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Advanced Imaging and Sensing Technologies of Cardiovascular Disease
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Advanced Imaging and Sensing Technologies of Cardiovascular Disease

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 8420

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andreas Haeberlin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dept. of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Interests: novel cardiac implantable electronic devices; ablation and cardiac imaging technologies
Prof. Dr. Piotr Augustyniak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: ECG processing; medical instrumentation and algorithms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advanced cardiovascular imaging technologies have become indispensable in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and translational research. This is remarkable as the cardiovascular system poses some unique imaging challenges such as the ever-changing dynamics of macro- and microvasculature and the movement of the heart itself. Nonetheless, cardiovascular imaging technology has moved past the early stages of blurry echocardiographic images. Currently, it encompasses many different technologies and applications ranging from in vitro optical mapping techniques to multimodal pre-procedural electroanatomical modelling approaches. Techniques such as 4D MRI/CT and intracardiac ultrasound have further extended diagnostic possibilities. Moreover, optical techniques such as videoplethysmography with recent image processing methods allow for seamless and contactless distant measurement of basic cardiovascular parameters in rest and exercise.

For this Special Issue, we cordially invite contributors to submit original research articles, reviews, short communications and letters on all aspects of cardiovascular imaging. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Cardiac MRI and CT image processing;
  • Development of novel MR sequences and 4D applications for special diagnostic purposes;
  • Interventional intracardiac and intravenous imaging;
  • Circulatory imaging in visible and infrared light;
  • Optical imaging of the heart (including in vitro mapping studies);
  • Elastography;
  • Electrocardiographic imaging.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Andreas Haeberlin
Prof. Dr. Piotr Augustyniak
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cardiovascular imaging
  • MR sequences
  • intracardiac ultrasound
  • electroanatomical mapping
  • optical mapping
  • videoplethysmography

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 6638 KiB  
Article
Touchless Heart Rate Monitoring from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Videoplethysmography
by Anna Pająk, Jaromir Przybyło and Piotr Augustyniak
Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7297; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167297 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 979
Abstract
Motivation: The advancement of preventive medicine and, subsequently, telemedicine drives the need for noninvasive and remote measurements in patients’ natural environments. Heart rate (HR) measurements are particularly promising and extensively researched due to their quick assessment and comprehensive representation of patients’ conditions. [...] Read more.
Motivation: The advancement of preventive medicine and, subsequently, telemedicine drives the need for noninvasive and remote measurements in patients’ natural environments. Heart rate (HR) measurements are particularly promising and extensively researched due to their quick assessment and comprehensive representation of patients’ conditions. However, in scenarios such as endurance training or emergencies, where HR measurement was not anticipated and direct access to victims is limited, no method enables obtaining HR results that are suitable even for triage. Methods: This paper presents the possibility of remotely measuring of human HR from a series of in-flight videos using videoplethysmography (VPG) along with skin detection, human pose estimation and image stabilization methods. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a camera captured ten segments of video footage featuring volunteers engaged in free walking and running activities in natural sunlight. The human pose was determined using the OpenPose algorithm, and subsequently, skin areas on the face and forearms were identified and tracked in consecutive frames. Ultimately, HR was estimated using several VPG methods: the green channel (G), green-red difference (GR), excess green (ExG), independent component analysis (ICA), and a plane orthogonal to the skin (POS). Results: When compared to simultaneous readings from a reference ECG-based wearable recorder, the root-mean-squared error ranged from 17.7 (G) to 27.7 (POS), with errors of less than 3.5 bpm achieved for the G and GR methods. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the acceptable accuracy of touchless human pulse measurement with the accompanying UAV-mounted camera. The method bridges the gap between HR-transmitting wearables and emergency HR recorders, and it has the potential to be advantageous in training or rescue scenarios in mountain, water, disaster, or battlefield settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging and Sensing Technologies of Cardiovascular Disease)
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18 pages, 10051 KiB  
Article
Development of Magnetocardiograph without Magnetically Shielded Room Using High-Detectivity TMR Sensors
by Koshi Kurashima, Makoto Kataoka, Takafumi Nakano, Kosuke Fujiwara, Seiichi Kato, Takenobu Nakamura, Masaki Yuzawa, Masanori Masuda, Kakeru Ichimura, Shigeki Okatake, Yoshitaka Moriyasu, Kazuhiro Sugiyama, Mikihiko Oogane, Yasuo Ando, Seiji Kumagai, Hitoshi Matsuzaki and Hidenori Mochizuki
Sensors 2023, 23(2), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020646 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3384
Abstract
A magnetocardiograph that enables the clear observation of heart magnetic field mappings without magnetically shielded rooms at room temperatures has been successfully manufactured. Compared to widespread electrocardiographs, magnetocardiographs commonly have a higher spatial resolution, which is expected to lead to early diagnoses of [...] Read more.
A magnetocardiograph that enables the clear observation of heart magnetic field mappings without magnetically shielded rooms at room temperatures has been successfully manufactured. Compared to widespread electrocardiographs, magnetocardiographs commonly have a higher spatial resolution, which is expected to lead to early diagnoses of ischemic heart disease and high diagnostic accuracy of ventricular arrhythmia, which involves the risk of sudden death. However, as the conventional superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetocardiographs require large magnetically shielded rooms and huge running costs to cool the SQUID sensors, magnetocardiography is still unfamiliar technology. Here, in order to achieve the heart field detectivity of 1.0 pT without magnetically shielded rooms and enough magnetocardiography accuracy, we aimed to improve the detectivity of tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors and to decrease the environmental and sensor noises with a mathematical algorithm. The magnetic detectivity of the TMR sensors was confirmed to be 14.1 pTrms on average in the frequency band between 0.2 and 100 Hz in uncooled states, thanks to the original multilayer structure and the innovative pattern of free layers. By constructing a sensor array using 288 TMR sensors and applying the mathematical magnetic shield technology of signal space separation (SSS), we confirmed that SSS reduces the environmental magnetic noise by −73 dB, which overtakes the general triple magnetically shielded rooms. Moreover, applying digital processing that combined the signal average of heart magnetic fields for one minute and the projection operation, we succeeded in reducing the sensor noise by about −23 dB. The heart magnetic field resolution measured on a subject in a laboratory in an office building was 0.99 pTrms and obtained magnetocardiograms and current arrow maps as clear as the SQUID magnetocardiograph does in the QRS and ST segments. Upon utilizing its superior spatial resolution, this magnetocardiograph has the potential to be an important tool for the early diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and the risk management of sudden death triggered by ventricular arrhythmia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging and Sensing Technologies of Cardiovascular Disease)
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11 pages, 3838 KiB  
Communication
Real-Time Detection and 3D Localization of Coronary Atherosclerosis Using a Microwave Imaging Technique: A Simulation Study
by Md Asiful Islam and John L. Volakis
Sensors 2022, 22(22), 8822; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228822 - 15 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1096
Abstract
Obtaining the exact position of accumulated calcium on the inner walls of coronary arteries is critical for successful angioplasty procedures. For the first time to our knowledge, in this work, we present a high accuracy imaging of the inner coronary artery using microwaves [...] Read more.
Obtaining the exact position of accumulated calcium on the inner walls of coronary arteries is critical for successful angioplasty procedures. For the first time to our knowledge, in this work, we present a high accuracy imaging of the inner coronary artery using microwaves for precise calcium identification. Specifically, a cylindrical catheter radiating microwave signals is designed. The catheter has multiple dipole-like antennas placed around it to enable a 360° field-of-view around the catheter. In addition, to resolve image ambiguity, a metallic rod is inserted along the axis of the plastic catheter. The reconstructed images using data obtained from simulations show successful detection and 3D localization of the accumulated calcium on the inner walls of the coronary artery in the presence of blood flow. Considering the space and shape limitations, and the highly lossy biological tissue environment, the presented imaging approach is promising and offers a potential solution for accurate localization of coronary atherosclerosis during angioplasty or other related procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging and Sensing Technologies of Cardiovascular Disease)
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13 pages, 1935 KiB  
Article
Energy Drinks Decrease Left Ventricular Efficiency in Healthy Children and Teenagers: A Randomized Trial
by Felix Sebastian Oberhoffer, Pengzhu Li, André Jakob, Robert Dalla-Pozza, Nikolaus Alexander Haas and Guido Mandilaras
Sensors 2022, 22(19), 7209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197209 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2273
Abstract
Background: Minors are considered the main consumer group of energy drinks (EDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of ED consumption on left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics and efficiency in healthy children and teenagers. Methods: This study was a [...] Read more.
Background: Minors are considered the main consumer group of energy drinks (EDs). The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of ED consumption on left ventricular (LV) hemodynamics and efficiency in healthy children and teenagers. Methods: This study was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Study participants consumed a weight-adjusted amount of an ED or a placebo on two consecutive days. LV hemodynamics and efficiency parameters were evaluated non-invasively by generating LV pressure–volume loops (PVLs) through simultaneous echocardiography and blood pressure measurement. Results: A total of 24 children and teenagers (14.90 ± 2.27 years, 13 male) were included in the present study. Conventional echocardiographic parameters of LV function did not show significant differences between both beverage groups. The non-invasive generation of LV PVLs revealed a significantly lower cardiac efficiency 240 min after the ED consumption compared to the placebo intake (140.72 (133.21–149.73) mmHg vs. 135.60 (124.78–140.33) mmHg, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Acute ED consumption is associated with a significantly lower cardiac efficiency in healthy minors. The generation of non-invasive LV PVLs might be beneficial in the assessment of subtle changes in LV efficiency. Further studies need to investigate the influence of chronic ED consumption on LV function and morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Imaging and Sensing Technologies of Cardiovascular Disease)
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