Research

18 pages, 19566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Shallow Soft Deposits through Near-Surface Geophysics and UAV-SfM: Application in Pocket Beaches Environments

by Luciano Galone, Sebastiano D’Amico, Emanuele Colica, Peter Iregbeyen, Pauline Galea, Lluís Rivero and Fabio Villani

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010040 - 21 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 667

Abstract

This study employs a multimethod approach to investigate the sediment distribution in two pocket beaches, Ramla Beach and Mellieha S Beach, in Malta. Both study sites were digitally reconstructed using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. For each case, an ERT and a dense [...] Read more.

This study employs a multimethod approach to investigate the sediment distribution in two pocket beaches, Ramla Beach and Mellieha S Beach, in Malta. Both study sites were digitally reconstructed using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry. For each case, an ERT and a dense network of ambient seismic noise measurements processed through a horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique were acquired. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) analysis enables the estimation of sediment thickness in each beach. HVSR analysis revealed peaks related to beach sediments overlying limestone rocks in both sites and also indicated a deeper stratigraphic contact in Mellieha S Beach. Based on ERT measurements, sediment thickness is calculated for each HVSR measurement. Interpolation of results allows for bedrock surface modelling in each case study, and when combined with digital terrain models (DTMs) derived from photogrammetric models, sediment volumes are estimated for each site. The geometry of this surface is analyzed from a geological perspective, showing structural control of sediment distribution due to a normal fault in Mellieha S Beach and stratigraphic control facilitated by a highly erodible surface in Ramla Beach. The results emphasize the importance of adopting a three-dimensional perspective in coastal studies for precise sediment volume characterization and a deeper understanding of pocket beach dynamics. This practical multimethod approach presented here offers valuable tools for future coastal research and effective coastal management, facilitating informed decision making amidst the growing vulnerability of coastal zones to climate change impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 6401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Posidonia oceanica Cartography and Evolution of the Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean)

by Laura del Valle Villalonga, Guillem Xavier Pons and Marcial Bardolet

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(24), 5748; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245748 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 693

Abstract

The Balearic coastline presents an environmental and biological heterogeneity, which confers great complexity on the marine environment and treasures important biodiversity, both at the level of species and marine communities. The endemic phanerogam of the Mediterranean Sea, Posidonia oceanica, holds a pivotal [...] Read more.

The Balearic coastline presents an environmental and biological heterogeneity, which confers great complexity on the marine environment and treasures important biodiversity, both at the level of species and marine communities. The endemic phanerogam of the Mediterranean Sea, Posidonia oceanica, holds a pivotal role in maintaining high biodiversity, warranting protection as stipulated in the Posidonia Decree 25/2018. The purpose of this study is to provide quantitative criteria that will allow the delimitation of areas with Posidonia oceanica for conservation and to aid planning and management of this species, contributing to the reduction of biodiversity loss caused by anthropogenic impacts and global change. Utilizing a comprehensive approach, the study employs photo interpretation of aerial photographs taken at depths between 0 and 5 m, data from Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) campaigns, reprocessing information from the LIFE Posidonia project at depths between 20 and 30 m, and targeted sampling using Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) and ocular recognition at strategic points. The research not only seeks to assess the present state of the phanerogam but also analyzes its evolution, establishing a technological database for consultation and integrated analysis. This database facilitates effective management by tracking habitat changes, representing a significant contribution to the understanding of the impact of global change on ecosystems through Geographical Information Technologies (TIGs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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22 pages, 7537 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Resolution Real-Time Coastline Detection Using GNSS RTK, Optical, and Thermal SfM Photogrammetric Data in the Po River Delta, Italy

by Massimo Fabris, Mirco Balin and Michele Monego

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(22), 5354; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225354 - 14 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 793

Abstract

High-resolution coastline detection and monitoring are challenging on a global scale, especially in flat areas where natural events, sea level rise, and anthropic activities constantly modify the coastal environment. While the coastline related to the 0-level contour line can be extracted from accurate [...] Read more.

High-resolution coastline detection and monitoring are challenging on a global scale, especially in flat areas where natural events, sea level rise, and anthropic activities constantly modify the coastal environment. While the coastline related to the 0-level contour line can be extracted from accurate Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), the detection of the real-time, instantaneous coastline, especially at low tide, is a challenge that warrants further study and evaluation. In order to investigate an efficient combination of methods that allows to contribute to the knowledge in this field, this work uses topographic total station measurements, Global Navigation Satellite System Real-Time Kinematic (GNSS RTK) technique, and the Structure from Motion (SfM) approach (using a low-cost drone equipped with optical and thermal cameras). All the data were acquired at the beginning of 2022 and refer to the areas of Boccasette and Barricata, in the Po River Delta (Northeastern of Italy). The real-time coastline obtained from the GNSS data was validated using the topographic total station measurements; the correspondent polylines obtained from the photogrammetric data (using both automatic extraction and manual restitutions by visual inspection of orhophotos) were compared with the GNSS data to evaluate the performances of the different techniques. The results provided good agreement between the real-time coastlines obtained from different approaches. However, using the optical images, the accuracy was strictly connected with the radiometric changes in the photos and using thermal images, both manual and automatic polylines provided differences in the order of 1–2 m. Multi-temporal comparison of the 0-level coastline with those obtained from a LiDAR survey performed in 2018 provided the detection of the erosion and accretion areas in the period 2018–2022. The investigation on the two case studies showed a better accuracy of the GNSS RTK method in the real-time coastline detection. It can be considered as reliable ground-truth reference for the evaluation of the photogrammetric coastlines. While GNSS RTK proved to be more productive and efficient, optical and thermal SfM provided better results in terms of morphological completeness of the data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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17 pages, 5714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Approach between Multispectral Satellite Images and Geophysical and Morpho-Topographic Surveys for the Detection of Water Stress Associated with Coastal Dune Erosion

by Giovanni Scardino, Saverio Mancino, Gerardo Romano, Domenico Patella and Giovanni Scicchitano

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4415; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184415 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 907

Abstract

Coastal erosion occurs due to different processes involving physical and ecological systems. One of these factors is the degree of water stress experienced by dune vegetation. While healthy dune vegetation can help to stabilize the dune systems, water-stressed vegetation can instead enhance dune [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion occurs due to different processes involving physical and ecological systems. One of these factors is the degree of water stress experienced by dune vegetation. While healthy dune vegetation can help to stabilize the dune systems, water-stressed vegetation can instead enhance dune erosion. In this study, remote sensing techniques were used to monitor the water stress affecting the dune vegetation in dune systems along the alluvial plain of the Chiatona coast (Apulia, Southern Italy) located on the Ionian Arc. Multispectral satellite data from Landsat 8/9 and Sentinel-2 were used to assess the water stress at different spatial scales over a 4-year monitoring period from 2019 to 2023. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) were used to identify dune surfaces that were experiencing water stress. Furthermore, a terrestrial laser scanner and LiDAR data were acquired at different temporal ranges in areas affected by water stress to highlight coastal changes in areas associated with unhealthy dune vegetation. A large drop in NDVI values was observed in May 2020 due to the occurrence of coastal fires in some parts of the Chiatona coast. Geoelectrical surveys were conducted to investigate if coastal fires were capable of saline groundwater contamination, potentially enhancing dune erosion in these areas. The joint analysis of remote sensing, topographical, and geoelectric data showed that water stress reduced the amount of healthy dune vegetation, triggering dune deflation processes that resulted in increased coastal erosion rates, while also leading to the saline contamination of groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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26 pages, 15012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Reverse Dune Migration to Stabilization of a Transgressive Coastal Dune Field at Lagoa do Peixe National Park Dune Field (South of Brazil)

by Rogério Portantiolo Manzolli, Luana Carla Portz, Angela Fontán-Bouzas, Volney Junior Borges Bitencourt and Javier Alcántara-Carrió

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(14), 3470; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15143470 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 803

Abstract

Coastal dunes that transgress typically move landward, while their reverse movement is not well understood. The article discusses the study of barchan and barchanoid dunes in the Lagoa do Peixe National Park in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The [...] Read more.

Coastal dunes that transgress typically move landward, while their reverse movement is not well understood. The article discusses the study of barchan and barchanoid dunes in the Lagoa do Peixe National Park in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim of the study is to analyze seasonal patterns and long-term trends in the direction and migration rates of these dunes, which can pose a threat to the lagoon if they invade its space. The crest migration of 12 dunes was monitored by satellite images between July 2003 and December 2018, and DGPS topographic surveys were performed on five dunes between 2010 and 2018. The migration rates obtained were combined with an analysis of the meteorological data and calculations of the drift potential for eolian sediment transport. The wind regime in the study area shows a multidirectional pattern, with the predominant wind direction being from the NE, followed by the ENE direction. The wind direction also exhibits a seasonal behavior, with the winds from the first quadrant being dominant during spring and summer months and a gradual increase in winds from the second and third quadrants from the end of summer to winter. The dune crest migration rates in the Lagoa do Peixe National Park show an average of 16.55 m·yr⁻¹ towards WSW–W, mainly controlled by the direction of the effective winds. However, intense SSW–WSW winds caused by cold fronts in the past generate the reverse migration of dunes towards ENE–E. The reverse migration of dunes explains the steadiness of the dune fields at CPRGS and is a factor controlling dune stabilization and the geomorphological evolution of transgressive coastal dune fields. The article highlights the importance of monitoring dune movement to understand their responses to natural and anthropogenic stressors and to protect sensitive ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 25021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Holocene Erosional Processes in a Highly Exposed Intertidal Sandstone Reef Inferred from Remote Sensing Data

by Nicolás Ferrer, Kella Santana, Javier Martín, José Valdazo and Oscar Bergasa

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(12), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15122968 - 07 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1314

Abstract

An intertidal sandstone reef, named barra de Las Canteras, protects the western coast of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city (Canary Islands, Spain). The beach-reef system of Las Canteras constitutes one of the most valuable coastal geomorphological sites in the archipelago. Stratigraphic studies [...] Read more.

An intertidal sandstone reef, named barra de Las Canteras, protects the western coast of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city (Canary Islands, Spain). The beach-reef system of Las Canteras constitutes one of the most valuable coastal geomorphological sites in the archipelago. Stratigraphic studies have identified the formation of the reef in the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) in a coastal sedimentary paleo-environment. The rock structure is highly exposed to the Atlantic swell and consists mainly of a sandstone beachrock with a medium resistance to erosional processes. However, the historical and current erosion rates and the original extent of the reef are not known to date. This paper explores the geomorphological structure of the reef by combining a topo-bathymetric analysis (obtained by differential GPS, multibeam echosounder and hyperspectral sensor) and the analysis of geomorphological features on high-resolution images, obtained with a hyperspectral camera mounted on a UAV. The results provide a comprehensive, high-resolution image of the subaerial and submerged morphology of the reef. The structure reflects the distribution of erosional fronts and the existence of collapsing submarine blockfields and nearshore, uneroded, remnant reliefs. Detailed analysis of these features allows to estimate the probable original extent of the sandstone reef and to relate the erosional retreat processes to the sea-level dynamics during the Holocene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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32 pages, 4212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Distribution and Morphodynamic Patterns of Paired Spits Developed at the Mouths of Interdistributary Bays of Deltas and within Coastal Channels

by Javier Alcántara-Carrió, Ángela Fontán-Bouzas, Ana Caicedo Rodríguez, Rogério Portantiolo Manzolli and Luana Portz

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(11), 2713; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112713 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1205

Abstract

Previously, paired spits have been described at the mouths of bays, estuaries, and deltas. This study analyzed the worldwide distribution and morphodynamic patterns of paired spits located at the mouths of interdistributary bays of deltas (three systems) and within coastal channels (24 systems). [...] Read more.

Previously, paired spits have been described at the mouths of bays, estuaries, and deltas. This study analyzed the worldwide distribution and morphodynamic patterns of paired spits located at the mouths of interdistributary bays of deltas (three systems) and within coastal channels (24 systems). The methodology was based on the detailed analysis of satellite images, nautical charts, and tidal-range databases. The paired spits found were mainly located on microtidal coasts at high or mid latitudes. Waves were the main factor controlling convergent progradation and breaching of the spits, while the hydraulic blockage for the development of these paired spits was mainly due to tide-induced currents, as well as minor fluvial outlets in the interdistributary bays. Three morphodynamic patterns were identified: (i) stable, with low progradation rates, generally without breaching or degradation of any of the spits; (ii) stationary, with high progradation rates, alternating degradation or breaching of any of the spits with the formation of new spits or closure of the breaches; and (iii) instable or ephemeral, which included three subtypes, the severe erosion of one or both spits, the joining of the head of the two spits forming a single barrier, and the merging of each with its channel margin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 4365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Video-Monitoring Tools for Assessing Beach Morphodynamics in Tidal Beaches

by Juan Montes, Laura del Río, Theocharis A. Plomaritis, Javier Benavente, María Puig and Gonzalo Simarro

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(10), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15102650 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1114

Abstract

Beach behaviour and evolution are controlled by a large number of factors, being susceptible to human-derived pressures and the impacts of climate change. In order to understand beach behaviour at different scales, systematic monitoring programs that assess shoreline and volumetric changes are required. [...] Read more.

Beach behaviour and evolution are controlled by a large number of factors, being susceptible to human-derived pressures and the impacts of climate change. In order to understand beach behaviour at different scales, systematic monitoring programs that assess shoreline and volumetric changes are required. Video-monitoring systems are widely used in this regard, as they are cost-effective and acquire data automatically and continuously, even in bad weather conditions. This work presents a methodology to use the basic products of low-cost IP video cameras to identify both the cross-shore and long-shore variability of tidal beaches. Shorelines were automatically obtained, digital elevation models (DEMs) were generated and validated with real data, and the outputs were combined to analyse beach behaviour from a morphodynamic perspective. The proposed methodology was applied to La Victoria Beach (SW Spain) for the analysis of beach variations over a 5-year period. The combination of shoreline position analysis and data from DEMs facilitates understanding and provides a complete overview of beach behaviour, revealing alongshore differences in an apparently homogeneous beach. Furthermore, the methods used allowed us to inter-relate the different processes occurring on the beach, which is difficult to achieve with other types of techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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23 pages, 12716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Environmental Impacts on Coastal Tourist Areas of Oceanic Islands (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands): A Current and Future Scenarios Assessment

by Leví García-Romero, Teresa Carreira-Galbán, José Ángel Rodríguez-Báez, Pablo Máyer-Suárez, Luis Hernández-Calvento and Amalia Yánes-Luque

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(6), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061586 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

The combination of the current sea level rise (SLR) and an increase in the frequency and severity of sea storm events and surges, will have important environmental impacts on coastal tourist areas located in oceanic islands that are often heavily dependent economically on [...] Read more.

The combination of the current sea level rise (SLR) and an increase in the frequency and severity of sea storm events and surges, will have important environmental impacts on coastal tourist areas located in oceanic islands that are often heavily dependent economically on tourism. Importantly, coastal tourist resorts and their associated beaches are commonly located in the S-SW of these islands where they are protected from the effects of the NE trade winds but exposed to these storms. This study analyses the current and future conditions of SW sea storm events. Then, through mapping using orthophotos, LiDAR data, and bathymetry with high spatial resolution, it studies the environmental effects that these events are having now and will have in the future on tourist zones of oceanic islands. This is of particular importance, as in the case of the Macaronesia islands, SW sea storm events are occurring with ever greater frequency. The case study considers the SW sector of the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Regarding the analysis of SW storms, the results obtained show an increase in the frequency of events, especially since the 1990s, with 104 events detected (67.5% between 1958 and 2018). The most affected areas during these storms are usually beaches (severe erosive processes). Breakwaters and seafronts usually resist the impact of waves well, however, as is discussed that in the future scenario, their implementation will mean a high economic cost for local administrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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20 pages, 7802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring of Coastal Boulder Movements by Storms and Calculating Volumetric Parameters Using the Volume Differential Method Based on Point Cloud Difference

by Yao Yao, Helene Burningham, Jasper Knight and David Griffiths

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(6), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061526 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1161

Abstract

The measurements of boulder volume and axial length play significant roles in exploring the evolution of coastal boulder deposition, which provides a theoretical framework to examine the hydrodynamics of extreme wave events. At present, the application of structure-from-motion (SfM) to unmanned aerial system [...] Read more.

The measurements of boulder volume and axial length play significant roles in exploring the evolution of coastal boulder deposition, which provides a theoretical framework to examine the hydrodynamics of extreme wave events. At present, the application of structure-from-motion (SfM) to unmanned aerial system (UAS) imagery is one of the most used boulder surveying techniques. However, the monitoring of boulder movement and the accurate measurement of boulder morphometrics are rarely investigated in combination. In this study, UAS surveys were used to monitor moving boulders and measure boulder volumes using the volume differential method based on the differences of dense point clouds. This was undertaken at a site on the rocky shoreline of northwest Ireland in three repeated UAS surveys conducted in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The results from UAS monitoring and mapping of the distribution of 832 moving boulders in the study area over the 3-year period showed that boulders located in different zones of the coast vary significantly in their mobility. The main findings reveal that the theoretical error of the volume, obtained using the volume differential method, was estimated as 1–3.9%, which is much smaller than that of the conventional method of estimating volume using a tape measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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21 pages, 12842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity and Cumulative Ecological Impacts of Coastal Reclamation in Coastal Waters

by Jingfang Lu, Xianqing Lv and Honghua Shi

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(6), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061495 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1184

Abstract

The coastal reclamation, as one of the most extreme transformations of the ocean space by humans, still lacks scientific quantitative evaluating methods to a large extent, compared with the evolution of land use patterns. A cumulative ecological impacts of reclamation (RCEI) was established [...] Read more.

The coastal reclamation, as one of the most extreme transformations of the ocean space by humans, still lacks scientific quantitative evaluating methods to a large extent, compared with the evolution of land use patterns. A cumulative ecological impacts of reclamation (RCEI) was established in our study based on ecological influence characteristics of different reclamation types, and the attenuation effect of reclamation on adjacent areas. It was characterized by spatio-temporal features in decades. Here, we estimated that the cumulative reclamation area in the Bohai Sea from 1985 to 2018 was 5839.5 km². Under the influence of human activity, proportions of the industrial and urban boundary, marine construction boundaries (e.g., ports, wharves, and bridges), and protective dams were increased significantly, which led to a sharp increase of the RCEI. In addition, spatio-temporal changes of reclamation were affected by the combination of population growth, economic development, urbanization, industrialization, and marine industry development in coastal cities. These results provided an important historical reference for tracking future development of the Bohai Sea by humans and provided basic data support for the development and protection of the ocean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Remote Sensing Methods to Study Active Geomorphologic Processes on Cantabrian Coastal Cliffs

by María José Domínguez-Cuesta, Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Carlos López-Fernández, Luis Pando, José Cuervas-Mons, Javier Olona, Pelayo González-Pumariega, Jaime Serrano, Pablo Valenzuela and Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(20), 5139; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205139 - 14 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2255

Abstract

Gravitational processes on inaccessible cliffs, especially in coastal areas, are difficult to study in detail with only in situ techniques. This difficulty can be overcome by the complementary application of remote sensing methods. This work focuses on an active complex landslide affecting the [...] Read more.

Gravitational processes on inaccessible cliffs, especially in coastal areas, are difficult to study in detail with only in situ techniques. This difficulty can be overcome by the complementary application of remote sensing methods. This work focuses on an active complex landslide affecting the slope of the Tazones Lighthouse (Cantabrian coast, North Iberian Peninsula), which has been monitored since June 2018. The aim of this research is to establish a conceptual model of the internal structure of the slope. A remote multitechnique approach was applied, including landscape deformation analysis from photogrammetric surveys, ground motion detection applying A-DInSAR techniques and Sentinel-1 satellite data, and electrical resistivity tomography. The obtained results showed the great potential of some of the remote techniques, such as UAV photogrammetry and electrical tomography, and the ineffectiveness of others, such as A-DInSAR, which failed to provide adequate results due to the profuse vegetation. This work made it possible to establish a geological model of the functioning of the slope of the Tazones Lighthouse and to deduce the surface extent of the destabilized mass (70,750 m²), the rupture surface shape (stepped), its in-depth extent (10–50 m), the volume of materials involved (~3,550,000 m³) and the type of landslide (complex including a predominant translational slide). The combination of field and remote sensing data significantly increased the possibility of reaching a comprehensive geological interpretation of landslides on rocky coasts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)

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