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Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components
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Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 21391

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Flavio Esposito

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Interests: chemical sensors; biosensors; physical sensors; fiber-optic sensors; fiber gratings; long period gratings; fiber Bragg gratings; fabrication of long period gratings (LPG) in specialty optical fibers; investigation of fiber optic sensors under different ionizing radiations; development of fiber optic bio-chemical sensors for industrial and medical applications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Stefania Campopiano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli, Italy
Interests: fiber-optic sensors; biomedical sensors; photonic bandgap sensors; optoelectronic sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Agostino Iadicicco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, 80143 Napoli, Italy
Interests: fiber-optic sensors; fiber bragg-grating-based sensors; long period grating sensors; biomedical sensors; photonic bandgap sensors; plasmonic sensors; optoelectronic sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

From their first demonstrations in the late nineties, long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) have experienced wide diffusion for the development of in-fiber devices and mostly sensors. As a result, over the years they have been proposed for the measurement of physical, chemical and biological parameters, due to their high sensitivity, compact size, light weight, immunity to electromagnetic fields, resistance to harsh environments and possibility of long distance monitoring.

This Special Issue will focus on the latest developments and trends in the long period fiber grating technology, covering the recent improvements in the related theory, design, fabrication and application/validation. We warmly invite you to participate by submitting original research papers, communications and review articles on LPFG-based sensor technology, in order to provide a useful insight into the present status and future outlook in this area. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • New phenomena and theories
  • New design approaches
  • LPFG modeling and simulation
  • LPFG fabrication techniques (UV, CO2, femtosecond, electric arc discharge, microbending, etc.)
  • Inscription of LPFGs in specialty optical fibers (silica, plastic, microstructured, biocompatible, microfibers, polarization-maintaining, multi-core, multi-mode, few-mode, rare-earth doped, etc.)
  • New types of gratings and grating-based structures (chirped, tilted, phase-shifted, etched, cascaded, interferometers, etc.)
  • LPFG-based filters and components
  • LPFG-based physical and mechanical sensors
  • LPFG-based chemical and biological sensors
  • LPFG-based multi-parameter sensors
  • Functionalization methods, thin film coatings and fiber processing techniques
  • New sensitivity enhancement techniques
  • Interrogation and demodulation techniques
  • Integration, embedding and packaging of LPFGs
  • Assessment of LPFGs in real environments
  • Specialized applications including, but not limited to: industry, transportation, aerospace, civil structures, biomedical, nuclear, cryogenics, high energy physics, etc.

Dr. Flavio Esposito
Prof. Stefania Campopiano
Prof. Agostino Iadicicco
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Fiber optic sensors 
  • Fiber gratings 
  • Fiber filters 
  • Fiber components
  • Long period gratings 
  • Physical sensors
  • Mechanical sensors
  • Chemical sensors 
  • Biosensors
  • Thin film coatings 
  • Fiber sensors packaging

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3704 KiB  
Article
Temperature Stability and Spectral Tuning of Long Period Fiber Gratings Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing
by Duarte Viveiros, José M. M. M. de Almeida, Luís Coelho, Helena Vasconcelos, João M. Maia, Vítor A. Amorim, Pedro A. S. Jorge and Paulo V. S. Marques
Sensors 2020, 20(14), 3898; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20143898 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2491
Abstract
Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) were fabricated in a standard single mode fiber (SMF-28e) through femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing. LPFGs with longer and shorter periods were fabricated, which allows coupling from the fundamental core mode to lower and higher order asymmetric cladding [...] Read more.
Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) were fabricated in a standard single mode fiber (SMF-28e) through femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing. LPFGs with longer and shorter periods were fabricated, which allows coupling from the fundamental core mode to lower and higher order asymmetric cladding modes (LP1,6 and LP1,12, respectively). For the grating periods of 182.7 and 192.5 µm, it was verified that the LP1,12 mode exhibits a TAP at approximately 1380 and 1448 nm in air and water, respectively. Characterization of the LPFGs subjected to high-temperature thermal treatment was accomplished. Fine-tuning of the resonance band’s position and thermal stability up to 600 °C was shown. The temperature sensitivity was characterized for the gratings with different periods and for different temperature ranges. A maximum sensitivity of −180.73, and 179.29 pm/°C was obtained for the two resonances of the 182.7 µm TAP LPFG, in the range between 250 and 600 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components)
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9 pages, 2044 KiB  
Article
Mechanically-Induced Long-Period Fiber Gratings Using Laminated Plates
by Ismael Torres-Gómez, Daniel E. Ceballos-Herrera and Karla M. Salas-Alcantara
Sensors 2020, 20(9), 2582; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092582 - 01 May 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2260
Abstract
This work presents a formation method of mechanically-induced long-period fiber gratings using laminated plates. The mechanically-induced long-period fiber grating is temporarily inscribed by compressing the optical fiber between a flat plate and the proposed laminated plate. In turn, the new laminated plate consists [...] Read more.
This work presents a formation method of mechanically-induced long-period fiber gratings using laminated plates. The mechanically-induced long-period fiber grating is temporarily inscribed by compressing the optical fiber between a flat plate and the proposed laminated plate. In turn, the new laminated plate consists of a parallel assembling of single-edged utility blades. We present the experimental characterization of mechanically-induced long-period fiber gratings while employing three laminated plates with a period of 480 ± 20 µm and low duty cycles. These mechanically-induced long-period fiber gratings display a leading rejection band (>15 dB) with a couple of shallow rejection bands (<2 dB) in the range of 1100–1700 nm. This spectral behavior is due to the new mechanical fabrication process that is based on laminated plates that we have proposed, which consists of piling multiple blades with trapezoidal edges that are polished with different levels to obtain different duty-cycles. With the proposed method, we can obtain values of duty-cycles around 10%, much lower than those obtained using traditional methods. Additionally, with this new method, the required mechanical pressure to form the grating is remarkably reduced, which minimizes the probability of the optical fiber failure in the mechanically-induced long-period fiber gratings (MI-LPFGs). Moreover, the proposed mechanically-induced long-period fiber gratings with a single rejection band open the feasibility to implement coarse wavelength division multiplexing systems that are based on long-period fiber gratings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components)
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11 pages, 2883 KiB  
Article
Immunosensor Based on Long-Period Fiber Gratings for Detection of Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis
by Marta Janczuk-Richter, Beata Gromadzka, Łukasz Richter, Mirosława Panasiuk, Karolina Zimmer, Predrag Mikulic, Wojtek J. Bock, Sebastian Maćkowski, Mateusz Śmietana and Joanna Niedziółka Jönsson
Sensors 2020, 20(3), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030813 - 03 Feb 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4502
Abstract
Since the norovirus is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis all over the world, its fast detection is crucial in medical diagnostics. In this work, a rapid, sensitive, and selective optical fiber biosensor for the detection of norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) is reported. [...] Read more.
Since the norovirus is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis all over the world, its fast detection is crucial in medical diagnostics. In this work, a rapid, sensitive, and selective optical fiber biosensor for the detection of norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) is reported. The sensor is based on highly sensitive long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) coated with antibodies against the main coat protein of the norovirus. Several modification methods were verified to obtain reliable immobilization of protein receptors on the LPFG surface. We were able to detect 1 ng/mL norovirus VLPs in a 40-min assay in a label-free manner. Thanks to the application of an optical fiber as the sensor, there is a possibility to increase the user’s safety by separating the measurement point from the signal processing setup. Moreover, our sensor is small and light, and the proposed assay is straightforward. The designed LPFG-based biosensor could be applied in both fast norovirus detection and in vaccine testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components)
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8 pages, 2287 KiB  
Article
Methane Gas Photonic Sensor Based on Resonant Coupled Cavities
by Carlo Edoardo Campanella, Martino De Carlo, Antonello Cuccovillo, Francesco De Leonardis and Vittorio M. N. Passaro
Sensors 2019, 19(23), 5171; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235171 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3449
Abstract
In this paper we report methane gas photonic sensors exploiting the principle of absorption-induced redirection of light propagation in coupled resonant cavities. In particular, an example of implemented architecture consists of a Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator coupled to a fibre ring resonator, operating in [...] Read more.
In this paper we report methane gas photonic sensors exploiting the principle of absorption-induced redirection of light propagation in coupled resonant cavities. In particular, an example of implemented architecture consists of a Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator coupled to a fibre ring resonator, operating in the near IR. By changing the concentration of the methane gas in the FP region, the absorption coefficient of the FP changes. In turn, the variation of the methane gas concentration allows the redirection of the light propagation in the fibre ring resonator. Then, the methane gas concentration can be evaluated by analysing the ratio between the powers of two resonant modes, counter-propagating in the fibre ring resonator. In this way, a self-referenced read-out scheme, immune to the power fluctuations of the source, has been conceived. Moreover, a sensitivity of 0.37 ± 0.04 [dB/%], defined as the ratio between resonant modes at different outputs, in a range of methane concentration included between the 0% and 5%, has been achieved. These results allow a detection limit below the lower explosive limit (LEL) to be reached with a cost-effective sensor system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components)
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Review

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16 pages, 2319 KiB  
Review
Radiation Effects on Long Period Fiber Gratings: A Review
by Flavio Esposito, Anubhav Srivastava, Stefania Campopiano and Agostino Iadicicco
Sensors 2020, 20(9), 2729; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20092729 - 11 May 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4484
Abstract
Over the last years, fiber optic sensors have been increasingly applied for applications in environments with a high level of radiation as an alternative to electrical sensors, due to their: high immunity, high multiplexing and long-distance monitoring capability. In order to assess the [...] Read more.
Over the last years, fiber optic sensors have been increasingly applied for applications in environments with a high level of radiation as an alternative to electrical sensors, due to their: high immunity, high multiplexing and long-distance monitoring capability. In order to assess the feasibility of their use, investigations on optical materials and fiber optic sensors have been focusing on their response depending on radiation type, absorbed dose, dose rate, temperature and so on. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the results achieved over the last twenty years concerning the irradiation of in-fiber Long Period Gratings (LPGs). The topic is approached from the point of view of the optical engineers engaged in the design, development and testing of these devices, by focusing the attention on the fiber type, grating fabrication technique and properties, irradiation parameters and performed analysis. The aim is to provide a detailed review concerning the state of the art and to outline the future research trends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components)
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27 pages, 7651 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in Fabrications and Applications of Heating-Induced Long Period Fiber Gratings
by Cailing Fu, Yiping Wang, Shen Liu, Zhiyong Bai, Changrui Liao, Jun He and Ying Wang
Sensors 2019, 19(20), 4473; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19204473 - 15 Oct 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3149
Abstract
This paper presents a review of our work concerning the recent progress in fabrications and applications of heating-induced long period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Firstly, three kinds of heating fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser, hydrogen–oxygen flame and arc discharge are demonstrated to [...] Read more.
This paper presents a review of our work concerning the recent progress in fabrications and applications of heating-induced long period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Firstly, three kinds of heating fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser, hydrogen–oxygen flame and arc discharge are demonstrated to fabricate LPFGs, i.e., standard LPFGs (SLPFGs) and helical LPFGs (HLPFGs), in different types of optical fibers such as conventional fibers, photonic crystal fibers, and photonic bandgap fibers. Secondly, the all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode converters based on heating-induced SLPFGs and HLPFGs in different types of fibers are studied to increase the transmission capacity. Finally, the heating-induced SLPFGs and HLPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based strain, pressure, torsion and biochemical sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long Period Fiber Grating Based Sensors and Components)
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