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Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 18669

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Dr. Krzysztof Bernacki

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Department of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Microelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: power electronics; electromagnetic compatibility; control system; properties of magnetic materials; power conversion systems; precision signal measurement; design of energy-efficient systems; data acquisition system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mateja Novak

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Guest Editor

Department of AAU Energy, Aalborg University, Pontoppidanstræde 111, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: model predictive control; multilevel converters; deep learning; statistical model checking; reliability of power electronic systems; renewable energy systems; power electronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For many years, the development of electronics has been continuously accelerating, and its adoption and all-around use have taken on entirely new dimensions. Undoubtedly, with the further use of electronics in improving safety, independence, health protection, quality of life, industry, and science, in every aspect of human life; issues related to power electronics are of key importance. Power electronics have a direct impact on the energy supplied to power all other devices, as well as its quality, reliability and availability of energy. The world learned the importance of energy independence and, above all, obtaining energy from different sources - energy diversification. Scientific research on obtaining energy from renewable sources is significantly accelerating, the results of which are becoming increasingly important, both for countries but also for individual people. As responsible researchers, we must ensure that communities have a chance to meet the CO₂ emission targets, which additionally affects the value of power electronics development. Reliability of power systems, high efficiency, low maintenance costs and reliable operation in various conditions have become a very important issue. Currently, we are already using 5 nm lithographic technology in electronics, and 3 nm technology is already being planned. This will promote the breaking down of further barriers to technological progress and at the same time improve the energy efficiency of designed devices. In this Special Issue, we would like to cover topics that are important for power electronics based systems, energy conversion, energy harvesting and recovery, improving energy utilization and other energy-related aspects. Examples of the topics include:

Energy efficiency in power electronic systems;
Modern control systems of power electronic systems;
Reliability of power electronic systems;
High-efficiency power electronic system topologies;
Modeling and simulation of power electronic systems;
Renewable energy systems;
Thermal management and cooling technologies;
Minimizing power consumption;
Microgrids, smart grids, and distributed generation systems;
Design Power electronic system design for improving availability, maintainability, and safety;
New materials used in power electronics systems;
Electromagnetic compatibility in power electronic systems;
Modern methods of power electronic system design;
Artificial intelligence in power electronics;
Energy storage;
Automotive charger

Dr. Krzysztof Bernacki
Dr. Mateja Novak
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 14036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Combined Controller for Closed-Loop Control Systems Affected by Electromagnetic Interference

by Algirdas Baskys

Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1466; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051466 - 24 Feb 2024

Viewed by 416

Abstract

In this paper, a new approach for the solution of the electromagnetic interference impact problem in closed-loop control systems with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers is proposed. The approach is based on the application of a combined controller that consists of three controllers: PID, PI and I, when only one of them is operating at a time, and which one is operating determines the control error value. The proposed combined controller allows for achieving better resistance of the control system to the noise signals produced by electromagnetic interference compared to PID and PID with low-pass filters in derivative term controllers without deteriorating the dynamic performance of the control system. The operation of the controller has been analysed using simulation and experiments with plants, the dynamics of which are described by first-order plus dead-time transfer functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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23 pages, 17186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extension of Operating Range in Hybrid Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters with Capacitor Voltage Balancing Capability

by Abhilash Tirupathi, Jonathan Pribadi, Min-Seok Kim and Dong-Choon Lee

Sensors 2024, 24(3), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24030991 - 03 Feb 2024

Viewed by 541

Abstract

In this article, a generalized control scheme is proposed to extend the operating range of three-phase hybrid cascaded H-bridge (HCHB) inverters into various voltage levels without necessitating alterations to the core structure or the integration of additional H-bridge submodules. This study addresses a critical challenge related to capacitor voltage drift at various modulation indices and power factors, which is a serious impediment to various applications. To overcome this challenge, a novel balancing control scheme has been developed based on the injection of two independent offset voltages to simultaneously control the DC-link and flying capacitors. A distinctive aspect of the proposed technique involves adjusting the common reference voltage to attain the nearest level in the same cluster, thereby mitigating the insufficiency of redundant switching states. The effectiveness of the proposed technique to regulate the capacitor voltages at various operating conditions has been verified through simulation and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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17 pages, 4326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Detection System with Magnetic Dipole Source for Near-Surface Detection

by Xian Liao, Zhengyu Xu, Wei Liu, Heng-Ming Tai, Jie Zhou, Xiao Ma and Zhihong Fu

Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9771; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249771 - 12 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 748

Abstract

This paper proposes a nondestructive, separate transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) electromagnetic measurement system for near-surface detection. Different from the traditional dual-coil integrated design, the proposed transient electromagnetic (TEM) system performs shallow subsurface detection using independent TX coil and movable RX coils. This configuration requires a large primary field so that the far-away secondary field is able to generate reliably induced voltages. To achieve this goal, a bipolar current-pulsed power supply (BCPPS) with a late resonant charging strategy is designed to produce a sufficiently large magnetic moment for the exciting coil with low source interference. The magnetic dipole source (MDS) with a large proportion of weight is separated from the field observation device and does not need to be dragged or transported during the detection process. This setup lowers the weight of the scanning device to 3 kg and greatly improves the measurement efficiency. The results of the laboratory test verify the effectiveness of the separate MDS and RX module system. Field experimental detection further demonstrates that the proposed system can realize highly efficient and shallow surface detection within a 200 m range of the MDS device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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27 pages, 9394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Optimization of Multi-Stage TMR Sensors for Power Equipment AC/DC Leakage Current Detection

by Xiaoxu Hu, Xuetao Duan, Wei Zhang, Yameng Fu, Yongfu Li, Pengcheng Zhao, Xudong Deng, Chuanxiang Yu and Jingang Wang

Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4749; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104749 - 14 May 2023

Viewed by 1617

Abstract

Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) can measure weak magnetic fields and has significant advantages for use in alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) leakage current sensors for power equipment; however, TMR current sensors are easily perturbed by external magnetic fields, and their measurement accuracy and measurement stability are limited in complex engineering application environments. To enhance the TMR sensor measurement performance, this paper proposes a new multi-stage TMR weak AC/DC sensor structure with high measurement sensitivity and anti-magnetic interference capability. The front-end magnetic measurement characteristics and interference immunity of the multi-stage TMR sensor are found to be closely related to the multi-stage ring size design via finite element simulation. The optimal size of the multipole magnetic ring is determined using an improved non-dominated ranking genetic algorithm (ACGWO-BP-NSGA-II) to derive the optimal sensor structure. Experimental results demonstrate that the newly designed multi-stage TMR current sensor has a measurement range of 60 mA, a fitting nonlinearity error of less than 1%, a measurement bandwidth of 0–80 kHz, a minimum AC measurement value of 85 μA and a minimum DC measurement value of 50 μA, as well as a strong external electromagnetic interference. The TMR sensor can effectively enhance measurement precision and stability in the presence of intense external electromagnetic interference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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21 pages, 14146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Active Multi-Object Ultrafast Tracking System with CNN-Based Hybrid Object Detection

by Qing Li, Shaopeng Hu, Kohei Shimasaki and Idaku Ishii

Sensors 2023, 23(8), 4150; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084150 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2965

Abstract

This study proposes a visual tracking system that can detect and track multiple fast-moving appearance-varying targets simultaneously with 500 fps image processing. The system comprises a high-speed camera and a pan-tilt galvanometer system, which can rapidly generate large-scale high-definition images of the wide monitored area. We developed a CNN-based hybrid tracking algorithm that can robustly track multiple high-speed moving objects simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate that our system can track up to three moving objects with velocities lower than 30 m per second simultaneously within an 8-m range. The effectiveness of our system was demonstrated through several experiments conducted on simultaneous zoom shooting of multiple moving objects (persons and bottles) in a natural outdoor scene. Moreover, our system demonstrates high robustness to target loss and crossing situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 2681 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Sensorless Model Predictive Control of Single-Phase Inverter for UPS Applications via Accurate Load Current Estimation

by Po Li, Xiaoshan Tong, Zhoujing Wang, Maoguang Xu and Jianfeng Zhu

Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3742; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073742 - 04 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1505

Abstract

Single-phase inverters with an output LC filter, can generate low distortion output voltages, which are suitable for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. The UPS system provides emergency power in the case of utility power failure, requiring high reliability and clean power. The sensorless control method is actually a soft-sensing technique, that reduces system cost, measurement-related losses, and, especially important for UPS systems, enhances the system reliability. This paper proposes a load current sensorless finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) scheme for a single-phase UPS inverter. A time varying observer is proposed, which offers the accurate estimation for individual components simultaneously in periodic load current signal, without subsequent complex calculations. Compared with another two typical sensorless methods (the low-pass filter and the Kalman filter), the proposed observer-based FCS-MPC strategy has smaller load current estimation error and lower output voltage distortion, under both linear and nonlinear loads. The theoretical analysis is verified through simulation and experiment. A single-phase inverter rapid control prototype (RCP) is set up with the Speedgoat real-time target machine, to confirm the effectiveness of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 9775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Practical Implementation of the Indirect Control to the Direct 3 × 5 Matrix Converter Using DSP and Low-Cost FPGA

by Michal Praženica, Patrik Resutík and Slavomír Kaščák

Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3581; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073581 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1184

Abstract

The popularity of multiphase drives is increasing due to the growing interest in drives with more than three phases. One promising topology is the multiphase matrix converters, which enable the implementation of a single-stage AC/AC power conversion system with bidirectional power flow capability. In this paper, we present the implementation of indirect control for a practical sample of the direct matrix converter. To reduce the overall cost of the control solution for these types of converters, we utilized low-cost FPGA and DSP. The usage of only DSP itself was not possible due to low number of available PWM output needed for 3 × 5 MxC driving. Another reason is commutation, which must be precise and fast to avoid any hazardous states in the converter. Due to these problems, the authors decided to implement an algorithm of a combination of DSP and FPGA, where FPGA is used for time critical operations. The indirect algorithm treats the converter as two separate parts, the rectifier and the inverter, with the DC-LINK being fictitious. The matrix converter is composed of compact modules, and the entire system is verified. The practical verification demonstrates that matrix converters can produce a wide range of output frequencies and achieve input power factor control. Finally, we compare and review the practical model with the simulation model, examining efficiency and other parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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20 pages, 2543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Center-Tapped Transformer Based Multifunctional Single-Phase Converter with Wide DC-Bus Control

by Arinze Stephen Obi, Si-Heon Lee, Hyun-Sam Jung and Jae-Jung Jung

Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2227; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042227 - 16 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1847

Abstract

Alongside the rapid increase in distributed power generation and load, the demand for highly efficient and reliable power converters is increasing. This has resulted in the rise of grid interfaced renewable energy sources (RES), rapid deployment of battery energy storage systems (BESS) coupled with energy managment systems (EMS), and DC based grid. This paper presents a center-tapped transformer-based single-stage single-phase full-bridge (FB) bidirectional AC-DC converter and its control strategy to improve controllability and reliability in applications such as DC distribution, PV/BESS grid interfacing, vehicle to grid (V2G), and so on. In contrast to conventional galvanically isolated topologies, a single-phase center-tapped transformer is introduced. It links and galvanically isolates the converters and the grid and provides its leakage inductance as the needed inductor required for current control (depending on the design). Furthermore, it reduces the number of conventionally required power conversion stages by employing a wide DC-bus voltage control strategy, resulting in a single converter that undergoes a single power conversion. Additionally, the voltage level can be increased to further enhance the output quality by cascading multiple converters (Multi-Level). The structure, operation, and basic control scheme are discussed in detail. Verification through a 220

V_{r m s}

, 1.8 kVA, and 45∼100

V_{D C}

simulation and small-scale experimental prototype (60∼100

V_{D C}

voltage) for practical validation of the topology is also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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27 pages, 10645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Study of Cyber Attack Mitigation with the Exchange of Frequency Containment Reserves Control in a Multi-Infeed Direct Current Power System

by Umar Fitra Ramadhan, Jaehyeong Lee and Minhan Yoon

Sensors 2023, 23(4), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041964 - 09 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

By 2040, the Korean government aims for a penetration rate of 30–35% of the total power from renewable sources. Due to a lack of inertia, particularly in remote systems such as those on Jeju Island, these circumstances will reduce network stability. To maintain the diversity and unpredictability of RES penetration, HVDC systems with an exchange of frequency containment reserve control are utilized. An exchange of frequency containment reserves control (E-FCR) is one of the balancing arrangement concepts of HVDC systems. However, the development of E-FCR concepts is vulnerable to cyber attacks because this concept only considers one wide-area measurement for data exchange. This study established a simultaneous cyber attack operation, i.e., an attack was set at the same time as a contingency operation that affects the balancing arrangement between two regions. Multiple possibilities of cyber attack and mitigation operations were suggested according to their ability to access information in the MIDC system. Then, a cyber detection strategy was proposed through a normalized correlation concept to activate mitigation control that could enhance the frequency stability by adjusting the value of the ramp-rate deviation between two HVDC types. By simulating the Korean power system model that was implemented in PSS/E, along with a Python script, simulation results demonstrated that a cyber attack on missing data can cause severe low-frequency nadir responses, and the proposed methodology can practically detect and mitigate cyber attacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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24 pages, 9285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Adaptive Control Strategy for a Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Based on Extremum Seeking and Sliding Mode Control

by Hoai-An Trinh, Duc Giap Nguyen, Van-Du Phan, Tan-Quoc Duong, Hoai-Vu-Anh Truong, Sung-Jin Choi and Kyoung Kwan Ahn

Sensors 2023, 23(1), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010457 - 01 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1991

Abstract

This paper presents a new control strategy that combines classical control and an optimization scheme to regulate the output voltage of the bidirectional converter under the presence of matched and mismatched disturbances. In detail, a control-oriented modeling method is presented first to capture the system dynamics in a common canonical form, allowing different disturbances to be considered. To estimate and compensate for unknown disturbances, an extended state observer (ESO)-based continuous sliding mode control is then proposed, which can guarantee high tracking precision, fast disturbance rejection, and chattering reduction. Next, an extremum seeking (ES)-based adaptive scheme is introduced to ensure system robustness as well as optimal control effort under different working scenarios. Finally, comparative simulations with classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control and constant switching gains are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control methodology through three case studies of load resistance variations, buck/boost mode switching, and input voltage variation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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19 pages, 4519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating a Hybrid Circuit Topology for Fault-Ride through in DFIG-Based Wind Turbines

by Sarmad Saeed, Rafiq Asghar, Faizan Mehmood, Haider Saleem, Babar Azeem and Zahid Ullah

Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9314; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239314 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

Large-scale wind power integration has raised concerns about the reliability and stability of power systems. The rotor circuit of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is highly vulnerable to unexpected voltage dips, which can cause considerable electromotive force in the circuit. Consequently, the DFIG must fulfil the fault-ride through (FRT) criteria to ensure the system’s performance and contribute to voltage regulation during severe grid outages. This paper provides a hybrid solution for DFIG wind turbines with FRT capabilities, using both a modified switch-type fault current limiter (MSFTCL) and a direct current (DC) chopper. The proposed system has the merit of keeping the rotor current and the DC-link voltage within the permissible limits, enhancing the FRT capability of generators. Moreover, the boundness of supply voltage into its reference value ensures dynamic stability during symmetric and asymmetric grid failures. Further, electromagnetic torque variations are significantly reduced during fault events. Finally, the performance validation of the proposed scheme is performed in a simulation setup, and the results are compared with the existing sliding mode control (SMC) and proportional-integral (PI) controller-based approaches. The comparison results show that a hybrid strategy with advanced controllers provides superior performance for all critical parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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22 pages, 13103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Contemporary Design Process for Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverter Control Systems

by Krzysztof Bernacki and Zbigniew Rymarski

Sensors 2022, 22(19), 7211; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197211 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1419

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of contemporary voltage source inverter control system design. Design begins with the theoretical considerations that lead to the creation of the system’s differential control law. This stage does not include scaling coefficients for the output voltage, output current, and filter inductor current. Following this, the inverter is modelled in MATLAB’s Simulink environment with an appropriate load and control system. If the resultant simulation provides satisfactory results, a hybrid system consisting of MATLAB’s Simulink and dSpace libraries with the MicroLabBox device is used to interface the simulation with an experimental hardware model in real-time. This allows the hardware plant and measuring traces to be validated. ControlDesk is used to scale the relevant coefficients. During the final stage of the design process, a microprocessor is programmed to control the inverter according to the dSpace simulation results. This requires new scaling values. Throughout every stage of the design process, too high a value of the modulation index disables the reduction of output voltage distortions. This paper details the entire design process for both single-input and multi-input control systems, explaining the scaling process and the required software. Such a modern design process ensures the shortest time between conceptualization and the final product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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