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The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II

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A special issue of Recycling (ISSN 2313-4321).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 28580

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Dr. José Neves

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CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: road and airfield infrastructure systems; pavement design and analysis; pavement materials; pavement construction and maintenance technologies; pavement management and performance; sustainability; safety; transportation geotechnics; testing and evaluation; quality management systems; intelligent transportation systems
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Dr. Ana Cristina Freire

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Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Av. do Brasil 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: pavement materials and construction technologies, including innovative technologies and alternative/recycled/sustainable materials; behavior assessment of road and airport pavements; circular economy; extreme weather events; mitigation of climate change effects; life cycle assessment (LCA); greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The recycling of road pavement materials allows the more sustainable use of raw materials and contributes to the creation of a circular economy. The entire life cycle of the products in pavement, through focusing on their design, promoting circular economy processes, and fostering sustainable consumption, aims to ensure that the resources used are kept in the economy for as long as possible.

Carrying out recycling policies may have significant impacts on civil engineering activities, including the construction and exploitation of transport infrastructure. Through a global framework supported by sustainable production with green technologies, pavement engineering can also contribute to successfully achieving sustainable development goals.

The implementation of consumption and production patterns based on recycling, along with the adoption of an industrial symbiosis approach, can promote sustainable urban development under a carbon-neutral economy through the use of green technologies. Due to intense research and practice, recycling has been used in pavement construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation in recent decades. The recycling of road pavement materials prevents the extraction of non-renewable resources and minimizes waste production. It can save energy and decrease greenhouse gas emissions, therefore reducing pollution. Recycling effectively helps to reduce environmental impacts and to combat climate change as a whole.

After the success of the previous Special Issue on “The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance”, we are pleased to invite researchers to contribute to this second Special Issue. The purpose of this Special Issue is to collect and publish specific original technical and research papers, including review papers, focusing on recycling of road pavement materials (e.g., unbound granular materials, asphalt mixtures, concrete, cement and other hydraulically bound mixtures, aggregates, binders, and additives) to promote pavement sustainability performance.

Prof. Dr. José Neves
Dr. Ana Cristina Freire
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Recycling is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

road pavement materials
recycled products in pavement construction
urban heat island effects
sustainable production
industrial symbiosis
carbon-neutral economy
green technology
sustainable development
circular economy
sustainable urban development
recycling policy

Related Special Issue

The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance in Recycling (11 articles)

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Vacuum Residue as a Potential Rejuvenator in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement: Physical, Rheological, and Mechanical Traits Analysis

by Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar, Ahmed Eltwati, Ehab Essam Aziz, Haryati Yaacob, Halah Abdulsattar Dawood, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Mohammed S. Al Jawahery and Ekarizan Shaffie

Recycling 2023, 8(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8030047 - 04 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

Asphalt recycling technology with a high content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is becoming more important as the price of paving materials rises and sustainable development and environmental conservation rules become more rigorous. Nevertheless, road authorities in numerous countries still prohibit the utilisation of RAP in asphalt mixes due to the negative impacts of RAP on the performance of asphalt mixtures. Consequently, different rejuvenators have been introduced to reinstate the original attributes of aged asphalt to resolve this issue. This study incorporated vacuum residue (VR) into mixtures with 40% RAP. The physical, rheological, and mechanical traits of the resultant samples were assessed. The results show that the 7.5% VR rejuvenator minimised the RAP asphalt ageing impact. Furthermore, the rejuvenating agent demonstrated physical and rheological rehabilitative benefits for the aged asphalt. The mechanical attributes of the rejuvenated samples were also enhanced compared to the virgin asphalt (VA) specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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18 pages, 6312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stabilization of Soft Soil by a Sustainable Binder Comprises Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)

by Ruqayah Al-Khafaji, Anmar Dulaimi, Hassnen Jafer, Nuha S. Mashaan, Shaker Qaidi, Zahraa Salam Obaid and Zahraa Jwaida

Recycling 2023, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010010 - 08 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2951

Abstract

Due to its significant deficiencies such as low permeability, low bearing and shear strength, and excessive compressibility, soft soil is one of the most problematic types of soil in civil engineering and soil stabilization can be considered a suitable technique for pavements. This study investigates the use of ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD) as stabilizers for soft soil. Thus, this study involves two optimization stages; in the first stage, GGBS was incorporated into 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by the weight of cement to obtain the optimal percentage, which was 6%. Then, the optimal GGBS was blended with CKD in a binary system at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by the dry weight of the soil. The testing program used in this paper was Atterberg limits with compaction parameters to investigate the physical properties and unconfined compressive strength (USC) at 7 and 28 days to examine the mechanical characteristics. In addition, the microstructures of the soil specimens were tested at 7 and 28 days using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings reveal that the binary system enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of the soft soil. The optimum binder achieved in this study was 6% (25% GGBS and 75% CKD), which generates an increase in strength of about 3.3 times in 7 days, and of 5.5 times in 28 days in comparison to the untreated soil. The enhancement was attributed to the formation of the hydration products as approved by SEM. Consequently, in the case of soft subgrade soils, this technique can increase the pavement’s bearing capacity and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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17 pages, 4676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Sustainable Bituminous Paver Blocks

by Padmakumar Radhakrishnan and Vignesh Dhurai

Recycling 2023, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010007 - 05 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2224

Abstract

Most road surfaces globally are constructed using bituminous materials. The construction of new roads and the maintenance of existing ones demand a huge amount of virgin natural aggregates. Depletion of resources that takes place during the construction of the road has an impact on cost and also on the environment. Hence, there is a need to reduce virgin aggregate use for bituminous pavement construction. This can be achieved by utilizing sustainable materials such as marble waste and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot mix asphalt (HMA)-type road construction. This research work is focused on sustainable development goal (SDG) 12, exclusively on the target number 12.5 which describes the recycling and reuse of materials. However, no investigations were seen to be reported on the integrated utilization of sustainable materials and RAP in bituminous paver blocks. The bituminous mixes were evaluated based on strength and compared with the control mix in this study. Bituminous paver blocks were then cast using sustainable materials and tested in the laboratory to assess the performance of the blocks through a compression test, Cantabro loss test, and wheel rut test. The test results gave satisfactory values; hence, these bituminous blocks can be used for service maintenance of the pavement structures. The study indicates that using sustainable material along with RAP in blocks can provide an eco-friendly, easily maintainable pavement system which makes it a key approach to SDG 9 as well, in terms of innovative infrastructure solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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13 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Utilization of Waste Toner as a Modifier in Trinidad Asphalts

by Shane Rambarran, Rean Maharaj, Sharona Mohammed and Nadine Sangster

Recycling 2022, 7(5), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7050074 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

As more persons are adjusting to home working in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology. Trinidad and Tobago, like many other Small Island Developing States, began exploring strategies in the areas of recycling and reuse techniques to mitigate negative environmental impacts from the disposal of waste toners. The reuse of waste toners as a performance enhancer in bituminous materials has successfully been achieved in foreign jurisdictions; however, the lack of research on the utilization of the indigenous Trinidad Lake Asphalt (TLA) and Trinidad Petroleum Bitumen (TPB) has stymied the application of this strategy locally. The influence of four waste toners (A, B, C, and D) on the rheological properties of an unmodified TLA/TPB paving binder was measured using the dynamic shear rheology (DSR) testing technique. The addition of waste toners noted improvements in the rheological parameters of stiffness, elasticity, and viscosity, exhibiting superior temperature susceptibility. Of great interest was the observation at 90 °C, where the modified paving binders containing 5% Toner C and 20% Toner D were elastically superior to the world-renowned TLA. This study demonstrated the potential of utilizing waste toner as a bitumen modifier, providing an innovative, sustainable disposal option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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22 pages, 7570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Skid Resistance Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Pavement Materials under Simulated Weather Conditions

by Maria Pomoni and Christina Plati

Recycling 2022, 7(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7040047 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2722

Abstract

One of the challenges of using recycled materials in road structures is to maintain safe and durable pavements. A multitude of research has been conducted over the years on various recycled materials, with a focus on the structural performance of pavements. Another crucial, but almost overlooked, aspect is the pavement’s ability to provide adequate skid resistance for road users under different climatic conditions. With this in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the skid resistance of asphalt mixtures containing two different types of recycled materials under laboratory-simulated weather conditions. Conventional hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and mixtures containing either reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for aggregate replacement or crumb rubber (CR) as a bitumen additive were prepared and tested at different temperatures and different surface conditions (i.e., dry/wet) following a wetting protocol. Skid resistance was measured using a British Pendulum Tester (BPT). The results showed that the recycled mixtures performed similarly to conventional ones in terms of the skid resistance when the temperature was varied and under variable simulated surface conditions too. In some cases, they performed even better than conventional mixtures. Overall, a promising potential is demonstrated towards the use of the investigated recycled materials in asphalt surface courses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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13 pages, 6290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison on Physical and Rheological Properties of Three Different Waste Plastic-Modified Bitumen

by Nuha Mashaan, Amin Chegenizadeh and Hamid Nikraz

Recycling 2022, 7(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7020018 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect and the possibility of using waste plastic as a sustainable cost-effective polymer to modify bitumen binders. Different types of waste plastic have been used in this modification, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The modification targets the physical characteristics, rheological properties, and binders’ resistance to ageing. Both long- and short-term ageing are investigated to determine the durability and ageing resistance of the modified binder using rolling thin film oven tests (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessels (PAVs). Penetration tests and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were conducted to investigate and evaluate the complex shear modulus, stiffness, elasticity, and viscous properties. The results show that 2% and 4% of HDPE and LDPE are recommended as ideal contents for good performance, as reflected by the penetration tests before and after ageing. However, higher contents, such as 6% and 8% HDPE and LDPE, are not significant in improving the stiffness, elasticity, and ageing resistance. Therefore, samples of 6–8% HDPE and LDPE are more vulnerable to permanent deformation. Furthermore, using waste PET exhibits obvious improvements in terms of the physical characteristics, rheological properties, stiffness, elasticity, and ageing resistance with up to 8% PET-modified bitumen. Based on the results, the ideal type and content is 6–8% PET waste plastic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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14 pages, 4162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Performance of Two Australian Waste-Plastic-Modified Hot Mix Asphalts

by Nuha S. Mashaan, Amin Chegenizadeh and Hamid Nikraz

Recycling 2022, 7(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7020016 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3469

Abstract

The construction of hundreds of kilometres of roads around the world every year results in the consumption of large amounts of raw materials and the depletion of natural resources. In addition, technologically advanced countries such as Australia are currently facing a major issue regarding the waste materials produced daily by their citizens. The disposal of these waste materials is a critical issue faced by municipalities in modern cities. Currently, using waste materials in civil and construction engineering is of great interest to researchers and industry. This study investigates the impact of using waste polyethylene terephthalate to modify asphalt mixtures following Australian design guidelines and criteria. Different types of asphalt are used to investigate and determine the mechanical properties of modified asphalt mixtures. The Marshall stability, Marshall flow, Marshall quotient, and wheel-tracking tests were tested. The Marshall stability, Marshall flow, and MQ of the Marshall test results exhibited significant improvements when using PET in modified SMA and AC mixtures. It can be seen that the 8% PET produced a mixture with the highest stability of 19.78 kN. The lowest rut depth was about 2.08 mm for samples modified with 8% PET. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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15 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the State Agency Policies toward RAP Usage in the United States: State of Practice

by Venkatsushanth Revelli and Ayman Ali

Recycling 2023, 8(6), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8060100 - 18 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1771

Abstract

The usage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material is a highly resource-conservative, economical, and sustainable practice in flexible pavement construction. However, its usage in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is capped at 25% by the majority of state transportation agencies due to its aging levels, stiffness characteristics, and handling capabilities, which may result in early-age pavement distress. Though researchers suggest methodologies to increase RAP usage, higher RAP percentages in asphalt pavements require the support of state authorities. The main objective of this paper is to provide information on how different states design their mixtures with high RAP percentages. This study reviewed the current state of practice of fifty (50) state DOTs in the United States (US) with respect to RAP usage and the factors governing its regulations. It was observed that the limit of RAP content is mainly governed by traffic levels, gradation, binder content, and stiffness contributed by RAP and layer position in a pavement structure. The specifications also suggest that apart from volumetric and performance justification, blending charts, fractionation, and virgin binder grade selection would facilitate the use of higher RAP content in HMA. Controlled mixture design abiding by state specifications can increase the allowable RAP to 40–100%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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15 pages, 1025 KiB

Open AccessReview

Encouraging Sustainable Use of RAP Materials for Pavement Construction in Oman: A Review

by Husam Al Dughaishi, Jawad Al Lawati, Munder Bilema, Ali Mohammed Babalghaith, Nuha S. Mashaan, Nur Izzi Md. Yusoff and Abdalrhman Milad

Recycling 2022, 7(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7030035 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6350

Abstract

The Sultanate of Oman has experienced rapid development over the last thirty years and has constructed environmentally friendly and sustainable infrastructure while it continues to find economical alternative resources to achieve the goals of the Oman 2040 vision. The primary concerns are preserving natural resources and reducing the impact of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions on the environment. This review aims to encourage the sustainable use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials in pavement construction and focuses primarily on employing RAP materials in new pavement projects. Currently, new construction projects utilise a significant percentage of demolished asphalt pavement to save costs and natural resources. The key issue that arises when mixing RAP into new asphalt mixtures is the effects on the mixtures’ resistance to permanent disfigurements, such as fatigue cracks, that influence asphalt mixture performance. Numerous studies have assessed the impact of using RAP in asphalt mixtures and found that RAP increases the stiffness of asphalt mixtures, and thus improves rutting resistance at high temperatures. Nevertheless, the findings for thermal and fatigue cracking were found to be contradictory. This review will address the primary concerns regarding the use of RAP in asphalt pavements, and aims to encourage highway agencies and academic researchers in the Gulf countries to develop frameworks for the practical usage of RAP in the construction of sustainable pavement systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Use of Recycled Materials to Promote Pavement Sustainability Performance II)

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