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Spectroscopy Gas Sensing and Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 4939

Special Issue Editors

State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: spectral measurement; optical sensing; biomedical optics; optical instrument
Department of precision instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: Fourier-transform spectroscopy; laser spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; dual-comb spectroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of the optical absorption of gas to detect gas concentrations has been used in a wide range of applications, including environmental and industrial monitoring. In addition to low-cost sensing (electrochemical gas sensors, etc.) and some expensive laboratory equipment (gas chromatographs, etc.), the advent of optical gas sensors is undoubtedly a breakthrough. Optical gas sensing techniques include nondispersive infrared gas sensors, spectrophotometry, tunable diode laser spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Gas sensing based on optical technology is an ideal choice for various applications, as it has a high selectivity and high sensitivity. Spectroscopy gas sensing has always been a hot topic, With topics including infrared absorption, Raman spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, etc. How to improve the sensitivity and applicability of spectroscopy gas sensing is still a problem worthy of research.

This Special Issue, entitled “Spectroscopy Gas Sensing and Applications”, will focus on original papers reporting recent developments in these techniques and new insights in gas sensing methods, as well as those reporting on the important key sensing components and field-testing applications.

Prof. Dr. Liqun Sun
Dr. Haoyun Wei
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • absorption spectroscopy
  • photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy
  • dispersion spectroscopy
  • frequency comb spectroscopy
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • optical gas sensor
  • laser gas sensor

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 1930 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Below-Ground Leak Rate of a Natural Gas Pipeline Using Above-Ground Downwind Measurements: The ESCAPE−1 Model
by Fancy Cheptonui, Stuart N. Riddick, Anna L. Hodshire, Mercy Mbua, Kathleen M. Smits and Daniel J. Zimmerle
Sensors 2023, 23(20), 8417; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208417 - 12 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1175
Abstract
Natural gas (NG) leaks from below-ground pipelines pose safety, economic, and environmental hazards. Despite walking surveys using handheld methane (CH4) detectors to locate leaks, accurately triaging the severity of a leak remains challenging. It is currently unclear whether CH4 detectors [...] Read more.
Natural gas (NG) leaks from below-ground pipelines pose safety, economic, and environmental hazards. Despite walking surveys using handheld methane (CH4) detectors to locate leaks, accurately triaging the severity of a leak remains challenging. It is currently unclear whether CH4 detectors used in walking surveys could be used to identify large leaks that require an immediate response. To explore this, we used above-ground downwind CH4 concentration measurements made during controlled emission experiments over a range of environmental conditions. These data were then used as the input to a novel modeling framework, the ESCAPE−1 model, to estimate the below-ground leak rates. Using 10-minute averaged CH4 mixing/meteorological data and filtering out wind speed < 2 m s−1/unstable atmospheric data, the ESCAPE−1 model estimates small leaks (0.2 kg CH4 h−1) and medium leaks (0.8 kg CH4 h−1) with a bias of −85%/+100% and −50%/+64%, respectively. Longer averaging (≥3 h) results in a 55% overestimation for small leaks and a 6% underestimation for medium leaks. These results suggest that as the wind speed increases or the atmosphere becomes more stable, the accuracy and precision of the leak rate calculated by the ESCAPE−1 model decrease. With an uncertainty of ±55%, our results show that CH4 mixing ratios measured using industry-standard detectors could be used to prioritize leak repairs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy Gas Sensing and Applications)
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9 pages, 4747 KiB  
Communication
A Coin-Sized Oxygen Laser Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Combining a Toroidal Absorption Cell
by Minxia Mao, Ting Gong, Kangjie Yuan, Lin Li, Guqing Guo, Xiaocong Sun, Yali Tian, Xuanbing Qiu, Christa Fittschen and Chuanliang Li
Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8249; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198249 - 05 Oct 2023
Viewed by 830
Abstract
Laser gas sensors with small volume and light weight are in high demand in the aerospace industry. To address this, a coin-sized oxygen (O2) sensor has been successfully developed based on a small toroidal absorption cell design. The absorption cell integrates [...] Read more.
Laser gas sensors with small volume and light weight are in high demand in the aerospace industry. To address this, a coin-sized oxygen (O2) sensor has been successfully developed based on a small toroidal absorption cell design. The absorption cell integrates a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and photodetector into a compact unit, measuring 90 × 40 × 20 mm and weighing 75.16 g. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is used to obtain the O2 spectral line at 763 nm. For further improving the sensitivity and robustness of the sensor, wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is utilized for the measurement. The obtained linear correlation coefficient is 0.9994. Based on Allen variance analysis, the sensor achieves an impressive minimum detection limit of 0.06% for oxygen concentration at an integration time of 318 s. The pressure-dependent relationship has been validated by accounting for the pressure factor in data processing. To affirm its efficacy, the laser spectrometer underwent continuous atmospheric O2 measurement for 24 h, showcasing its stability and robustness. This development introduces a continuous online laser spectral sensor with potential applications in manned spaceflight scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy Gas Sensing and Applications)
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11 pages, 5604 KiB  
Article
Open-Path Laser Absorption Sensor for Mobile Measurements of Atmospheric Ammonia
by Soran Shadman, Thomas W. Miller and Azer P. Yalin
Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6498; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146498 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 854
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere, particularly those from agricultural sources, can be damaging to the environment and human health and can drive a need for sensor technologies that can be used to detect and quantify the emissions. Mobile sensing approaches that [...] Read more.
Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia to the atmosphere, particularly those from agricultural sources, can be damaging to the environment and human health and can drive a need for sensor technologies that can be used to detect and quantify the emissions. Mobile sensing approaches that can be deployed on ground-based or aerial vehicles can provide scalable solutions for high throughput measurements but require relatively compact and low-power sensor systems. This contribution presents an ammonia sensor based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) integrated with a Herriott multi-pass cell and a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at 10.33 µm oriented to mobile use. An open-path configuration is used to mitigate sticky-gas effects and achieve high time-response. The final sensor package is relatively small (~20 L), lightweight (~3.5 kg), battery-powered (<30 W) and operates autonomously. Details of the WMS setup and analysis method are presented along with laboratory tests showing sensor accuracy (<~2%) and precision (~4 ppb in 1 s). Initial field deployments on both ground vehicles and a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy Gas Sensing and Applications)
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12 pages, 1911 KiB  
Article
Ozone Detection via Deep-Ultraviolet Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy with a Laser Driven Light Source
by Anthony Puga and Azer Yalin
Sensors 2023, 23(11), 4989; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23114989 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
We present a novel sensing approach for ambient ozone detection based on deep-ultraviolet (DUV) cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) using a laser driven light source (LDLS). The LDLS has broadband spectral output which, with filtering, provides illumination between ~230–280 nm. The lamp light is [...] Read more.
We present a novel sensing approach for ambient ozone detection based on deep-ultraviolet (DUV) cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) using a laser driven light source (LDLS). The LDLS has broadband spectral output which, with filtering, provides illumination between ~230–280 nm. The lamp light is coupled to an optical cavity formed from a pair of high-reflectivity (R~0.99) mirrors to yield an effective path length of ~58 m. The CEAS signal is detected with a UV spectrometer at the cavity output and spectra are fitted to yield the ozone concentration. We find a good sensor accuracy of <~2% error and sensor precision of ~0.3 ppb (for measurement times of ~5 s). The small-volume (<~0.1 L) optical cavity is amenable to a fast response with a sensor (10–90%) response time of ~0.5 s. Demonstrative sampling of outdoor air is also shown with favorable agreement against a reference analyzer. The DUV-CEAS sensor compares favorably against other ozone detection instruments and may be particularly useful for ground-level sampling including that from mobile platforms. The sensor development work presented here can also inform of the possibilities of DUV-CEAS with LDLSs for the detection of other ambient species including volatile organic compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy Gas Sensing and Applications)
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