2024

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16 pages, 1619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reformulation of Persimmon Value-Added Model: Product Downstream Development Strategy for Farmers in East Java, Indonesia

by Ayu Erfiana Asmy, Abdul Rauf, Rahmawaty, Badaruddin and Umrotul Khasanah

Resources 2024, 13(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13030034 - 22 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1326

Abstract

This research aims to reformulate the value-added model of persimmon fruit as an instrument to increase farmers’ income by developing a product downstream strategy. This research was conducted in Malang and Tulungagung in East Java through observation and interviews. Then, we used SWOT [...] Read more.

This research aims to reformulate the value-added model of persimmon fruit as an instrument to increase farmers’ income by developing a product downstream strategy. This research was conducted in Malang and Tulungagung in East Java through observation and interviews. Then, we used SWOT analysis technique (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) to identify various factors in reformulating and developing strategies systematically. The results show that farmers must consider product diversification, improved quality and packaging, certification and label, increased nutritional value, marketing and promotion, network and partnership development, training and capacity building, access to capital and financing, research and innovation, and farmer empowerment. Then, in downstream development, it is necessary to carry out strategies in the form of increased production quality, sustainable agricultural practices, processed product development, preparation of partnerships with private parties, effective marketing and promotion, intelligent packaging, product diversification, logistics and distribution optimization, business and financial management, and organic and sustainable certification. This research also identified that persimmon fruit production has great potential, with a large amount land and a high amount of production. In addition, various downstream persimmon products in the form of processed food and beverages can provide significant added value and have the potential to increase farmers’ incomes. Full article

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2023

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15 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Project Using Sensors in the Municipal Solid Waste Collection of a Medium-Sized City

by Jerónimo Franco-González, Antonio Gallardo, Mar Carlos and Natalia Edo-Alcón

Resources 2023, 12(9), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090108 - 07 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1495

Abstract

Municipal solid waste collection must reach the recycling rates required by new regulations, like with the introduction of new bins to collect the organic fraction. The filling pattern of those bins is unknown, and the collection frequency and collection routes can change. Sensors [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste collection must reach the recycling rates required by new regulations, like with the introduction of new bins to collect the organic fraction. The filling pattern of those bins is unknown, and the collection frequency and collection routes can change. Sensors can help to identify the filling degree and to reorganize the waste collection routes. Yet, equipping all the bins with new technologies can represent a significant amount of money for enterprises and public authorities. The aim of this work is to analyze the use of sensors in waste collection systems where the collection frequency is high. Bins from two zones of a town (a residential and a commercial zone) were selected, and a volumetric sensor was installed to study the filling pattern. In the first scenario, the organic fraction and the mixed waste bin were monitored. In the second experiment, data from mixed waste bins were recorded during two days of the week. Results show that the filling degree pattern is similar in all the cases and that citizens do not respect the recommended times for taking their waste out. Additionally, the cost of the sensors represents a significant amount for a medium-sized town. Although sensors can provide a great amount of information, it is not necessary to install them in all the bins but only at the points to be analyzed. This work proposes a new way to use sensors to validate and calibrate the containerization network of a town with a high collection frequency. Full article

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21 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Methodology for the Formation of a Digital Model of the Life Cycle of an Offshore Oil and Gas Platform

by Nikolay Didenko, Djamilia Skripnuk, Viktor Merkulov, Kseniia N. Kikkas and Konstantin Skripniuk

Resources 2023, 12(8), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12080086 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1058

Abstract

This article systematizes scientific views on the problems associated with the conditions and patterns of creating a digital model of a sophisticated engineering and technical complex. The main elements of a digital model of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas [...] Read more.

This article systematizes scientific views on the problems associated with the conditions and patterns of creating a digital model of a sophisticated engineering and technical complex. The main elements of a digital model of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform are considered. An interdisciplinary approach to the study of the essence of the subject space of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform is substantiated on the basis of modeling the subject space of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform using alternative graphs and information technologies. New concepts have been introduced into scientific circulation that reveal the essence of a digital model of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform: life cycle cost, life cycle duration, and the scientific and technical level of the offshore oil and gas platform. The main provisions of the concept of the virtual life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform are considered. Based on modeling the subject area of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform by alternative graphs, is shown the relationship between the stages of the life cycle. The technology of model-based design of the virtual life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform is proposed. The developed model of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform based on the display of the life cycle by alternative graphs makes it possible to choose solutions for each stage based on criteria common to the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform. A cyclic procedure for managing a virtual life cycle model of an offshore oil and gas platform has been developed. The digital model of the life cycle of an offshore oil and gas platform is constantly updated following the change in physical prototypes, which increases the accuracy of decisions based on it. The application of the model in practice will significantly reduce the number of full-scale tests of everything related to the manufacture of the real material part of a platform. Full article

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19 pages, 1634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversification as a Method of Ensuring the Sustainability of Energy Supply within the Energy Transition

by Lazar Gitelman, Mikhail Kozhevnikov and Yana Visotskaya

Resources 2023, 12(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12020019 - 01 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5656

Abstract

This article presents a structured approach to the implementation of diversification in the energy sector during the energy transition, accompanied by crisis phenomena in the economy. On the basis of the study of the unique features of the electric power industry, it is [...] Read more.

This article presents a structured approach to the implementation of diversification in the energy sector during the energy transition, accompanied by crisis phenomena in the economy. On the basis of the study of the unique features of the electric power industry, it is proved that diversification is an effective tool ensuring sustainable operation and development in the course of transformation. The specific directions of diversification to achieve technical, environmental and economic results are considered. The authors demonstrate that diversification can manifest itself in different forms: as a way to implement a systematic approach to energy transition management, as a complex set of organizational and technical changes in the electric power industry, and as an institutional mechanism to support innovations. Tools for managing diversification during the energy transition have been identified. In particular, the experience of implementing systems of integrated planning of energy resources is systematized, representing a set of legal and economic procedures that contribute to minimizing public costs for energy services to consumers. The key provisions of the structural maneuver have been formulated. These include specific directions of diversification, consisting of a certain increase in the specific market share of thermal power plants, in the structure of generation capacities of renewable energy sources in order to compensate for their increased production costs, and nuclear power plants under advanced development. The advantages and limitations of the developed principles of diversification in the context of the global energy crisis are discussed. Full article

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2022

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14 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resource Conservation as the Main Factor in Increasing the Resource Efficiency of Russian Gas Companies

by Larisa Vazhenina, Elena Magaril and Igor Mayburov

Resources 2022, 11(12), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11120112 - 02 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

The complex modern trends in the growth of the consumption of raw hydrocarbon materials around the world, and as a consequence their accelerated depletion, have forced oil and gas industry enterprises to identify progressive resource-saving methods and technologies. Such methods could enable the [...] Read more.

The complex modern trends in the growth of the consumption of raw hydrocarbon materials around the world, and as a consequence their accelerated depletion, have forced oil and gas industry enterprises to identify progressive resource-saving methods and technologies. Such methods could enable the environmental and technological effects of production processes to be achieved under conditions of sustainable economic development and with a policy of balanced consumption and resource provision. This research is devoted to the improvement of the scientific and methodological foundations and the development of predictive and analytical tools for assessing the efficiency of resource use in gas industry enterprises. With the application of the proposed instruments, we carry out simulation modeling of the efficiency of natural gas production, processing and pipeline transportation companies. In the course of a comparative analysis of the efficiency indicators for Russian gas companies, a resource-efficient variant of their development is selected and the most promising business projects are identified. Three branch companies of the Russian gas industry are accepted as the objects of the research in this study. As a result of the conducted approbation process, it is revealed that the existing practice of assessing consumption and resource provision in companies in the industry, as well as the use of methods and approaches to resource conservation, does not have a single and complex character. The methodology proposed by the authors makes it possible to approach industry companies with the same set of indicators, systematize and calculate them, identify existing unused reserves for resource conservation and identify promising resource-efficient projects. Full article

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19 pages, 3394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Sustainability of Copper and Iron Based on a System Dynamics Model

by Larona S. Teseletso and Tsuyoshi Adachi

Resources 2022, 11(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11040037 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2698

Abstract

Copper and iron are critical to the economic growth of modern society. Nations depend on these metals for the development of infrastructure, transportation, and other industries. However, concerns regarding future availability of “peak minerals” with a “limit to growth” have been extensively debated. [...] Read more.

Copper and iron are critical to the economic growth of modern society. Nations depend on these metals for the development of infrastructure, transportation, and other industries. However, concerns regarding future availability of “peak minerals” with a “limit to growth” have been extensively debated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the amount of potential resources and the recycling rate from secondary metal scrap recycling for the sustainable development of mineral resources. The long-term mineral supply and demand balance with respect to recycling for copper and iron were developed for the next 50 years at the regional and global levels. The results indicate that the supply of copper would increase four-fold by 2070 compared to 1991, with primary copper remaining the main contributing source. For iron, the total supply would increase by nine times from 2000 to 2070, with secondary recycling surpassing the primary iron supply by 2033 and becoming the main contributor by 2070. Even though there is no future resource constraint, further promotion of scrap recycling, especially for copper, is necessary to address environmental concerns through reduction in material extraction. Emphasizing the importance of metals in society is essential for stock accountability through resource efficiency and resource conservation. Full article

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2020

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24 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inventory of Wastes Generated in Polish Sewage Sludge Incineration Plants and Their Possible Circular Management Directions

by Marzena Smol

Resources 2020, 9(8), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9080091 - 28 Jul 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4276

Abstract

A dynamic development of sewer networks and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) leads to the formation a large amounts of municipal sewage sludges (MSSs) which have to be disposed. One of the MSS disposal practices is thermal conversion in mono-incineration plants. Nowadays, there [...] Read more.

A dynamic development of sewer networks and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) leads to the formation a large amounts of municipal sewage sludges (MSSs) which have to be disposed. One of the MSS disposal practices is thermal conversion in mono-incineration plants. Nowadays, there are 11 such installations in Poland, with the total capacity 160,300 Mg d.w. of MSSs per year. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of wastes generated in Polish MSS mono-incineration plants. As a consequence of MSSs incineration, various types of waste are generated including, for example, bottom and fly ash, dust or solid waste. The most valuable waste is sewage sludge ash (SSA), which can be used in other industries, as fertilizer or construction sectors. In the circular economy (CE) model, SSA should be treated as a secondary source of raw materials, such as phosphates (replacement of nutrients by P-rich ashes in fertilizers) or sand (replacement of sand by ashes in construction materials). Current practices of SSA management include landfilling, recovery at WWTPs or management by external companies (recovery, disposal or collection). To preserve the utility value of SSA, it should be stored selectively, and then directed to raw materials recovery. This creates the possibility of turning waste into a secondary resource, after meeting certain conditions which depend on which product the waste is directed to. Moreover, this waste management practice is recommended in the Polish documents regarding the usage of SSA, and it can strengthen the accomplishment of the European Green Deal, which is the newest roadmap for making the EU’s economy sustainable and circular. Full article

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3 pages, 383 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Smol, M., et al. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resource 2020, 9, 55

by Marzena Smol, Paulina Marcinek, Joanna Duda and Dominika Szołdrowska

Resources 2020, 9(6), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060078 - 23 Jun 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3283

Abstract

In the published article [...] Full article

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17 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recultivation of Post-Mining Disturbed Land: Review of Content and Comparative Law and Feasibility Study

by Margarita Ignatyeva, Vera Yurak and Natalia Pustokhina

Resources 2020, 9(6), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060073 - 10 Jun 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5089

Abstract

The article considers the concept of the circular economy as an important tool for achieving sustainable development, which relates to the preservation of renewable resources’ mass through the renewal of withdrawn resources and the restoration of disturbed ones. It is directly linked to [...] Read more.

The article considers the concept of the circular economy as an important tool for achieving sustainable development, which relates to the preservation of renewable resources’ mass through the renewal of withdrawn resources and the restoration of disturbed ones. It is directly linked to remedial land treatment in post-mining disturbed land. However, after numerous studies, the conceptual apparatus of recultivation remains unspecified. Moreover, there is a gap regarding the trends of evolutionary changes in studies of legislation and feasibility on the subject of recultivation. Employing comparative law as a tool, the aim of the study is to develop a consistent approach based on circular economy by establishing the stages of legal support for recultivation and identifying the content of all these stages regarding economic efficiency. Currently, the environmental priorities of the economy are triggering the usage of the ecosystem approach for assessing the ecological result of recultivation. Therefore, the core of the paper is the development of a consistent circular economy approach by (1) clarifying the concept of recultivation, (2) identifying the stages of the development of a legal framework for recultivation and (3) revealing evolutionary changes in feasibility studies on recultivation. The authors prove that recultivation should be considered from the perspective of geoaesthetics, which implies a harmonious incorporation of the recultivated landscape into the environment. Full article

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2019

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19 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CCS Projects: How Regulatory Framework Influences Their Deployment

by Natalia Romasheva and Alina Ilinova

Resources 2019, 8(4), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8040181 - 09 Dec 2019

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8694

Abstract

Preventing the effects of climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of this century. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology takes up a promising position in the achievement of a low-carbon future. Currently, CCS projects are implemented not only for CO [...] Read more.

Preventing the effects of climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of this century. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology takes up a promising position in the achievement of a low-carbon future. Currently, CCS projects are implemented not only for CO₂ storage but also for its usage in industries, in conformity with the principles of a circular economy. To date, a number of countries have accumulated experience in launching and implementing CCS projects. At the same time, the peculiarities and pace of technology development around the world remain different. This paper attempts to identify key factors that, first, generally affect CCS projects deployment, and second, create favorable conditions for CCS technologies development. Based on an extensive literature review and the experience of different countries, classification and interpretation of these factors are offered, justifying their impact on CCS projects. As a result of this paper, the authors present an assessment of the maturity of policy incentives and regulations in the field of CCS for different countries with revealed dependence between the level and effectiveness of CCS projects’ implementation, confirming the adequacy of the offered approaches and identifying measures that ensure success in CCS. The methodology of this study includes case studies, a modified PEST analysis, system-oriented analysis, the checklist method, and regression analyses. Full article

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14 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorptive Findings on Selected Biomasses for Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions

by Pushpa Jha

Resources 2019, 8(4), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8040180 - 29 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4437

Abstract

India produces an enormous number of biomasses in the form of agricultural and forestry residues. To handle their disposal, they need to be explored as adsorbents, as one of the alternatives for their utilizations. Biomasses, having a high content of carbon, can be [...] Read more.

India produces an enormous number of biomasses in the form of agricultural and forestry residues. To handle their disposal, they need to be explored as adsorbents, as one of the alternatives for their utilizations. Biomasses, having a high content of carbon, can be used as low-cost adsorptive materials for the removal of phenol from aqueous streams. Ten biomasses, abundantly available in the Sangrur area of Punjab (India), were characterized. Based on their determined characteristics and availability, Acacia nilotica branches (ANB), Lantana camera (LC), and rice husk (RH) were selected for the study. As these biomasses removed low percentages of phenol, they were activated using thermochemical treatment. Their properties as adsorbents improved significantly. When they were subjected to phenol sequestration, the percentage removal of adsorbate was at 97%, 90%, and 83% by activated ANB (ANBC), activated LC (LCC), and activated RH (RHC), respectively. The equilibrium and kinetics of the process of adsorption on these activated biomasses were analyzed mathematically. It was possible to regenerate the spent ANBC, LCC, and RHC in a single step, with 1 M NaOH solution. Full article

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13 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

An Analysis of Operational Efficiencies in the Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Plants of Kaohsiung Municipality (Taiwan)

by Wen-Tien Tsai

Resources 2019, 8(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8030125 - 10 Jul 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6030

Abstract

As the second-largest city in Taiwan, the Kaohsiung municipality has faced serious environmental loadings in recent decades. Among them, waste management is a key issue because of large amount of urban and industrial waste produced daily. In this regard, waste-to-energy (WTE) systems adopting [...] Read more.

As the second-largest city in Taiwan, the Kaohsiung municipality has faced serious environmental loadings in recent decades. Among them, waste management is a key issue because of large amount of urban and industrial waste produced daily. In this regard, waste-to-energy (WTE) systems adopting the best available control technology for air pollution is a win-win approach because it also generates electricity to mitigate the dependence on imported fossil fuels and the greenhouse gas emissions incidentally. In this work, the updated status of municipal solid waste (MSW) and WTE plants in Kaohsiung were analyzed to get the crux based on the official database. Using the operational data on the WTE plants over recent years (2003–2018), the analysis of operational efficiencies for the four WTE plants in Kaohsiung was addressed in the paper. It showed that their operational efficiencies, ranging from 0.287 to 0.568 kW-h/kg, indicated an approximate “bathtub curve” pattern. In addition, analyzing the project for revamping the Gangshan WTE plant showed a significant progress in operational efficiencies with a significant increase from 0.506 kW-h/kg in 2016 to 0.587 kW-h/kg in 2018. Finally, some recommendations on technological measures and regulatory incentives for upgrading the operational efficiencies of existing WTE plants were addressed in the work. Full article

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9 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting the Circular Economy via Waste-to-Power (WTP) in Taiwan

by Wen-Tien Tsai

Resources 2019, 8(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020095 - 14 May 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5419

Abstract

The waste management sector significantly contributes to emissions of ambient air pollutants and greenhouse gases, especially in sanitary landfills. In this regard, Taiwan is moving toward a circular economy society via resource recycling and waste-to-power (WTP) in the waste management. In the past [...] Read more.

The waste management sector significantly contributes to emissions of ambient air pollutants and greenhouse gases, especially in sanitary landfills. In this regard, Taiwan is moving toward a circular economy society via resource recycling and waste-to-power (WTP) in the waste management. In the past decade, the recycling rate of general waste (including recyclable waste, kitchen waste, and bulk waste) increased from 40.97% in 2008 to 60.22% in 2017. On the other hand, 24 large-scale waste incineration plants gained about 2.5 TW-h of net electricity generation, based on 6.25 million metric tons of waste incinerated in 2017. The objectives of this paper are to update the status of waste generation and its WTP in Taiwan. Based on these updated data, the preliminary benefit analysis of WTP showed annual benefits of equivalent electricity charge of around $US 3.3 × 10⁸ (using the feed-in-tariff rate 3.8945 NTD$/kW-h; 1 $US ≈ 30 NTD$) and equivalent CO₂ mitigation of about 1.4 million metric tons (using the electricity emissions factor 0.55 kg CO₂ equivalent/kW-h). In order to gain environmental, energy, and economic benefits, the regulatory and technological measures for promoting WTP are briefly summarized to create another low-carbon society in Taiwan. Full article

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21 pages, 3633 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The LCA Methodology for Ceramic Tiles Production by Addition of MSWI BA

by Giuseppe Sappa, Silvia Iacurto, Adelaide Ponzi, Fabio Tatti, Vincenzo Torretta and Paolo Viotti

Resources 2019, 8(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020093 - 11 May 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5673

Abstract

Integrated waste management and sustainable use of natural resources are the basis of the Green Economy. In this context, the management of the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ashes (MSWI BA) is one of the current issues worldwide. This paper presents an application [...] Read more.

Integrated waste management and sustainable use of natural resources are the basis of the Green Economy. In this context, the management of the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ashes (MSWI BA) is one of the current issues worldwide. This paper presents an application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) procedure to the industrial production of ceramic tiles using bottom ashes in the mixture together with feldspathic sands and clays. The comparison between ashes and traditional mixture showed a similar mineralogical and rheological composition. In the reported procedure the MSWI BA, after storage, were treated to separate and recover metals. The residual ashes were added to the mixture and then they followed the traditional industrial production cycle. Samples of the different materials were taken during the experimental industrial activity and leaching tests were carried out to verify the environmental compatibility of MSWI BA use to produce ceramic tiles. The results of the LCA show large environmental and energy benefits related to the proposed reuse of BA. Metal recovery and lower use of clay in traditional mixture avoids emission of substances with a negative potential impact for environment. This study provides a sustainable alternative to the MSWI BA final disposal in landfill as MSWI BA are hazardous wastes that present complicated management and high disposal costs. Full article

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20 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concretizing Green Growth and Sustainable Business Models in the Water Sector of Jordan

by Jan Engelmann, Mohammad Al-Saidi and Johannes Hamhaber

Resources 2019, 8(2), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020092 - 10 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8817

Abstract

The green growth paradigm has gained much attention from various governments worldwide as a guiding strategy for national and sectoral growth strategies. There is, however, little knowledge on how to integrate green growth into key natural resource sectors, such as water. This paper [...] Read more.

The green growth paradigm has gained much attention from various governments worldwide as a guiding strategy for national and sectoral growth strategies. There is, however, little knowledge on how to integrate green growth into key natural resource sectors, such as water. This paper explains the origins and underlying concepts of green growth, and assesses its potential in the Jordanian water sector. Using a green growth diagnostic model, we analyze six key industries in the Jordanian water sector that can be an engine for green growth and the achievement of key sector-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition, four innovative business models are presented which exemplify the best practices and future directions of the water sector in Jordan. The results and recommendations support the strategic decision-making process of linking economic growth and sustainability, and encouraging private investments. Full article

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19 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Circular Economy: Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Biogas Solutions

by Andrey Kiselev, Elena Magaril, Romen Magaril, Deborah Panepinto, Marco Ravina and Maria Chiara Zanetti

Resources 2019, 8(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020091 - 08 May 2019

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7540

Abstract

Today it is obvious that the existing linear model of the economy does not correlate with the principles of sustainable development. The circular economy model can replace the current linear economy whilst addressing the issues of environmental deterioration, social equity and long-term economic [...] Read more.

Today it is obvious that the existing linear model of the economy does not correlate with the principles of sustainable development. The circular economy model can replace the current linear economy whilst addressing the issues of environmental deterioration, social equity and long-term economic growth. In the context of effectively implementing circular economy objectives, particular importance should be attributed to wastewater treatment sludge management, due to the possibility of recovering valuable raw materials and using its energy potential. Anaerobic digestion is one of the methods of recovering energy from sewage sludge. The main goal of this study is to make a preliminary evaluation of possible sewage sludge biogas and biomethane solutions using a computation model called MCBioCH₄ and compare its results with laboratory tests of sewage sludge fermentation from the northern wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Ekaterinburg (Russian Federation). Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the volume and qualitative composition of biogas produced throughout anaerobic fermentation of raw materials coming from the WWTP. The specific productivity of samples ranged between 308.46 Nm³/t_vs and 583.08 Nm³/t_vs depending if mesophilic or thermophilic conditions were analyzed, or if the experiment was conducted with or without sludge pre-treatment. Output values from the laboratory were used as input for MCBioCH₄ to calculate the flow of biogas or biomethane produced. For the case study of Ekaterinburg two possible energy conversion options were selected: B-H (biogas combustion with cogeneration of electrical and thermal energy) and M-T (biomethane to be used in transports). The results of the energy module showed a net energy content of the biogas between 6575 MWh/year and 7200 MWh/year. Both options yielded a favorable greenhouse gas (GHG) balance, meaning that avoided emissions are higher than produced emissions. The results discussion also showed that, in this case, the B-H option is preferable to the M-T option. The implementation of the biogas/biomethane energy conversion system in Ekaterinburg WWTP necessitates further investigations to clarify the remaining technical and economic aspects Full article

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18 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in Regional Solid Municipal Waste Management: The Case of Sverdlovskaya Oblast (Russian Federation)

by Iuliia Plastinina, Lyudmila Teslyuk, Nataliya Dukmasova and Elena Pikalova

Resources 2019, 8(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020090 - 07 May 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6766

Abstract

The circular economy entails the principles of rational waste management to the best advantage. Waste management in the Russian Federation is currently in a reform process, thus it is crucial to choose now the most efficient way for its development. Besides, in addition [...] Read more.

The circular economy entails the principles of rational waste management to the best advantage. Waste management in the Russian Federation is currently in a reform process, thus it is crucial to choose now the most efficient way for its development. Besides, in addition to general government strategic aims in such a vast country such as Russia, it is very important to take into consideration specific aspects typical of its territories, which will allow determining regional areas of activities. The article analyzes current municipal solid waste management in the Russian Federation. The case study is of one of the regions (Sverdlovskaya Oblast) characterized by some typical and specific problems which illustrate the results of the first stage of reforming. The authors analyzed the existing and planned mechanisms of state regulation in the waste management sector at regional and federal levels, and scrutinized changes in legislation. The development level of the circular economy in the region was determined on the basis of the index method. The life cycle analysis (LCA)-based evaluation approach made it possible to evaluate the economic efficiency of the production and economic activities at different stages of municipal solid waste (waste paper) recycling with due regard to externalities. The research showed that despite the current substantial economic potential of the secondary resources’ (waste paper) reuse, there was a low level of development of the circular economy index. Regional factors hindering and fostering the circular economy development were identified. Recommendations for improving the quality of governance of the municipal solid waste management were formulated. Full article

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25 pages, 5188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clean Energy Sources: Insights from Russia

by Elizaveta Gavrikova, Yegor Burda, Vladimir Gavrikov, Ruslan Sharafutdinov, Irina Volkova, Marina Rubleva and Daria Polosukhina

Resources 2019, 8(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020084 - 01 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8040

Abstract

The paper is devoted to the assessment of the prospects of implementing clean energy sources in Russia, where the current energy policy goal is to increase the role of renewable and clean energy sources. The research is based on data from the Krasnoyarsk [...] Read more.

The paper is devoted to the assessment of the prospects of implementing clean energy sources in Russia, where the current energy policy goal is to increase the role of renewable and clean energy sources. The research is based on data from the Krasnoyarsk Region as one of the largest territories but also as a representative model of Russia. The aim of the study is to identify where and which renewable energy source (solar, wind, hydro and nuclear) has the highest potential. The novelty of our research lies in its holistic nature: authors consider both geographical and technical potential for renewable energy sources development as well as prospective demand for such resources, while previous research is mostly focused on specific aspects of renewable energy development. We also consider the level of air pollution as an important factor for the development of renewable energy sources. The results of the study show that there is a strong potential for clean energy sources in the Krasnoyarsk Region. The resulting matrix identifies the potential of energy sources across all the municipal entities and also indicates whether the source of energy is primary or supplemental and where several sources may be implemented in cooperation. Full article

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8 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Concerns to Be Considered during Recycling Operations

by Ove Tobias Gudmestad

Resources 2019, 8(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020076 - 23 Apr 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

Recycling should in principle be the goal in all aspects of society. There are, however, limitations, as any recycling task may lead to pollution in the ground, water or air. In the most extreme case, recycling may lead to threats to human life. [...] Read more.

Recycling should in principle be the goal in all aspects of society. There are, however, limitations, as any recycling task may lead to pollution in the ground, water or air. In the most extreme case, recycling may lead to threats to human life. In this paper, we take examples from key industries where recycling can be harmful and where closed and sealed dumps should have been used, rather than the attempt to recycle such as the oil and gas industry, the construction industry and farming. Reuse, hereby defined as use for another purpose without industrial processes, will be briefly discussed. The objectives of the paper are to remind key industries about their responsibility to recycle in a manner that does not harm the environment and to promote recycling in a sustainable way. It is suggested that a recommendation to key industries be made, to carefully assess all consequences of recycling could enhance the recycling industry’s contribution to a cleaner world. The paper is intended to serve as a reminder that recycling in all industries requires careful planning and engineering to represent a valuable contribution towards a sustainable society. Full article

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19 pages, 2575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rational Behavior of an Enterprise in the Energy Market in a Circular Economy

by Lazar Gitelman, Elena Magaril, Mikhail Kozhevnikov and Elena Cristina Rada

Resources 2019, 8(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8020073 - 19 Apr 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5763

Abstract

In order to ensure their market sustainability, it is essential for energy-intensive industrial companies to address the issues of efficient energy use. Companies that are prepared to embrace tariff hikes, structural changes in fuel and energy markets, and a shortage of energy resources [...] Read more.

In order to ensure their market sustainability, it is essential for energy-intensive industrial companies to address the issues of efficient energy use. Companies that are prepared to embrace tariff hikes, structural changes in fuel and energy markets, and a shortage of energy resources have a wider range of options to respond to the new challenges posed by the external environment and to reduce their risks. This task becomes particularly relevant in the context of the development of the circular economy that is aimed at resource optimization, energy conservation, zero-waste manufacturing, and business models that are based on maximum operational efficiency. This study aims to develop a methodology for rational behavior of the energy consumer in the context of the circular economy. The concept of “rational behavior” is defined by the authors as the intention to make the maximum use of the advantages and potential of energy markets in order to reduce the cost of energy supply, increase the level of electrification in industrial production, and use the capabilities of their own energy business. The article describes the main principles of rational behavior that serve as the foundation for effective implementation of various strategies (that of the seller, buyer, or both) in a company. A link is shown between rational behavior and energy market potential management in a company as a mix of technological, economic, and organizational activities performed by the energy consumer in a competitive market and effective market risk management. Forms of off-grid power supply and conditions for their application in manufacturing, for example, mini-combined heat and power (CHP) plants and quadgeneration plants at large metallurgical facilities were analyzed. Full article

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13 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Financial Development and Bioenergy Consumption in the EU28 Region: Evidence from Panel Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Bound Approach

by Mohd Alsaleh and A. S. Abdul-Rahim

Resources 2019, 8(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010044 - 26 Feb 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4312

Abstract

This paper investigates the relationship between financial development and bio-energy consumption in the European Union (EU28) countries for the period from 1990 to 2013 through the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and causality analysis. The empirical results show that financial development shows [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the relationship between financial development and bio-energy consumption in the European Union (EU28) countries for the period from 1990 to 2013 through the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and causality analysis. The empirical results show that financial development shows a significant positive impact, at a 1% statistical level, on bio-energy consumption for the EU28 during the studied period. In developing countries, the financial market indicator affects bio-energy consumption outgrowth positively and significantly at a 1% statistical level. For developed countries, there is a positive influence of financial institutions and financial market indicators on bio-energy consumption growth at the 1% and 10% levels, respectively. The study concludes that there is a significant relationship between the consumption of bio-energy and financial development factors. The study provides recommendations that are useful when formulating policy related to energy consumption and the promotion of bio-energy consumption. Financial development and economic outgrowth show a significant influence on the outgrowth of bio-energy consumption at a 1% statistical level. Full article

14 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioenergy Intensity and Its Determinants in European Continental Countries: Evidence Using GMM Estimation

by Mohd Alsaleh and A. S. Abdul-Rahim

Resources 2019, 8(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010043 - 26 Feb 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3672

Abstract

This study contributes to the existing literature by examining bioenergy intensity and its related factors in European continental countries (ECC). Through its focus on European continental (EC), this study extends the existing literature, which mainly covers nationwide studies. The current paper aims to [...] Read more.

This study contributes to the existing literature by examining bioenergy intensity and its related factors in European continental countries (ECC). Through its focus on European continental (EC), this study extends the existing literature, which mainly covers nationwide studies. The current paper aims to investigate the variables of bioenergy intensity in the ECC during the term 2005–2013, construct its economic variables, and evaluate the volume and significance level of the impact of each variable on bioenergy intensity. To successfully achieve this analysis, a generalised method of moments estimator (GMM) was designed for ECC. The estimated models show that available bioenergy for final consumption has a positive impact on bioenergy intensity in ECC. The largest influence on bioenergy intensity was evaluated for the annual growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), followed by the investment and referral that the scale and construction of this economic variable should be taken into consideration and applied as a precious bioenergy regulation and policy instruments for developing bioenergy intensity and efficiency. Full article

20 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessViewpoint

Potential of Renewable Energy Resources with an Emphasis on Solar Power in Iraq: An Outlook

by Hussain H. Al-Kayiem and Sanan T. Mohammad

Resources 2019, 8(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010042 - 25 Feb 2019

Cited by 85 | Viewed by 11372

Abstract

This study presents an outlook on the renewable energies in Iraq, and the potential for deploying concentrated solar power technologies to support power generation in Iraq. Solar energy has not been sufficiently utilized at present in Iraq. However, this energy source can play [...] Read more.

This study presents an outlook on the renewable energies in Iraq, and the potential for deploying concentrated solar power technologies to support power generation in Iraq. Solar energy has not been sufficiently utilized at present in Iraq. However, this energy source can play an important role in energy production in Iraq, as the global solar radiation ranging from 2000 kWh/m² to a 2500 kWh/m² annual daily average. In addition, the study presents the limited current solar energy activities in Iraq. The attempts of the Iraqi government to utilize solar energy are also presented. Two approaches for utilizing concentrated solar power have been proposed, to support existing thermal power generation, with the possibility of being implemented as standalone plants or being integrated with thermal power plants. However, the cost analysis has shown that for 50 kW concentrated solar power in Iraq, the cost is around 0.23 US cent/kWh without integration with energy storage. Additionally, notable obstacles and barriers bounding the utilization of solar energy are also discussed. Finally, this study proposes initiatives that can be adopted by the Iraqi government to support the use of renewable energy resources in general, and solar energy in particular. Full article

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18 pages, 5171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Quality Planning and the Minimization of Negative Externalities

by Marco Ravina, Deborah Panepinto and Mariachiara Zanetti

Resources 2019, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010015 - 10 Jan 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6296

Abstract

The minimization of negative externalities is a key aspect in the development of a circular and sustainable economic model. At the local scale, especially in urban areas, externalities are generated by the adverse impacts of air pollution on human health. Local air quality [...] Read more.

The minimization of negative externalities is a key aspect in the development of a circular and sustainable economic model. At the local scale, especially in urban areas, externalities are generated by the adverse impacts of air pollution on human health. Local air quality policies and plans often lack of considerations and instruments for the quantification and evaluation of external health costs. Support for decision-makers is needed, in particular during the implementation stage of air quality plans. Modelling tools based on the impact pathway approach can provide such support. In this paper, the implementation of health impacts and externalities analysis in air quality planning is evaluated. The state of the art in European member states is reported, considering whether and how health effects have been included in the planning schemes. The air quality plan of the Piemonte region in Italy is then considered. A case study is analyzed to evaluate a plan action, i.e., the development of the district heating system in the city of Turin. The DIATI (Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture) Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM model) is applied to detect the scenario with the highest external cost reduction. This methodology results are extensible and adaptable to other actions and measures, as well as other local policies in Europe. The use of health externalities should be encouraged and integrated into the present methodology supporting air quality planning. Efforts should be addressed to quantify and minimize the overall uncertainty of the process. Full article

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10 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefit Analysis and Regulatory Actions for Imported Palm Kernel Shell as an Environment-Friendly Energy Source in Taiwan

by Wen-Tien Tsai

Resources 2019, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources8010008 - 01 Jan 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4360

Abstract

In response to the lack of locally natural sources and the environmental concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, using a wide variety of biomass residues as energy sources has attracted much attention in the past two decades. The purpose of the case study [...] Read more.

In response to the lack of locally natural sources and the environmental concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, using a wide variety of biomass residues as energy sources has attracted much attention in the past two decades. The purpose of the case study was to examine the energy use of imported palm kernel shell (PKS) in Taiwan, which has generated superheated steam for the end users in the industrial sector. In this work, characterizing the thermochemical properties of imported PKS (including proximate analysis, elemental analysis and calorific value) was first conducted by the standard test methods. Based on the statistics of imported PKS and the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the preliminary benefit analysis of PKS-to-energy was further addressed in the paper to verify its equivalent GHG emission mitigation. The results showed the annual benefit of equivalent GHG mitigation of about 78,647 metric tons (using annual imported PKS of 60,000 metric tons on an average). In addition, the economic benefit for purchasing PKS in the industrial boilers can gain the cost-down at approximately NT$60,000,000 (US$2,000,000) in comparison with that of fuel oil. Furthermore, the regulatory measures for upgrading PKS-to-energy and countermeasures for controlling air pollutant emissions from PKS-to-energy facilities were briefly summarized to create another circular economy. Finally, some technological recommendations have been addressed to upgrade the added values of imported PKS in Taiwan. Full article

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2018

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10 pages, 876 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Risk Assessment in a Materials Recycling Facility: Perspectives for Reducing Operational Issues

by Lucian Ionel Cioca, Navarro Ferronato, Paolo Viotti, Elena Magaril, Marco Ragazzi, Vincenzo Torretta and Elena Cristina Rada

Resources 2018, 7(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7040085 - 10 Dec 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6239

Abstract

Mechanical separation of light packaging waste is a useful practice for improving the quality of the recyclable waste flows and its exploitation in a frame of the circular economy. Materials Recovery Facilities can treat from 3000 to 5000 tons per year of light [...] Read more.

Mechanical separation of light packaging waste is a useful practice for improving the quality of the recyclable waste flows and its exploitation in a frame of the circular economy. Materials Recovery Facilities can treat from 3000 to 5000 tons per year of light packaging waste. Concerning the plastic content, this is divided in four flows: PET, HDPE, other plastics, and waste rejects. The last two are generally used for energy recovery. For improving the quality of the recyclable plastic waste, a manual separation is required for reducing the impurities detectable in the final products. However, this practice could enhance the risk at work of the operators, which should be constantly monitored. This article explores the main differences of a manual separation and of a mechanical separation, assessing the costs and the health risk for the workers. The analysis started from the situation in an Italian Materials Recovery Facility, generalizing the context; a future scenario with the application of a mechanical separation is theoretically introduced. The main results obtained suggest that the manual separation plant improves the quality of the material, though increasing the risk of the operators due to the possible contact with sharp waste, sanitary danger, and risk of injuries for the mismanagement of machines, among others. The mechanical separation can be considered a real advantage from an economic point of view, since the operating costs are lower and the investment could be recovered in around 10 years, in an Italian-like context. On balance, on the one hand, the article provides indications for the private sector for improving the management of a Materials Recovery Facility, while, on the other hand, it detects the main pros and cons of both methodologies. Full article

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16 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stakeholder Management: An Approach in CCS Projects

by Alina Ilinova, Alexey Cherepovitsyn and Olga Evseeva

Resources 2018, 7(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7040083 - 09 Dec 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 10094

Abstract

Currently, a prime position in the global emission mitigation and power transformation system is taken up by CCS technology (carbon capture and storage), proven by the successful realization of a number of CCS projects around the world, not only for CO₂ storage, [...] Read more.

Currently, a prime position in the global emission mitigation and power transformation system is taken up by CCS technology (carbon capture and storage), proven by the successful realization of a number of CCS projects around the world, not only for CO₂ storage, but also for its deployment in industry. CO₂-utilizing technologies are circular business models connected with the usage of emissions to provide added benefits throughout the value chain, with their value being part of a response to end the era of cheap mineral resources and materials, as well as their ability to contribute to the transition to a low carbon economy. At the same time, one of the main problems they face lies in the engagement and interaction of stakeholders, as well as public perception of these projects. The purpose of this research is to explore the main stakeholder groups in CCS projects and offer an approach for their management. The methodology of this study is based on case studies, stakeholder management tools, and a checklist method, which were adapted to the specific area of CCS projects. The results of this study amounted to the identification of stakeholder groups with interests and respective roles in CCS projects, as well as proposing a new approach for their assessment through the created checklist method. Full article

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18 pages, 2963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Causal Factors Affecting Future Carbon Dioxide Output from Thailand’s Transportation Sector under the Government’s Sustainability Policy: Expanding the SEM-VECM Model

by Pruethsan Sutthichaimethee and Danupon Ariyasajjakorn

Resources 2018, 7(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7040081 - 03 Dec 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3627

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the relationships between causal factors likely to affect future CO₂ emissions from the Thai transportation sector by developing the Structural Equation Modeling-Vector Autoregressive Error Correction Mechanism Model (SEM-VECM Model). This model was created to fill information gaps [...] Read more.

This research aims to analyze the relationships between causal factors likely to affect future CO₂ emissions from the Thai transportation sector by developing the Structural Equation Modeling-Vector Autoregressive Error Correction Mechanism Model (SEM-VECM Model). This model was created to fill information gaps of older models. In addition, the model provides the unique feature of viable model application for different sectors in various contexts. The model revealed all exogenous variables that have direct and indirect influences over changes in CO₂ emissions. The variables show a direct effect at a confidence interval of 99%, including per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

), labor growth (

Δ {\ln (L)}_{t - 1}

), urbanization rate factor (

Δ {\ln (U R T)}_{t - 1}

), industrial structure (

Δ {\ln (I S)}_{t - 1}

), energy consumption (

Δ {\ln (E C)}_{t - 1}

), foreign direct investment (

Δ {\ln (F D I)}_{t - 1}

), oil price (

Δ {\ln (O P)}_{t - 1}

), and net exports (

Δ {\ln (X - E)}_{t - 1}

). In addition, it was found that every variable in the SEM-VECM model has an indirect effect on changes in CO₂ emissions at a confidence interval of 99%. The SEM-VECM model has the ability to adjust to the equilibrium equivalent to 39%. However, it also helps to identify the degree of direct effect that each causal factor has on the others. Specifically, labor growth (

Δ {\ln (L)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

) and energy consumption (

Δ {\ln (E C)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%, while urbanization rate (

Δ {\ln (U R T)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

), labor growth (

Δ {\ln (L)}_{t - 1}

), and net exports (

Δ {\ln (X - E)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%. Furthermore, industrial structure (

Δ {\ln (I S)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%, whereas energy consumption (

Δ {\ln (E C)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%. Foreign direct investment (

Δ {\ln (F D I)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%, while oil price (

Δ {\ln (O P)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on industrial structure (

Δ {\ln (I S)}_{t - 1}

), energy consumption (

Δ {\ln (E C)}_{t - 1}

), and net exports (

Δ {\ln (X - E)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%. Lastly, net exports (

Δ {\ln (X - E)}_{t - 1}

) had a direct effect on per capita GDP (

Δ {\ln (GDP)}_{t - 1}

) at a confidence interval of 99%. The model eliminates the problem of heteroskedasticity, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation. In addition, it was found that the model is white noise. When the SEM-VECM Model was used for 30-year forecasting (2018–2047), it projected that CO₂ emissions would increase steadily by 67.04% (2047/2018) or 123.90 Mt CO₂ Eq. by 2047. The performance of the SEM-VECM Model was assessed and produced a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.21% and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.02%. When comparing the performance value with the values of other, older models, the SEM-VECM Model was found to be more effective and useful for future research and policy planning for Thailand’s sustainability goals. Full article

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14 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Adequate Communication of Waste Footprints of Products for a Circular Economy—A Stakeholder Consultation

by Rafael Laurenti, Michael Martin and Åsa Stenmarck

Resources 2018, 7(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7040078 - 26 Nov 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4903

Abstract

Relatively few consumers are conscious of the waste generated in the course of producing the goods that they consume, although most are aware of the amount of waste they dispose of. This article reports on a small-scale survey (N = 28) among stakeholders [...] Read more.

Relatively few consumers are conscious of the waste generated in the course of producing the goods that they consume, although most are aware of the amount of waste they dispose of. This article reports on a small-scale survey (N = 28) among stakeholders aimed at developing adequate communication of preconsumer waste footprints of consumer goods in the context of the circular economy. Life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners and consumers assessed five methodological details of an approach for calculating and communicating a product waste footprint (PWF). Most of the respondents expressed that the guidelines described in the proposed PWF methodology are good enough for the purposes of differentiating waste and byproducts, and defining which material flow shall be accounted for. Some LCA practitioners declared that the proposed streamlined method may not be adequate for conveying the environmental significance of waste types. The respondents also expressed that the PWF concept would be primarily useful and/or needed for consumers and government, and in the contexts of improving environmental awareness of consumers, environmental policy making, visualizing waste flows in a circular economy, and improving resource efficiency in industry, and less useful/needed in a business-to-business context. The PWF has been successfully used by diverse stakeholder groups in Sweden mostly to promote sustainable production and consumption across society. A notable example is the ‘invisible waste’ (#invisiblewaste) campaign of the Swedish Waste Management Association (Avfall Sverige). The concerns of the LCA experts have therefore not held true. The symbolic power and parsimony of the PWF concept appears to be effective in sensitizing consumers towards waste issues so that circular economy strategies beyond recycling are possible to be fully realized. Full article

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14 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulations and Laboratory Tests for Assessing Phosphorus Recovery Efficiency from Sewage Sludge

by Saba Daneshgar, Armando Buttafava, Arianna Callegari and Andrea G. Capodaglio

Resources 2018, 7(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030054 - 31 Aug 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5713

Abstract

Phosphorus is a potential environmental pollutant, which could lead to the eutrophication of water bodies. For this reason, wastewater treatment plants worldwide are often designed and operated to eliminate phosphorous from effluents, at substantial cost. At the same time, phosphorus is an essential [...] Read more.

Phosphorus is a potential environmental pollutant, which could lead to the eutrophication of water bodies. For this reason, wastewater treatment plants worldwide are often designed and operated to eliminate phosphorous from effluents, at substantial cost. At the same time, phosphorus is an essential nutrient for agriculture and, consequently, human life. Data seem to suggest that the world will run out of phosphorus by around 2300, in the best case scenario, although even shorter estimates exist. This situation evokes the need for more efficient phosphorus recovery technologies, in order to meet current water quality requirements and—at the same time—critical future phosphorous needs. Chemical precipitation is the main process for achieving a phosphorus-containing mineral suitable for reuse as a fertilizer, where Struvite is an example of such a product. In this study chemical equilibrium of struvite precipitation was simulated using US Geological Survey (USGS)’ PHREEQC model, and results were compared to laboratory precipitation tests to evaluate struvite recovery efficiency under various conditions. pH had the most significant effect on the results and P recovery of >90% was achieved at pH = 9.5. Simulations indicated that struvite precipitation is affected by the presence of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP) and calcite in the final product of the process. The model showed great potential for predicting equilibrium conditions, and could be very helpful for future optimization of the process. Full article

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12 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Good Practices and Actions for Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Tourist Sector

by Ramona Giurea, Ilaria Precazzini, Marco Ragazzi, Moise Ioan Achim, Lucian-Ionel Cioca, Fabio Conti, Vincenzo Torretta and Elena Cristina Rada

Resources 2018, 7(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030051 - 13 Aug 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8173

Abstract

This paper deals with waste management in the tourism sector, specifically in the agro-tourism structures. Two regions of Romania and Italy have been considered as case studies in order to promote good practices and actions for sustainable municipal solid waste management. Specific criteria [...] Read more.

This paper deals with waste management in the tourism sector, specifically in the agro-tourism structures. Two regions of Romania and Italy have been considered as case studies in order to promote good practices and actions for sustainable municipal solid waste management. Specific criteria to adopt for the sustainable consumption of beverages and food and for the sustainable use of packaging of various types have been analyzed and suggested. The adoption of an indicator at the level of the single tourist structure has been proposed to help self-analysis that is aimed at setting the priorities of intervention for improving its environmental sustainability. Full article

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17 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Criteria for Comparing Linear and Circular Economies

by Nikolay I. Didenko, Yuri S. Klochkov and Djamilia F. Skripnuk

Resources 2018, 7(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030048 - 08 Aug 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8618

Abstract

In the present article, the main principles of the circular economy are outlined in contradistinction with the existing and traditional linear economic model. An econometric model describing the influence of the linear economy on the environment is presented. The environment is characterized by [...] Read more.

In the present article, the main principles of the circular economy are outlined in contradistinction with the existing and traditional linear economic model. An econometric model describing the influence of the linear economy on the environment is presented. The environment is characterized by seven key processes: change in global temperature; emissions of greenhouse gases from industry to the environment; emissions of greenhouse gases from agriculture to the environment; CO₂ emissions into the environment; depletion of fresh water supplies; reduction of forest cover; and economic damage from climatological disasters. The model describing the impact of the traditional linear economy on the environment consists of seven interdependent econometric equations, each comprising an autoregressive distributed lag (ADL)-model. The proposed econometric model is used to analyze the environmental effects of the present linear economy. Methodological provisions for a transformational transition of the traditional linear economic model to the closed-loop systems, which also permit the impact of the closed-loop systems on the environment to be analyzed, are set out. Seven ecological indicators are proposed as criteria for comparing the traditional linear economy and the closed-loop systems. The manuscript presents a new approach for the determination of ecological criteria for comparing linear and circular economies. The results of the study could be interesting to address circular processes, which can be used as a criterion to establish ecological management according to the status of natural resources. Full article

17 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Algorithm of Management Decision-Making Regarding the Feasibility of Investing in Geological Studies of Forecasted Hydrocarbon Resources

by Alexey Cherepovitsyn, Dmitry Metkin and Alexander Gladilin

Resources 2018, 7(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030047 - 08 Aug 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5405

Abstract

Currently, under the conditions of increasing depletion of hydrocarbon reserves in Russia, it is necessary to consider the resource potential of poorly-researched oil and gas objects as a factor for ensuring the sustainable development of the oil and gas complex, in the context [...] Read more.

Currently, under the conditions of increasing depletion of hydrocarbon reserves in Russia, it is necessary to consider the resource potential of poorly-researched oil and gas objects as a factor for ensuring the sustainable development of the oil and gas complex, in the context of the concept formation of rational subsoil utilization and a circular economy. The methodology of this study is based on a clear sequence of geological and economic studies of poorly-researched oil and gas objects, including four stages, such as analysis of the raw material base, assessment of the raw material potential, determination of technological development parameters, and economic evaluation. The methods of the probabilistic estimation of oil resources of the forecasted objects with regard to geological risk are outlined. Software packages “EVA—Risk Analysis” and “EVA—Economic Evaluation of Oil and Gas Field Development Projects” were used for estimation. The result of the study is the determination of the geological and economic efficiency of the development of nine hydrocarbon objects with the determination of the order of their further geological exploration, and introduction into industrial development on the example of the poorly-researched region of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province located in the Arctic zone. Full article

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16 pages, 1466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Non-Timber Forest Products in Creating Incentives for Forest Conservation: A Case Study of Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia

by Phanith Chou

Resources 2018, 7(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030041 - 01 Jul 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6376

Abstract

The fundamental issue in this study is to confirm whether or not the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) will encourage additional pro-conservation behavior from local people. This study clarifies three research questions as follows: what is the current activity of forest conservation [...] Read more.

The fundamental issue in this study is to confirm whether or not the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) will encourage additional pro-conservation behavior from local people. This study clarifies three research questions as follows: what is the current activity of forest conservation in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary?; does the extraction of NTFPs create incentives for forest conservation?; and how much value do NTFPs have for incentives for forest conservation activities? Fieldworks were conducted in September 2015, March and April 2016, March 2017 in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary: participatory rural appraisals, key informant interviews, and structured questionnaire interviews with 288 households were randomly selected. Though this study confirmed that extraction of NTFPs is generally seen as the most positive influenced factors for local people’s participation towards forest conservation. Additionally, this study found that the annual value of NTFPs as incentives for forest conservation was around US$0.95/ha or US$95/km² in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. Full article

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18 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scenario Modelling of the “Green” Economy in an Economic Space

by Larisa Rudneva, Irina Pchelintseva and Maria Gureva

Resources 2018, 7(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7020029 - 25 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6852

Abstract

The article utilizes the main elements of system analysis and the bases of cognitive science to analyze the concept of the “ecological and economic system”. The characteristics of the conceptual elements of the “green” economy dynamic model used in the application of cognitive [...] Read more.

The article utilizes the main elements of system analysis and the bases of cognitive science to analyze the concept of the “ecological and economic system”. The characteristics of the conceptual elements of the “green” economy dynamic model used in the application of cognitive analysis are given and their mutual influence is considered. A dynamic model of the “green” economy is developed, a general extended map and a reduced-parametric cognitive map of the development of the “green” economy in the economic space of the region are constructed. Scenario modelling of the development of the region’s “green” economy based on the intensification of the influence of one of the cognitive vertices of the model on the curve of the development of the “green” economy is carried out and described. Scenario modelling and development of cognitive maps are carried out using the software package Vensim Personal Learning Edition (PLE), which is widely applied in system analysis. Full article

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12 pages, 2913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Physicochemical Evaluation of Oil from Hevea brasiliensis Seeds

by Evelyn C. Creencia, Joshua Andrew P. Nillama and Ivy L. Librando

Resources 2018, 7(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7020028 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6862

Abstract

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is exploited mainly for latex in view of its economic importance. However, one of its auxiliary products, the rubber seed, does not find any major applications, and hence, even the natural production of seeds itself remains [...] Read more.

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is exploited mainly for latex in view of its economic importance. However, one of its auxiliary products, the rubber seed, does not find any major applications, and hence, even the natural production of seeds itself remains underutilized. In this study, microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction is used as a green alternative to extract the oil from seeds at a reaction time of 90 min and microwave power of 300 W. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of the processing conditions, including drying time, temperature, solid–solvent ratio, and extraction solvent, on the yield of rubber seed oil. Moreover, the microwave-assisted aqueous extraction (MAAE) under acidic conditions is also investigated. Based on the results, n-hexane gave the best yield at an optimized 1:20 seed–hexane ratio at 72 °C compared with the conventional Soxhlet method and the acidic MAAE. Furthermore, the chemical characteristics of the oil showed a high value of free fatty acids (% FFA) (1.15–7.61%) and an iodine value (IV) that ranges from 100–150. As a semi-drying oil, rubber seed oil (RSO) can be used as an ingredient for surface coating and in the formulation of products where the presence of unsaturation is important. Full article

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23 pages, 28829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Innovative and Sustainable Model for Integrating River Maintenance with Energy Production from Residual Biomass

by Barbara Marchetti, Francesco Corvaro, Fabio Polonara and Mariella Leporini

Resources 2018, 7(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7020027 - 17 Apr 2018

Viewed by 5020

Abstract

This study aims to develop an innovative model for managing territory maintenance in which the productive function is linked with the protective one and that integrates environmental and economic development aspects, combining the energetic valorization with an effective territory maintenance program. The strong [...] Read more.

This study aims to develop an innovative model for managing territory maintenance in which the productive function is linked with the protective one and that integrates environmental and economic development aspects, combining the energetic valorization with an effective territory maintenance program. The strong innovation consists in the creation of an agro-energy environment chain based on the maintenance of river basins and small waterways made by single farmers or associations that will use residual biomass to produce electrical and thermal bio-energy. The maintenance activities include the control of aquatic weeds, grass cutting on river banks, and tree/bush management. If left unmanaged, they can block the flow of watercourses and increase the risk of flooding. The implementation of this virtuous model to the rivers maintenance aims to provide management and conservation means based on the territory characteristics. In fact, the new model has been applied to an existing site in the Marche region (Italy) located near a river characterized by a poor state of maintenance. A real commercial system for residual biomass exploitation was chosen, and both the technical and economic feasibility of the model implementation have been demonstrated. Full article

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