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Remotely Monitoring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ⅱ

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 6738

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shaoqiang Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
2. College of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle; global change and regional response; ecological modelling; land use/land cover change
Prof. Dr. Jiquan Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 218 Manly Miles Building, 1405 S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
2. Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Interests: ecosystem analysis; landscape ecology; conservation biology; biophysics; global change ecology; coupled human and natural systems; land use
Dr. Ge Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
Interests: effects of climate change and land management on water quantity and quality, and water supply and demand at a regional scale; Application of computer simulation models, GIS, and remote sensing in regional hydrology; Evapotranspiration and ecosystem productivity modeling at regional to continental scales
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Changliang Shao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Interests: ecosystem carbon/water/energy fluxes; grassland restoration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since its establishment in 2003, the US–China Carbon Consortium (USCCC) has brought together scientists from different institutions and universities in the United States, China, and other countries to participate in this important research area. Following the objectives to explore the mechanism of the disturbed ecosystem process and the changing trend in the context of global climate change, the 18th USCCC Annual Meeting will be held in Wuhan, China, from 21 to 24 October 2022. This year's annual meeting will be based on the USCCC's mission to provide an open and collaborative academic exchange platform for research on ecosystems, including ecosystem water, heat, carbon flux processes, mechanisms, simulations, responses to climate change and human activities, as well as adaptive management.

This Special Issue celebrates the 18th Annual Meeting of USCCC, showcasing the depth and variety of research that it enables. We invite the following contributions based on various datasets (e.g., remote sensing such as optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing, lidar, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and field observation data such as eddy-covariance, transect sampling) and techniques (e.g., synergy and integration of various remotely sensed data, model–data fusion). Target variables include, but are not limited to, the following: net ecosystem exchange and its components including gross primary productivity and respiration, evapotranspiration and its partitioning in transpiration and evaporation, water use efficiency, or vegetation photosynthesis. In particular, manuscripts are encouraged to focus on the ecologically sensitive areas globally, not just in the United States or China. The topics may include but are not limited to the following:

  • Estimating land-surface carbon, water, and energy fluxes across multiple spatiotemporal scales;
  • Intercomparison of multiple-source remote sensing products based on various ecosystem models;
  • Joint forcing by climate factors and human activities on terrestrial carbon, water, and energy cycles;
  • The impacts from extreme events (e.g., drought, flood, wildfire) to better understand and model ecosystem responses;
  • Remote-sensing analysis of the effect of land use/land cover changes on various land-surface mass and energy exchange;
  • Novel approaches to advance the field such as deep learning algorithms and combinations of data-driven and mechanistic models.

Prof. Dr. Shaoqiang Wang
Prof. Dr. Jiquan Chen
Dr. Ge Sun
Dr. Changliang Shao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • remote sensing
  • carbon fluxes
  • water fluxes
  • energy fluxes
  • ecosystem water-use efficiency
  • climate change
  • human activities/human disturbances
  • land use and land cover change
  • ecologically sensitive areas

Published Papers (5 papers)

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17 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
Comparative Verification of Leaf Area Index Products for Different Grassland Types in Inner Mongolia, China
by Beibei Shen, Jingpeng Guo, Zhenwang Li, Jiquan Chen, Wei Fang, Maira Kussainova, Amartuvshin Amarjargal, Alim Pulatov, Ruirui Yan, Oleg A. Anenkhonov, Wenneng Zhou and Xiaoping Xin
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(19), 4736; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194736 - 27 Sep 2023
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Leaf area index (LAI) is a key indicator of vegetation structure and function, and its products have a wide range of applications in vegetation condition assessment and usually act as important input parameters for ecosystem modeling. Grassland plays an important role in regional [...] Read more.
Leaf area index (LAI) is a key indicator of vegetation structure and function, and its products have a wide range of applications in vegetation condition assessment and usually act as important input parameters for ecosystem modeling. Grassland plays an important role in regional climate change and the global carbon cycle and numerous studies have focused on the product-based analysis of grassland vegetation changes. However, the performance of various LAI products and their discrepancies across different grassland types in drylands remain unclear. Therefore, it is critical to assess these products prior to application. We evaluated the accuracy of four commonly used LAI products (GEOV2, GLASS, GLOBMAP, and MODIS) using LAI reference maps based on both bridging and cross-validation approaches. Under different grassland types, the GLASS LAI performed better in meadow steppe (R2 = 0.26, RMSE = 0.41 m2/m2) and typical steppe (R2 = 0.32, RMSE = 0.38 m2/m2); the GEOV2 LAI performed better in desert steppe (R2 = 0.39, RMSE = 0.30 m2/m2). When we assessed their spatial and temporal discrepancies during the period from 2010 to 2019, the four LAI products overall showed a high spatial and temporal consistency across the region. Compared with GLASS LAI, the most consistent to least consistent correlations can be ordered by GEOV2 LAI (R2 = 0.94), MODIS LAI (R2 = 0.92), and GLOBMAP LAI (R2 = 0.87). The largest differences in LAI throughout the year occurred in July for all grassland types. Limited by the location and number of sample plots, we mainly focused on spatial and temporal variations. The spatial heterogeneity of land surface is pervasive, especially in vast grassland areas with rich grassland types, and the results of this study can provide a basis for the application of the product in different grassland types. Furthermore, it is essential to develop highly accurate and reliable satellite-based LAI products focused on grassland from the regional to the global scale according to these popular approaches, which is the next step in our work plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remotely Monitoring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ⅱ)
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22 pages, 10346 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Impact of Water Conservation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
by Xin Wen, Huaiyong Shao, Ying Wang, Lingfeng Lv, Wei Xian, Qiufang Shao, Yang Shu, Ziqiang Yin, Shuhan Liu and Jiaguo Qi
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(12), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123175 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a proven essential water conservation region in Asia. However, various factors, such as anthropogenic activities, climate, and vegetation significantly affect its water conservation. Along these lines, a deep understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of water conservation for this plateau [...] Read more.
The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a proven essential water conservation region in Asia. However, various factors, such as anthropogenic activities, climate, and vegetation significantly affect its water conservation. Along these lines, a deep understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of water conservation for this plateau and relevant influencing elements is considered of great importance. This paper calculates the water conservation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau based on the InVEST model, and given that the evapotranspiration data are an important parameter of the InVEST model, this study selects the mainstream evapotranspiration data to compare the accuracy of the simulated water yield, and also selects the most accurate remote sensing evapotranspiration data examined in the study to carry out the study of water conservation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Due to the large area of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the various types of climate and ecological zones, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal variations of water conservation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in each ecological zone and climate zone division and detects the factors affecting water conservation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau by using the geo-detector method. From our analysis, the following outcomes are proven: on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, (1) the overall water conservation decreased from southeast to northwest; (2) the water conservation of the studied plateau in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 was 656.56, 590.85, 597.4, and 651.85 mm, respectively; (3) precipitation, evapotranspiration, and NDVI exhibited a positive relationship with water conservation; (4) the precipitation factor had the biggest impact on the spatial distinctions of the water resource governance; (5) the above factors are combined with the slope factor and the interaction of each factor to improve water conservation. Our work provides valuable insights for the further implementation of ecological projects with a view to enhancing water resource management methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remotely Monitoring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 6413 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Drought Events in Southwest China over the Past 120 Years
by Ying Wang, Yuanmou Wang, Yanan Chen, Huan Chen, Xingting Li, Zhi Ding, Xujun Han and Xuguang Tang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(12), 3008; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123008 - 08 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
Global climate change, especially extreme drought events, presents a complicated challenge to humanity and Earth’s system in the 21st century. As an extremely important carbon sink region in China, Southwest China has encountered frequent drought disasters in recent decades. It is critical to [...] Read more.
Global climate change, especially extreme drought events, presents a complicated challenge to humanity and Earth’s system in the 21st century. As an extremely important carbon sink region in China, Southwest China has encountered frequent drought disasters in recent decades. It is critical to explore the frequency, duration, severity, and other associated characteristics of drought events as well as their spatial and temporal patterns in the region from a long-term perspective. In this study, we used the latest dataset from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) between 1901 and 2018 to extract all drought events by calculating the standardized anomaly of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Theil–Sen median trend analysis, the Mann–Kendall test, and the moving t-test were used to reveal the spatial trend and mutation point of drought severity. The results showed that (1) The standardized anomaly of the 3-month SPEI can accurately identify drought events in Southwest China. In total, 72 drought events occurred during this period, of which the consecutive drought in autumn, winter, and spring from 2009 to 2010 lasted the longest, having the most substantial severity and the most extensive damage range. (2) Drought events mainly started in spring and early summer and ended in autumn and winter. The distribution of drought was the most expansive and the drought severity was the most serious in September. (3) In terms of spatial pattern, Guangxi has the highest frequency of drought events, with some areas experiencing up to 100 events. The average duration of drought events ranged between 3.5 and 5.5 months, with most lasting for 4–5 months. The most severe drought areas are mainly concentrated in southern Sichuan and western Yunnan. Overall, the severity of drought events in the west were generally higher compared to that in the east. (4) Over the past 120 years, most of the region (82.46%) showed an increasing trend in drought severity, with a slope of up to −0.01. About 15.12% of the areas exhibited a significant drying trend (p < 0.05), particularly in southern Sichuan, eastern Guizhou, and northern and southern Yunnan. Such analyses can serve as a scientific foundation for developing drought prevention and mitigation measures as well as exploring how drought events affect the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems in Southwest China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remotely Monitoring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 3833 KiB  
Article
China’s Greening Modulated the Reallocation of the Evapotranspiration Components during 2001–2020
by Jilong Chen, Xue Gao, Yongyue Ji, Yixia Luo, Lingyun Yan, Yuanchao Fan and Daming Tan
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(24), 6327; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246327 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1321
Abstract
Increasing numbers of observations and research studies have detected widespread vegetation greening across China since the 1980s. The dynamics of vegetation can influence the process of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) and its components (vegetation transpiration (Ec), soil evaporation (Es), and intercepted precipitation evaporation (Ei)). [...] Read more.
Increasing numbers of observations and research studies have detected widespread vegetation greening across China since the 1980s. The dynamics of vegetation can influence the process of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) and its components (vegetation transpiration (Ec), soil evaporation (Es), and intercepted precipitation evaporation (Ei)). However, it is still not clear how the ET components responded to China’s greening. This work investigated the characteristics and dynamics of ET components for different climate zones and moisture regions and the dominant ecosystems over China using PML ET products during 2001–2020. The results showed that ET increased by 9%, Ec and Ec/ET increased by 18.7% and 4.4%, respectively, contributing to more than 90% of the ET increment across China. The increment in Ec generally increased from north to south with the most obvious change of Ec/ET having occurred in the temperate zone and semi-humid regions. Es increased in arid, semi-arid and plateau climate regions but decreased in the remaining climate zones. As a result, Es only decreased by 2.7% on average, while Es/ET decreased by 5.7%. Ei increased by 26.6% across China, while Ei/ET changed slightly due to the little contribution of Ei to ET. The agricultural ecosystem presented the most obvious change of Ec and Es among the dominant ecosystems, and the most obvious change of Ei occurred in the forest ecosystem. Vegetation greening altered biophysical factors that govern heat and vapor exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, thus modulating the reallocation of ET components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remotely Monitoring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ⅱ)
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14 pages, 7477 KiB  
Technical Note
Elevation-Dependent Contribution of the Response and Sensitivity of Vegetation Greenness to Hydrothermal Conditions on the Grasslands of Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2021
by Yatang Wu, Changliang Shao, Jing Zhang, Yiliang Liu, Han Li, Leichao Ma, Ming Li, Beibei Shen, Lulu Hou, Shiyang Chen, Dawei Xu, Xiaoping Xin and Xiaoni Liu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(1), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010201 - 03 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 744
Abstract
The interrelation between grassland vegetation greenness and hydrothermal conditions on the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates a significant correlation. However, understanding the spatial patterns and the degree of this correlation, especially in relation to minimum and maximum air temperatures across various vertical gradient zones of [...] Read more.
The interrelation between grassland vegetation greenness and hydrothermal conditions on the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates a significant correlation. However, understanding the spatial patterns and the degree of this correlation, especially in relation to minimum and maximum air temperatures across various vertical gradient zones of the Plateau, necessitates further examination. Utilizing the normalized difference phenology index (NDPI) and considering four distinct hydrothermal conditions (minimum, maximum, mean temperature, and precipitation) during the growing season, an analysis was conducted on the correlation of NDPI with hydrothermal conditions across plateau elevations from 2000 to 2021. Results indicate that the correlation between vegetation greenness and hydrothermal conditions on the Tibetan Plateau grasslands is spatially varied. There is a pronounced negative correlation of greenness to maximum temperature and precipitation in the northeastern plateau, while areas exhibit stronger positive correlations to mean temperature. Additionally, as elevation increases, the positive correlation and sensitivity of alpine grassland vegetation greenness to minimum temperature significantly intensify, contrary to the effects observed with maximum temperature. The correlations between greenness and mean temperature in relation to elevational changes primarily exhibit a unimodal pattern across the Tibetan Plateau. These findings emphasize that the correlation and sensitivity of grassland vegetation greenness to hydrothermal conditions are both elevation-dependent and spatially distinct. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remotely Monitoring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes in Ecologically Sensitive Areas Ⅱ)
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