optic Fiber Sensing Technology for Marine Environment)
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