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Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging
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Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2024 | Viewed by 6965

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yubin Gong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
Interests: MMW/THz devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Min Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
Interests: THz sources and applications
Prof. Dr. Xuyuan Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3603 Tønsberg, Norway
Interests: laser displays; MEMS/NEMS; energy storage; supercapacitors; 1/f noise; THz
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xuequan Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Great Bay Area Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
Interests: devices; systems and methods for THz applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, we have seen a number of technical breakthroughs made in millimeter- and terahertz-wave applications, components, sources, and instruments. These have brought terahertz (THz)-wave technologies from laboratory demonstrations to industrial applications such as non-destructive inspection and testing, security scanning, electromagnetic biology effect, medical imaging, disease diagnostics, recognition of protein structural states, measurement techniques for materials science and characterization, monitoring of ultrafast dynamics, short-range communications, etc. To support more emerging applications, worldwide efforts are piling up for continuous technological development which focuses on sources, detectors, imaging arrays, spectrometers, and system integrations.

This Special Issue therefore aims to collect original research and review articles on recent advances and new challenges in the field of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Sensing and Imaging. We encourage authors to submit original manuscripts with a focus on the topics outlined in the keywords below.

Prof. Dr. Yubin Gong
Dr. Min Hu
Prof. Dr. Xuyuan Chen
Dr. Xuequan Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • new technologies using millimeter and terahertz wave for sensing and imaging
  • millimeter and terahertz non-destructive testing (NDT)
  • terahertz- and millimeter-wave technology for materials research
  • terahertz- and millimeter-wave measurement systems
  • terahertz sources, detectors, and sensors

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 3783 KiB  
Communication
Resonant Gas Sensing in the Terahertz Spectral Range Using Two-Wire Phase-Shifted Waveguide Bragg Gratings
by Yang Cao, Kathirvel Nallappan, Guofu Xu and Maksim Skorobogatiy
Sensors 2023, 23(20), 8527; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208527 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 780
Abstract
The development of low-cost sensing devices with high compactness, flexibility, and robustness is of significance for practical applications of optical gas sensing. In this work, we propose a waveguide-based resonant gas sensor operating in the terahertz frequency band. It features micro-encapsulated two-wire plasmonic [...] Read more.
The development of low-cost sensing devices with high compactness, flexibility, and robustness is of significance for practical applications of optical gas sensing. In this work, we propose a waveguide-based resonant gas sensor operating in the terahertz frequency band. It features micro-encapsulated two-wire plasmonic waveguides and a phase-shifted waveguide Bragg grating (WBG). The modular semi-sealed structure ensures the controllable and efficient interaction between terahertz radiation and gaseous analytes of small quantities. WBG built by superimposing periodical features on one wire shows high reflection and a low transmission coefficient within the grating stopband. Phase-shifted grating is developed by inserting a Fabry–Perot cavity in the form of a straight waveguide section inside the uniform gratings. Its spectral response is optimized for sensing by tailoring the cavity length and the number of grating periods. Gas sensor operating around 140 GHz, featuring a sensitivity of 144 GHz/RIU to the variation in the gas refractive index, with resolution of 7 × 10−5 RIU, is developed. In proof-of-concept experiments, gas sensing was demonstrated by monitoring the real-time spectral response of the phase-shifted grating to glycerol vapor flowing through its sealed cavity. We believe that the phase-shifted grating-based terahertz resonant gas sensor can open new opportunities in the monitoring of gaseous analytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging)
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12 pages, 11463 KiB  
Communication
A Novel Staggered Double-Segmented Grating Slow-Wave Structure for 340 GHz Traveling-Wave Tube
by Zechuan Wang, Junwan Zhu, Zhigang Lu, Jingrui Duan, Haifeng Chen, Shaomeng Wang, Zhanliang Wang, Huarong Gong and Yubin Gong
Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4762; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104762 - 15 May 2023
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
In this paper, a novel staggered double-segmented grating slow-wave structure (SDSG-SWS) is developed for wide-band high-power submillimeter wave traveling-wave tubes (TWTs). The SDSG-SWS can be considered as a combination of the sine waveguide (SW) SWS and the staggered double-grating (SDG) SWS; that is, [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel staggered double-segmented grating slow-wave structure (SDSG-SWS) is developed for wide-band high-power submillimeter wave traveling-wave tubes (TWTs). The SDSG-SWS can be considered as a combination of the sine waveguide (SW) SWS and the staggered double-grating (SDG) SWS; that is, it is obtained by introducing the rectangular geometric ridges of the SDG-SWS into the SW-SWS. Thus, the SDSG-SWS has the advantages of the wide operating band, high interaction impedance, low ohmic loss, low reflection, and ease of fabrication. The analysis for high-frequency characteristics shows that, compared with the SW-SWS, the SDSG-SWS has higher interaction impedance when their dispersions are at the same level, while the ohmic loss for the two SWSs remains basically unchanged. Furthermore, the calculation results of beam–wave interaction show that the output power is above 16.4 W for the TWT using the SDSG-SWS in the range of 316 GHz–405 GHz with a maximum power of 32.8 W occurring at 340 GHz, whose corresponding maximum electron efficiency is 2.84%, when the operating voltage is 19.2 kV and the current is 60 mA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging)
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12 pages, 7092 KiB  
Communication
An Angular Radial Extended Interaction Amplifier at the W Band
by Yang Dong, Shaomeng Wang, Jingyu Guo, Zhanliang Wang, Huarong Gong, Zhigang Lu, Zhaoyun Duan and Yubin Gong
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3517; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073517 - 28 Mar 2023
Viewed by 953
Abstract
In this paper, an angular radial extended interaction amplifier (AREIA) that consists of a pair of angular extended interaction cavities is proposed. Both the convergence angle cavity and the divergence angle cavity, which are designed for the converging beam and diverging beam, respectively, [...] Read more.
In this paper, an angular radial extended interaction amplifier (AREIA) that consists of a pair of angular extended interaction cavities is proposed. Both the convergence angle cavity and the divergence angle cavity, which are designed for the converging beam and diverging beam, respectively, are investigated to present the potential of the proposed AREIA. They are proposed and explored to improve the beam–wave interaction capability of W-band extended interaction klystrons (EIKs). Compared to conventional radial cavities, the angular cavities have greatly decreased the ohmic loss area and increased the characteristic impedance. Compared to the sheet beam (0°) cavity, it has been found that the convergence angle cavity has a higher effective impedance and the diverging beam has a weaker space-charge effect under the same ideal electron beam area; the advantages become more obvious as the propagation distance increases. Particle-in-cell (PIC) results have shown that the diverging beam (8°) EIA performs better at an output power of 94 GHz under the condition of lossless, while the converging beam (−2°) EIA has a higher output power of 6.24 kW under the conditions of ohmic loss, an input power of 0.5 W, and an ideal electron beam of 20.5 kV and 1.5 A. When the loss increases and the beam current decreases, the output power of the −2° EIA can be improved by nearly 30% compared to the 0° EIA, and the −2° EIA has a greatly improved beam–wave interaction capacity than conventional EIAs under those conditions. In addition, an angular radial electron gun is designed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging)
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10 pages, 2859 KiB  
Communication
Ultrafast Modulation of THz Waves Based on MoTe2-Covered Metasurface
by Xing Xu, Jing Lou, Mingxin Gao, Shiyou Wu, Guangyou Fang and Yindong Huang
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031174 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1607
Abstract
The sixth generation (6G) communication will use the terahertz (THz) frequency band, which requires flexible regulation of THz waves. For the conventional metallic metasurface, its electromagnetic properties are hard to be changed once after being fabricated. To enrich the modulation of THz waves, [...] Read more.
The sixth generation (6G) communication will use the terahertz (THz) frequency band, which requires flexible regulation of THz waves. For the conventional metallic metasurface, its electromagnetic properties are hard to be changed once after being fabricated. To enrich the modulation of THz waves, we report an all-optically controlled reconfigurable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect in the hybrid metasurface integrated with a 10-nm thick MoTe2 film. The experimental results demonstrate that under the excitation of the 800 nm femtosecond laser pulse with pump fluence of 3200 μJ/cm2, the modulation depth of THz transmission amplitude at the EIT window can reach 77%. Moreover, a group delay variation up to 4.6 ps is observed to indicate an actively tunable slow light behavior. The suppression and recovery of the EIT resonance can be accomplished within sub-nanoseconds, enabling an ultrafast THz photo-switching and providing a promising candidate for the on-chip devices of the upcoming 6G communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging)
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12 pages, 6282 KiB  
Article
High-Speed THz Time-of-Flight Imaging with Reflective Optics
by Hoseong Yoo, Jangsun Kim and Yeong Hwan Ahn
Sensors 2023, 23(2), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020873 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1877
Abstract
In this study, we develop a 3D THz time-of-flight (TOF) imaging technique by using reflective optics to preserve the high-frequency components from a THz antenna. We use an Fe:InGaAs/InAlAs emitter containing relatively high-frequency components. THz-TOF imaging with asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) enables the [...] Read more.
In this study, we develop a 3D THz time-of-flight (TOF) imaging technique by using reflective optics to preserve the high-frequency components from a THz antenna. We use an Fe:InGaAs/InAlAs emitter containing relatively high-frequency components. THz-TOF imaging with asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS) enables the rapid scanning of 100 Hz/scan with a time delay span of 100 ps. We characterize the transverse resolution using knife edge tests for a focal length of 5; the Rayleigh resolution has been measured at 1.0 mm at the focal plane. Conversely, the longitudinal resolution is determined by the temporal pulse width, confirmed with various gap structures enclosed by a quartz substrate. The phase analysis reveals that reflected waves from the top interface exhibit a phase shift when the gap is filled by high-indexed materials such as water but shows in-phase behavior when it is filled with air and low-indexed material. Our imaging tool was effective for inspecting the packaged chip with high lateral and longitudinal resolution. Importantly, the phase information in 2D and 3D images is shown to be a powerful tool in identifying the defect—in particular, delamination in the chip—which tends to be detrimental to the packaged chip’s stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Source, Sensing and Imaging)
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