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Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks
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Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 57639

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Waqas Khalid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
Interests: wireless communications; physical layer modelling; cognitive radio networks; physical layer security; reconfigurable intelligent surfaces; NOMA
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Heejung Yu

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
Interests: statistical signal processing; communication theory; cognitive radio; physical layer security; 5G systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rehmat Ullah

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si Gyeongi-do, Korea
Interests: information-centric networking/named data networking (ICN/NDN); Internet of Things (IoT); edge/fog computing for IoT, and 5G and beyond
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rashid Ali

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Interests: reinforcement learning; federated reinforcement learning; wireless networks; network performance analysis; IP routing; IoTs; tactile internet; 5G; URLLC
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The standardization activities and deployments of 5G networks are growing rapidly. However, this is still in the early stages and not all the operators have announced their launches. Ultra-low latency is one of the important aspects of the 5G networks and beyond, and requires modifications and exploitations of promising technologies at the physical-layer (PHY). Furthermore, to sustain the competitive edge of wireless networks, the conceptualization of the beyond 5G (B5G) era has already begun. In support of this vision, the goal of this Special Issue is to solicit work concerning advanced PHY technologies with a vision of their potential evolvement into the B5G era.

The expected scenarios of applications supported by B5G communications are i) eMBB-Plus, ii) secure ultra-reliable low-latency communications (SURLLC), iii) three-dimensional integrated communications (3D-InteCom), iv) big communications (BigCom), and v) unconventional data communications (such as holographic, tactile, human-bond communications). The expected features for B5G systems include the approx. 1 Tb/s per-user bit rate, URLLC with ultra-long-range communication with less than 1-ms end-to-end latency, 1000 times more (than 5G) simultaneous wireless connectivity/ user QoS/ data-rate connectivity per device, ultra-long battery life, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security. Furthermore, the expected driving-force/ emerging technologies for B5G systems include advanced communications, such as artificial intelligence (AI) edge/ fog computing, AI at the edge of wireless networks, blockchain technology, extended reality services, e.g., augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR) and virtual reality (VR), integration of sensing and communication, integration of high-capacity access-backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, deployment of new systems (such as connected robotics, autonomous vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicle), and implementation of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). Importantly, the potential of radio signaling and maximum cognitive for intelligent radio transmission can be realized fully through the AI-empowered B5G systems with aid from machine learning (ML) algorithms.

This Special Issue solicits high-quality original research papers that identify and discuss new techniques and concepts, innovations, standards, potential use cases, open research problems, technical challenges, and promising solution methods from the perspective of physical layer (PHY) communications for B5G systems.

The papers will be peer-reviewed, and the prospective authors are invited to submit original manuscripts on topics including, but not limited to the following:

  • Massive MIMO (such as advanced massive MIMO, cell-free massive MIMO, beamspace massive MIMO)
  • MIMO meets other communication technologies (such as UAV-based MIMO, MIMO for sub-terahertz, MIMO for rural areas)
  • B5G- Internet of Everything (IoE) systems
  • Adaptive signal processing and analytical modeling and design
  • Radio resource management, interference management, and performance analysis
  • Intelligent beamforming
  • Terahertz (0.1~10 THz) and millimeter-Wave (mmWave) communications
  • Energy-efficient network operations
  • Emerging networks such as wireless powered networks, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), URLLC, vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), etc.
  • Advanced non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes
  • URLLC and machine-type communications
  • Machine learning-based wireless systems and services
  • Cooperative relaying networks
  • Full duplex communications
  • Physical layer security
  • Licensed/Unlicensed spectrum interoperability, wireless sensor networks, dynamic spectrum allocation
  • Physical layer challenges/ issues and solutions in 5G new radio (NR)
  • Mobile edge/fog computing
  • Edge intelligence for beyond 5G networks
  • AI-based techniques, ML and deep learning for the PHY design and optimization (such as MIMO signal detection, real-time channel estimation, synchronization, equalization, multi-user detection, channel coding, channel modeling and propagation)

Dr. Waqas Khalid
Prof. Dr. Heejung Yu
Dr. Rehmat Ullah
Dr. Rashid Ali
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Physical-layer
  • Artificial intelligence
  • Machine learning
  • Beyond 5G
  • URLLC
  • Beamforming
  • MIMO

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

8 pages, 206 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for Beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks
by Waqas Khalid, Heejung Yu, Rashid Ali and Rehmat Ullah
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 3197; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093197 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3750
Abstract
Fifth-generation (5G) networks will not satisfy the requirements of the latency, bandwidth, and traffic density in 2030 and beyond, and next-generation wireless communication networks with revolutionary enabling technologies will be required. Beyond 5G (B5G)/sixth-generation (6G) networks will achieve superior performance by providing advanced [...] Read more.
Fifth-generation (5G) networks will not satisfy the requirements of the latency, bandwidth, and traffic density in 2030 and beyond, and next-generation wireless communication networks with revolutionary enabling technologies will be required. Beyond 5G (B5G)/sixth-generation (6G) networks will achieve superior performance by providing advanced functions such as ultralow latency, ultrahigh reliability, global coverage, massive connectivity, and better intelligence and security levels. Important aspects of B5G/6G networks require the modification and exploitation of promising physical-layer technologies. This Special Issue (SI) presents research efforts to identify and discuss the novel techniques, technical challenges, and promising solution methods of physical-layer technologies with a vision of potential involvement in the B5G/6G era. In particular, this SI presents innovations and concepts, including nonorthogonal multiple access, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), energy harvesting, hybrid satellite terrestrial relays, Internet of Things-based home automation, millimeter-wave bands, device-to-device communication, and artificial-intelligence or machine-learning techniques. Further, this SI covers the proposed solutions, including MIMO antenna design, modulation detection, interference management, hybrid precoding, and statistical beamforming along with their performance improvements in terms of performance metrics, including bit error rate, outage probability, ergodic sum rate, spectrum efficiency, and energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

15 pages, 492 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning for 5G MIMO Modulation Detection
by Haithem Ben Chikha, Ahmad Almadhor and Waqas Khalid
Sensors 2021, 21(5), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051556 - 24 Feb 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3212
Abstract
Modulation detection techniques have received much attention in recent years due to their importance in the military and commercial applications, such as software-defined radio and cognitive radios. Most of the existing modulation detection algorithms address the detection dedicated to the non-cooperative systems only. [...] Read more.
Modulation detection techniques have received much attention in recent years due to their importance in the military and commercial applications, such as software-defined radio and cognitive radios. Most of the existing modulation detection algorithms address the detection dedicated to the non-cooperative systems only. In this work, we propose the detection of modulations in the multi-relay cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems for 5G communications in the presence of spatially correlated channels and imperfect channel state information (CSI). At the destination node, we extract the higher-order statistics of the received signals as the discriminating features. After applying the principal component analysis technique, we carry out a comparative study between the random committee and the AdaBoost machine learning techniques (MLTs) at low signal-to-noise ratio. The efficiency metrics, including the true positive rate, false positive rate, precision, recall, F-Measure, and the time taken to build the model, are used for the performance comparison. The simulation results show that the use of the random committee MLT, compared to the AdaBoost MLT, provides gain in terms of both the modulation detection and complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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19 pages, 1037 KiB  
Article
A Two-Hop mmWave MIMO NR-Relay Nodes to Enhance the Average System Throughput and BER in Outdoor-to-Indoor Environments
by Randy Verdecia-Peña and José I. Alonso
Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041372 - 16 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2444
Abstract
Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) bands are receiving enormous attention in 5G mobile communications, due to the capability to provide a multi-gigabit transmission rate. In this paper, a two-hop architecture for 5G communications with the capacity to support high end-to-end performance due to the use of [...] Read more.
Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) bands are receiving enormous attention in 5G mobile communications, due to the capability to provide a multi-gigabit transmission rate. In this paper, a two-hop architecture for 5G communications with the capacity to support high end-to-end performance due to the use of Relay Nodes (RNs) in mmWave-bands is presented. One of the novelties of the paper is the implementation of Amplify-and-Forward (A&F) and Decode-and-Forward (D&F) RNs along with a mmWave-band transceiver chain (Tx/Rx). In addition, two approaches for channel estimation were implemented at the D&F RN for decoding the backhaul link. One of them assumes complete knowledge of the channel (PCE), and the other one performs the channel estimation through Least Square (LS) estimator. A large number of simulations, using MATLABTM and SimulinkTM software, were performed to verify the potential benefits of the proposal two-hop 5G architecture in an outdoor-to-indoor scenario. The main novelty in performing these simulations is the use of signals with 5G features, as DL-SCH transport channel coding, PDSCH generation, and SS Burst generation, which is another of the main contributions of the paper. On the other hand, mmWave transmitter and receiver chains were designed and implemented with off-the shelf components. The simulations show that the two-hop network substantially improves the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Bit Error Rate (BER), and Throughput, in the communications between the logical 5G Radio Node (gNodeB), and the New Radio User Equipment (NR-UE). For example, a throughput improvement of 22 Mbps is obtained when a 4 × 4 × 2 MIMO D&F with LS architecture is used versus a SISO D&F with PCE architecture for Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = 20 dB and 64-QAM signal. This improvement reaches 96 Mbps if a 256-QAM signal is considered. The improvement in BER is 11 dB and 10.5 dB, respectively, for both cases. This work also shows that the obtained results with D&F RNs are better than with A&F RNs. For example, an improvement of 17 Mbps in the use of SISO D&F with LS vs. SISO A&F, for the 64-QAM signal is obtained. Besides, this paper constitutes a first step to the implementation of a mmWave MIMO 5G cooperative network platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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20 pages, 8467 KiB  
Article
Inter-Beam Co-Channel Downlink and Uplink Interference for 5G New Radio in mm-Wave Bands
by Kamil Bechta, Jan M. Kelner, Cezary Ziółkowski and Leszek Nowosielski
Sensors 2021, 21(3), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030793 - 25 Jan 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3993
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for assessing co-channel interference that arises in multi-beam transmitting and receiving antennas used in fifth-generation (5G) systems. This evaluation is essential for minimizing spectral resources, which allows for using the same frequency bands in angularly separated antenna beams [...] Read more.
This paper presents a methodology for assessing co-channel interference that arises in multi-beam transmitting and receiving antennas used in fifth-generation (5G) systems. This evaluation is essential for minimizing spectral resources, which allows for using the same frequency bands in angularly separated antenna beams of a 5G-based station (gNodeB). In the developed methodology, a multi-ellipsoidal propagation model (MPM) provides a mapping of the multipath propagation phenomenon and considers the directivity of antenna beams. To demonstrate the designation procedure of interference level we use simulation tests. For exemplary scenarios in downlink and uplink, we showed changes in a signal-to-interference ratio versus a separation angle between the serving (useful) and interfering beams and the distance between the gNodeB and user equipment. This evaluation is the basis for determining the minimum separation angle for which an acceptable interference level is ensured. The analysis was carried out for the lower millimeter-wave band, which is planned to use in 5G micro-cells base stations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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13 pages, 977 KiB  
Article
Dual Band and Dual Diversity Four-Element MIMO Dipole for 5G Handsets
by Muhammad Ali Jamshed, Masood Ur-Rehman, Jaroslav Frnda, Ayman A. Althuwayb, Ali Nauman and Korhan Cengiz
Sensors 2021, 21(3), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030767 - 24 Jan 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2887
Abstract
The increasing popularity of using wireless devices to handle routine tasks has increased the demand for incorporating multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology to utilize limited bandwidth efficiently. The presence of comparatively large space at the base station (BS) makes it straightforward to exploit the MIMO [...] Read more.
The increasing popularity of using wireless devices to handle routine tasks has increased the demand for incorporating multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology to utilize limited bandwidth efficiently. The presence of comparatively large space at the base station (BS) makes it straightforward to exploit the MIMO technology’s useful properties. From a mobile handset point of view, and limited space at the mobile handset, complex procedures are required to increase the number of active antenna elements. In this paper, to address such type of issues, a four-element MIMO dual band, dual diversity, dipole antenna has been proposed for 5G-enabled handsets. The proposed antenna design relies on space diversity as well as pattern diversity to provide an acceptable MIMO performance. The proposed dipole antenna simultaneously operates at 3.6 and 4.7 sub-6 GHz bands. The usefulness of the proposed 4×4 MIMO dipole antenna has been verified by comparing the simulated and measured results using a fabricated version of the proposed antenna. A specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis has been carried out using CST Voxel (a heterogeneous biological human head) model, which shows maximum SAR value for 10 g of head tissue is well below the permitted value of 2.0 W/kg. The total efficiency of each antenna element in this structure is −2.88, −3.12, −1.92 and −2.45 dB at 3.6 GHz, while at 4.7 GHz are −1.61, −2.19, −1.72 and −1.18 dB respectively. The isolation, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between the adjacent ports and the loss in capacity is below the standard margin, making the structure appropriate for MIMO applications. The effect of handgrip and the housing box on the total antenna efficiency is analyzed, and only 5% variation is observed, which results from careful placement of antenna elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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18 pages, 2879 KiB  
Article
Towards Energy Efficient Home Automation: A Deep Learning Approach
by Murad Khan, Junho Seo and Dongkyun Kim
Sensors 2020, 20(24), 7187; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247187 - 15 Dec 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3503
Abstract
Home Automation Systems (HAS) attracted much attention during the last decade due to the developments in new wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth 4.0, 5G, WiFi 6, etc. In order to enable automation as a service in smart homes, a number of challenges must [...] Read more.
Home Automation Systems (HAS) attracted much attention during the last decade due to the developments in new wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth 4.0, 5G, WiFi 6, etc. In order to enable automation as a service in smart homes, a number of challenges must be addressed, such as fulfilling the electrical energy demands, scheduling the operational time of appliances, applying machine learning models in real-time, optimal human appliances interaction, etc. In order to address the aforementioned challenges and control the wastage of energy due to the lifestyle of the home users, we propose a system for automatically controlling the energy consumption by employing machine and deep learning techniques to smart home networks. The proposed system works in three phases, (1) feature extraction and classification based on 1-dimensional Deep Convolutional Neural Network (1D-DCNN) which extract important energy patterns from the historic energy data, (2) a load forecasting system based on Long-short Term Memory (LSTM) is proposed to forecast the load based on the extracted features in phase 1 and (3) a scheduling algorithm based on the forecasted data obtained from phase 2 is designed to schedule the operational time of smart home appliances. The proposed scheme efficiently automates the smart home appliances to consume less energy while adapting to the lifestyle of smart home users. The validation of the proposed scheme is tested with a number of simulation scenarios incorporating datasets from authentic data sources. The simulation results show that the proposed smart home automation system can be a game-changer in fulfilling the energy demands of the home users without installing renewable and other energy sources in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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27 pages, 1413 KiB  
Article
Device-to-Device Aided Cooperative Relaying Scheme Exploiting Spatial Modulation: An Interference Free Strategy
by Md. Shahriar Kamal, Md. Fazlul Kader, S. M. Riazul Islam and Heejung Yu
Sensors 2020, 20(24), 7048; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247048 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2189
Abstract
In this paper, a novel interference free dual-hop device-to-device (D2D) aided cooperative relaying strategy (CRS) based on spatial modulation (SM) (termed D2D-CRS-SM) is proposed. In D2D-CRS-SM, two cellular users (e.g., a near user (NU) and a relay-aided far user (FU)) and a pair [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel interference free dual-hop device-to-device (D2D) aided cooperative relaying strategy (CRS) based on spatial modulation (SM) (termed D2D-CRS-SM) is proposed. In D2D-CRS-SM, two cellular users (e.g., a near user (NU) and a relay-aided far user (FU)) and a pair of D2D transmitter (D1)-receivers (D2) are served in two time-slots. Two different scenarios are investigated considering information reception criteria at the NU. Irrespective of the scenarios, the base station (BS) exploits SM to map information bits into two sets: modulation bits and antenna index, in phase-1. In the first scenario, the BS maps FU information as the modulation bits and NU information as antenna index, whereas modulation bits correspond to NU information and the antenna index carries FU’s information in scenario-2. The iterative-maximum ratio combining (i-MRC) technique is then used by NU and D1 to de-map their desired information bits. During phase-2, D1 also exploits SM to forward FU’s information received from BS and its own information bits to the D2D receiver D2. Then, FU and D2 retrieve their desired information by using i-MRC. Due to exploiting SM in both phases, interference free information reception is possible at each receiving node without allocating any fixed transmit power. The performance of D2D-CRS-SM is studied in terms of bit-error rate and spectral efficiency considering M-ary phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation. Finally, the efficiency of D2D-CRS-SM is demonstrated via the Monte Carlo simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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21 pages, 610 KiB  
Article
Outage Probability and Ergodic Capacity of a Two-User NOMA Relaying System with an Energy Harvesting Full-Duplex Relay and Its Interference at the Near User
by Hoang Van Toan, Tran Manh Hoang, Tran Trung Duy and Le The Dung
Sensors 2020, 20(22), 6472; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226472 - 12 Nov 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2972
Abstract
In this paper, we consider a two-user downlink full-duplex (FD) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) relay system where the FD relay uses an energy harvesting (EH) technique to assist the communication between the base station and far user over flat, independent and non-identically Rayleigh [...] Read more.
In this paper, we consider a two-user downlink full-duplex (FD) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) relay system where the FD relay uses an energy harvesting (EH) technique to assist the communication between the base station and far user over flat, independent and non-identically Rayleigh fading channels. Importantly, since the relay operates in FD mode, we take into account the effect of the interference caused by relay on the near user. Considering this EH-FD-NOMA relay system, we derive the exact mathematical expressions of the outage probabilities and ergodic capacities of near and far users. Monte–Carlo simulations verify the accuracy of our analytical method. Numerical results provided in this paper allow system designers to clearly see not only the impacts of the power distribution factor and the self-interference cancellation capacity of the relay but also the influence of the strength of inter-user interference at the near user on the outage performances and ergodic capacities of both users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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20 pages, 375 KiB  
Article
Statistical Beamforming for Massive MIMO Systems with Distinct Spatial Correlations
by Taehyoung Kim and Sangjoon Park
Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6255; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216255 - 02 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2033
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel statistical beamforming (SBF) method called the partial-nulling-based SBF (PN-SBF) to serve a number of users that are undergoing distinct degrees of spatial channel correlations in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We consider a massive MIMO system [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a novel statistical beamforming (SBF) method called the partial-nulling-based SBF (PN-SBF) to serve a number of users that are undergoing distinct degrees of spatial channel correlations in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We consider a massive MIMO system with two user groups. The first group experiences a low spatial channel correlation, whereas the second group has a high spatial channel correlation, which can happen in massive MIMO systems that are based on fifth-generation networks. By analyzing the statistical signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, it can be observed that the statistical beamforming vector for the low-correlation group should be designed as the orthogonal complement for the space spanned by the aggregated channel covariance matrices of the high-correlation group. Meanwhile, the spatial degrees of freedom for the high-correlation group should be preserved without cancelling the interference to the low-correlation group. Accordingly, a group-common pre-beamforming matrix is applied to the low-correlation group to cancel the interference to the high-correlation group. In addition, to deal with the intra-group interference in each group, the post-beamforming vector for each group is designed in the manner of maximizing the signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio, which yields additional performance improvements for the PN-SBF. The simulation results verify that the proposed PN-SBF outperforms the conventional SBF schemes in terms of the ergodic sum rate for the massive MIMO systems with distinct spatial correlations, without the rate ceiling effect in the high signal-to-noise ratio region unlike conventional SBF schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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21 pages, 1909 KiB  
Article
Scheduling Sensor Duty Cycling Based on Event Detection Using Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory and Reinforcement Learning
by Muhammad Diyan, Murad Khan, Bhagya Nathali Silva and Kijun Han
Sensors 2020, 20(19), 5498; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20195498 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3367
Abstract
A smart home provides a facilitated environment for the detection of human activity with appropriate Deep Learning algorithms to manipulate data collected from numerous sensors attached to various smart things in a smart home environment. Human activities comprise expected and unexpected behavior events; [...] Read more.
A smart home provides a facilitated environment for the detection of human activity with appropriate Deep Learning algorithms to manipulate data collected from numerous sensors attached to various smart things in a smart home environment. Human activities comprise expected and unexpected behavior events; therefore, detecting these events consisting of mutual dependent activities poses a key challenge in the activities detection paradigm. Besides, the battery-powered sensor ubiquitously and extensively monitors activities, disputes, and sensor energy depletion. Therefore, to address these challenges, we propose an Energy and Event Aware-Sensor Duty Cycling scheme. The proposed model predicts the future expected event using the Bi-Directional Long-Short Term Memory model and allocates Predictive Sensors to the predicted event. To detect the unexpected events, the proposed model localizes a Monitor Sensor within a cluster of Hibernate Sensors using the Jaccard Similarity Index. Finally, we optimize the performance of our proposed scheme by employing the Q-Learning algorithm to track the missed or undetected events. The simulation is executed against the conventional Machine Learning algorithms for the sensor duty cycle, scheduling to reduce the sensor energy consumption and improve the activity detection accuracy. The experimental evaluation of our proposed scheme shows significant improvement in activity detection accuracy from 94.12% to 96.12%. Besides, the effective rotation of the Monitor Sensor significantly improves the energy consumption of each sensor with the entire network lifetime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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17 pages, 994 KiB  
Article
Evolutionary Algorithm Based Capacity Maximization of 5G/B5G Hybrid Pre-Coding Systems
by Salman Khalid, Waqas Bin Abbas, Hyung Seok Kim and Muhammad Tabish Niaz
Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5338; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185338 - 17 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
Hybrid pre-coding strategies are considered as a potential solution for combating path loss experienced by Massive MIMO systems operating at millimeter wave frequencies. The partially connected structure is preferred over the fully connected structure due to smaller computational complexity. In order to improve [...] Read more.
Hybrid pre-coding strategies are considered as a potential solution for combating path loss experienced by Massive MIMO systems operating at millimeter wave frequencies. The partially connected structure is preferred over the fully connected structure due to smaller computational complexity. In order to improve the spectral efficiency of a partially connected hybrid pre-coding architecture, which is one of the requirements of future 5G/B5G systems, this work proposes the application of evolutionary algorithms for joint computation of RF and the digital pre-coder. The evolutionary algorithm based scheme jointly evaluates the RF and digital pre-coder for a partially connected hybrid structure by taking into account the current RF chain for computations and therefore it is not based on interference cancellation from all other RF chains as in the case of successive interference cancellation (SIC). The evolutionary algorithm, i.e., Artificial Bee Colony (BEE) based pre-coding scheme outperforms other popular evolutionary algorithms as well as the SIC based pre-coding scheme in terms of spectral efficiency. In addition, the proposed algorithm is not overly sensitive to variations in channel conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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15 pages, 1250 KiB  
Article
Spectral Efficiency Augmentation in Uplink Massive MIMO Systems by Increasing Transmit Power and Uniform Linear Array Gain
by Jehangir Arshad, Abdul Rehman, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Rehmat Ullah and Seong Oun Hwang
Sensors 2020, 20(17), 4982; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174982 - 02 Sep 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3947
Abstract
Improved Spectral Efficiency (SE) is a prominent feature of Massive Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output systems. These systems are prepared with antenna clusters at receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx). In this paper, we examined a massive MIMO system [...] Read more.
Improved Spectral Efficiency (SE) is a prominent feature of Massive Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output systems. These systems are prepared with antenna clusters at receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx). In this paper, we examined a massive MIMO system to increase SE in each cell that ultimately improves the area throughput of the system. We are aiming to find appropriate values of average cell-density (D), available bandwidth (B), and SE to maximize area throughput because it is the function of these parameters. Likewise, a SE augmentation model was developed to attain an increased transmit power and antenna array gain. The proposed model also considers the inter-user interference from neighboring cells along with incident angles of desired and interfering users. Moreover, simulation results validate the proposed model that is implementable in real-time scenarios by realizing maximum SE of 12.79 bits/s/Hz in Line of Sight (LoS) and 12.69 bits/s/Hz in Non-Line of Sight (NLoS) scenarios, respectively. The proposed results also substantiate the SE augmentation because it is a linear function of transmit power and array gain while using the Uniform Linear Array (ULA) configuration. The findings of this work ensure the efficient transmission of information in future networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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18 pages, 1224 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Network: Proposed Model and Application of Power Splitting Multiple Access
by Dinh-Thuan Do, Anh-Tu Le, Rupak Kharel, Adão Silva and Mohammad Abu Shattal
Sensors 2020, 20(15), 4296; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154296 - 01 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3496
Abstract
The development of hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks (HSTRNs) is one of the driving forces for revolutionizing satellite communications in the modern era. Although there are many unique features of conventional satellite networks, their evolution pace is much slower than the terrestrial wireless networks. [...] Read more.
The development of hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks (HSTRNs) is one of the driving forces for revolutionizing satellite communications in the modern era. Although there are many unique features of conventional satellite networks, their evolution pace is much slower than the terrestrial wireless networks. As a result, it is becoming more important to use HSTRNs for the seamless integration of terrestrial cellular and satellite communications. With this intent, this paper provides a comprehensive performance evaluation of HSTRNs employing non-orthogonal multiple access technique. The terrestrial relay is considered to be wireless-powered and harvests energy from the radio signal of the satellite. For the sake of comparison, both amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocols are considered. Subsequently, the closed-form expressions of outage probabilities and ergodic capacities are derived for each relaying protocol. Extensive simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of the obtained closed-form expressions. The results provided in this work characterize the outage and capacity performance of such a HSTRN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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Review

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58 pages, 3843 KiB  
Review
6G Enabled Smart Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: Opportunities, Challenges, and Research Roadmap
by Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Oluwadara Adedeji, Nistha Tandiya and Sachin Shetty
Sensors 2021, 21(5), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051709 - 02 Mar 2021
Cited by 130 | Viewed by 11434
Abstract
The 5G wireless communication network is currently faced with the challenge of limited data speed exacerbated by the proliferation of billions of data-intensive applications. To address this problem, researchers are developing cutting-edge technologies for the envisioned 6G wireless communication standards to satisfy the [...] Read more.
The 5G wireless communication network is currently faced with the challenge of limited data speed exacerbated by the proliferation of billions of data-intensive applications. To address this problem, researchers are developing cutting-edge technologies for the envisioned 6G wireless communication standards to satisfy the escalating wireless services demands. Though some of the candidate technologies in the 5G standards will apply to 6G wireless networks, key disruptive technologies that will guarantee the desired quality of physical experience to achieve ubiquitous wireless connectivity are expected in 6G. This article first provides a foundational background on the evolution of different wireless communication standards to have a proper insight into the vision and requirements of 6G. Second, we provide a panoramic view of the enabling technologies proposed to facilitate 6G and introduce emerging 6G applications such as multi-sensory–extended reality, digital replica, and more. Next, the technology-driven challenges, social, psychological, health and commercialization issues posed to actualizing 6G, and the probable solutions to tackle these challenges are discussed extensively. Additionally, we present new use cases of the 6G technology in agriculture, education, media and entertainment, logistics and transportation, and tourism. Furthermore, we discuss the multi-faceted communication capabilities of 6G that will contribute significantly to global sustainability and how 6G will bring about a dramatic change in the business arena. Finally, we highlight the research trends, open research issues, and key take-away lessons for future research exploration in 6G wireless communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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Other

12 pages, 350 KiB  
Letter
Separable MSE-Based Design of Two-Way Multiple-Relay Cooperative MIMO 5G Networks
by Donatella Darsena, Giacinto Gelli, Ivan Iudice and Francesco Verde
Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6284; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216284 - 04 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1878
Abstract
While the combination of multi-antenna and relaying techniques has been extensively studied for Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, it is expected to still play an important role in 5th Generation (5G) networks. However, the expected benefits of [...] Read more.
While the combination of multi-antenna and relaying techniques has been extensively studied for Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, it is expected to still play an important role in 5th Generation (5G) networks. However, the expected benefits of these technologies cannot be achieved without a proper system design. In this paper, we consider the problem of jointly optimizing terminal precoders/decoders and relay forwarding matrices on the basis of the sum mean square error (MSE) criterion in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) two-way relay systems, where two multi-antenna nodes mutually exchange information via multi-antenna amplify-and-forward relays. This problem is nonconvex and a local optimal solution is typically found by using iterative algorithms based on alternating optimization. We show how the constrained minimization of the sum-MSE can be relaxed to obtain two separated subproblems which, under mild conditions, admit a closed-form solution. Compared to iterative approaches, the proposed design is more suited to be integrated in 5G networks, since it is computationally more convenient and its performance exhibits a better scaling in the number of relays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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14 pages, 5569 KiB  
Letter
Performance Optimization of Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Network Based on CR-NOMA
by Long Zhao, Tao Liang and Kang An
Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5177; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185177 - 10 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2008
Abstract
The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme realizes the transmission of multiple user signals at the same time and frequency resource block through power domain multiplexing, which improves the system transmission rate and user fairness. In this paper, we propose a joint relay-and-antenna selection [...] Read more.
The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme realizes the transmission of multiple user signals at the same time and frequency resource block through power domain multiplexing, which improves the system transmission rate and user fairness. In this paper, we propose a joint relay-and-antenna selection scheme based on the cognitive radio scenario. This scheme can achieve the maximum communication rate of the secondary user when the primary user maintains the optimal outage performance. In the considered system both terrestrial relays and users are deployed with multi-antenna configurations and the terrestrial relays adopt the decode-and-forward (DF) strategy to achieve communication between satellites and users. Then, we derive the exact outage probability expression of each user in the system and the asymptotic probability expression under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Numeric results demonstrate that increasing the number of relays and antennas on the terrestrial nodes can both improve system outage performance. Moreover, the number of relays imposes a more obvious effect on the achievable system performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical-Layer Technologies for beyond 5G Wireless Communication Networks)
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