Analysis of Strain, Stress and Texture with Quantum Beams, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Quantum Beam Science (ISSN 2412-382X). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering and Structural Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 11908

Special Issue Editor

Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata City, Japan
Interests: residual stress; coarse grains; welding; hard synchrotron X-ray; neutrons

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, the development of material behavior simulation has been remarkable. When we look at realistic deformations and stress maps based on simulation analysis results, we feel that we have understood the behavior of a material. From the viewpoint of stress analysis, when the simulation and the actual stress coincide, the material evaluation is correct. Therefore, the progress of experimental stress analysis and evaluation is very important, but has been faced with many challenges.

Synchrotron radiation and neutrons as quantum beams are excellent means of experimental stress analysis, and the research and industrial application of this technology are important. By utilizing quantum beams, it is now possible to know the stresses and strains of coarse grains and welded metals, which were previously difficult to measure. Following on from the previous Special Issue, "Analysis of Strain, Stress and Texture with Quantum Beams", I hope that new research on material evaluation using quantum beams will be contributed to this Special Issue.

If you are interested in contribution, please feel free to contact the Editorial Office at or .

Prof. Dr. Kenji Suzuki
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • residual stress and strain
  • texture
  • diffraction methods with synchrotron X-ray and neutron beam
  • stresses in manufacturing processes
  • internal stresses and microstructures
  • residual stresses in advanced materials
  • imaging and XCT
  • line profile analysis
  • modeling

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3722 KiB  
Article
Principal Preferred Orientation Evaluation of Steel Materials Using Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction
by Pingguang Xu, Shuyan Zhang, Stefanus Harjo, Sven C. Vogel and Yo Tomota
Quantum Beam Sci. 2024, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8010007 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Comprehensive information on in situ microstructural and crystallographic changes during the preparation/manufacturing processes of various materials is highly necessary to precisely control the microstructural morphology and the preferred orientation (or texture) characteristics for achieving an excellent strength–ductility–toughness balance in advanced engineering materials. In [...] Read more.
Comprehensive information on in situ microstructural and crystallographic changes during the preparation/manufacturing processes of various materials is highly necessary to precisely control the microstructural morphology and the preferred orientation (or texture) characteristics for achieving an excellent strength–ductility–toughness balance in advanced engineering materials. In this study, in situ isothermal annealing experiments with cold-rolled 17Ni-0.2C (mass%) martensitic steel sheets were carried out by using the TAKUMI and ENGIN-X time-of-flight neutron diffractometers. The inverse pole figures based on full-profile refinement were extracted to roughly evaluate the preferred orientation features along three principal sample directions of the investigated steel sheets, using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) software with built-in generalized spherical harmonic functions. The consistent rolling direction (RD) inverse pole figures from TAKUMI and ENGIN-X confirmed that the time-of-flight neutron diffraction has high repeatability and statistical reliability, revealing that the principal preferred orientation evaluation of steel materials can be realized through 90° TD ➜ ND (transverse direction ➜ normal direction) rotation of the investigated specimen on the sample stage during two neutron diffraction experiments. Moreover, these RD, TD, and ND inverse pole figures before and after the in situ experiments were compared with the corresponding inverse pole figures recalculated from the MUSASI-L complete pole figure measurement and the HIPPO in situ microstructure evaluation, respectively. The similar orientation distribution characteristics suggested that the principal preferred orientation evaluation method can be applied to the in situ microstructural evolution of bulk orthorhombic materials and spatially resolved principal preferred orientation mappings of large engineering structure parts. Full article
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14 pages, 16302 KiB  
Article
Stress Measurement of Stainless Steel Piping Welds by Complementary Use of High-Energy Synchrotron X-rays and Neutrons
by Yasufumi Miura, Kenji Suzuki, Satoshi Morooka and Takahisa Shobu
Quantum Beam Sci. 2024, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8010001 - 22 Dec 2023
Viewed by 993
Abstract
Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is increasingly recognized as a viable approach for evaluating the structural integrity of nuclear components, such as piping, primarily affected by stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PFM analysis requires several input parameters, among which welding residual stress is critically important [...] Read more.
Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is increasingly recognized as a viable approach for evaluating the structural integrity of nuclear components, such as piping, primarily affected by stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PFM analysis requires several input parameters, among which welding residual stress is critically important due to its significant influence on SCC initiation and propagation. Recently, a novel technique involving a double-exposure method (DEM) utilizing synchrotron X-rays was introduced as an effective means for measuring welding residual stress with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we applied DEM to assess the residual stress of a plate specimen, which was extracted from a welded pipe through electrical discharge machining. Consequently, detailed stress maps under a plane stress state were generated. Additionally, the residual stress distributions in the welded pipe under a triaxial stress state were evaluated using neutron diffraction. Based on these findings, we proposed a methodology to acquire detailed stress maps of welded pipes by combining high-energy synchrotron X-rays and neutron diffraction. Full article
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17 pages, 10815 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Mechanical Behavior of 11B-Enriched MgB2 Wire Using a Pulsed Neutron Source
by Shutaro Machiya, Kozo Osamura, Yoshimitsu Hishinuma, Hiroyasu Taniguchi, Stefanus Harjo and Takuro Kawasaki
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7040034 - 31 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1099
Abstract
MgB2 represents a hexagonal superconductive material renowned for its straightforward composition, which has facilitated the development of cost-effective practical wires. Its capacity to function at temperatures as low as liquid hydrogen (LH2) has made it a prominent candidate as wire [...] Read more.
MgB2 represents a hexagonal superconductive material renowned for its straightforward composition, which has facilitated the development of cost-effective practical wires. Its capacity to function at temperatures as low as liquid hydrogen (LH2) has made it a prominent candidate as wire material for the coils of next-generation fusion reactors. Much like other superconducting wires, a prevalent issue arises when these wires are employed in coils, wherein electromagnetic forces induce tensile stress and strain within the wire. This, in turn, diminishes the critical current, which is the maximum current capable of flowing within the generated magnetic field and strain. The techniques and methods for accurately measuring the actual strain on the filaments are of paramount importance. While strain measurements have been conducted with synchrotron radiation and neutrons for other practical wires in the past, no such measurements have been undertaken for MgB2. Presumably, this lack of measurement is attributed to its relatively greater thickness, making it less suitable for synchrotron radiation measurements. Additionally, the high absorption cross-section of the included boron-10 poses challenges in obtaining elastic scattering data for neutron measurements. In response, we fabricated a wire enriched with boron-11, an isotope with a smaller neutron absorption cross-section. We then embarked on the endeavor to measure its strain under tensile loading using pulsed neutrons. Consequently, we succeeded in obtaining changes in the lattice constant under tensile loading through Rietveld analysis. This marks the inaugural instance of strain measurement on an MgB2 filament, signifying a significant milestone in superconductivity research. Full article
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13 pages, 4289 KiB  
Article
Stress Evaluation Method by Neutron Diffraction for HCP-Structured Magnesium Alloy
by Stefanus Harjo, Wu Gong and Takuro Kawasaki
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7040032 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1102
Abstract
Tensile deformation in situ neutron diffraction of an extruded AZ31 alloy was performed to validate conventional procedures and to develop new procedures for stress evaluation from lattice strains by diffraction measurements of HCP-structured magnesium alloys. Increases in the lattice strains with respect to [...] Read more.
Tensile deformation in situ neutron diffraction of an extruded AZ31 alloy was performed to validate conventional procedures and to develop new procedures for stress evaluation from lattice strains by diffraction measurements of HCP-structured magnesium alloys. Increases in the lattice strains with respect to the applied true stress after yielding largely vary among [hk.l] grains. Some [hk.l] grains have little or no increase in lattice strain, making it difficult to use the conventional procedures to determine the average phase strain by using lattice constants or by averaging several lattice strains. The newly proposed procedure of stress evaluation from the lattice strains shows very high accuracy and reliability by weighting the volume fraction of [hk.l] grains and evaluating them in many [hk.l] orientations in addition to multiplication by the diffraction elastic constant. When multiple hk.l peaks cannot be obtained simultaneously, we recommend to use the 12.1 peak for stress evaluation. The lattice strain value evaluated from the 12.1 peak shows a good linear relationship with the applied true stress for the whole deformation region. Full article
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17 pages, 6025 KiB  
Article
Scanning Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction Microscopy for Carbon Steels
by Yujiro Hayashi and Hidehiko Kimura
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7030023 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1303
Abstract
Plastically deformed low-carbon steel has been analyzed by nondestructive three-dimensional orientation and strain mapping using scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy (S3DXRD). However, the application of S3DXRD is limited to single-phase alloys. In this study, we propose a modified S3DXRD analysis for dual-phase alloys, [...] Read more.
Plastically deformed low-carbon steel has been analyzed by nondestructive three-dimensional orientation and strain mapping using scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy (S3DXRD). However, the application of S3DXRD is limited to single-phase alloys. In this study, we propose a modified S3DXRD analysis for dual-phase alloys, such as ferrite–pearlite carbon steel, which is composed of grains detectable as diffraction spots and a phase undetectable as diffraction spots. We performed validation experiments for ferrite–pearlite carbon steel with different pearlite fractions, in which the ferrite grains and the pearlite corresponded to the detectable grains and an undetectable phase, respectively. The regions of pearlite appeared more remarkably in orientation maps of the ferrite grains obtained from the carbon steel samples than that of the single-phase low-carbon steel and increased with the increase in the carbon concentration. The fractions of the detectable grains and the undetectable phase were determined with an uncertainty of 15%–20%. These results indicate that the proposed modified analysis is qualitatively valid for dual-phase alloys comprising detectable grains and an undetectable phase. Full article
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12 pages, 5392 KiB  
Article
Scanning Three-Dimensional X-ray Diffraction Microscopy with a Spiral Slit
by Yujiro Hayashi, Daigo Setoyama, Kunio Fukuda, Katsuharu Okuda, Naoki Katayama and Hidehiko Kimura
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7020016 - 29 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1307
Abstract
Recently, nondestructive evaluation of the stresses localized in grains was achieved for plastically deformed low-carbon steel using scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (S3DXRD) microscopy with a conical slit. However, applicable metals and alloys were restricted to a single phase and evaluated stress was underestimated [...] Read more.
Recently, nondestructive evaluation of the stresses localized in grains was achieved for plastically deformed low-carbon steel using scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (S3DXRD) microscopy with a conical slit. However, applicable metals and alloys were restricted to a single phase and evaluated stress was underestimated due to the fixed Bragg angles of the conical slit optimized to αFe. We herein propose S3DXRD with a rotating spiral slit adaptable to various metals and alloys and accurate stress evaluation with sweeping Bragg angles. Validation experiments with a 50-keV X-ray microbeam were conducted for low-carbon steel as a body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and pure Cu as a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase. As a result of orientation mapping, polygonal grain shapes and clear grain boundaries were observed for both BCC and FCC metals. Thus, it was demonstrated that S3DXRD with a rotating spiral slit will be applicable to various metals and alloys, multiphase alloys, and accurate stress evaluation using a X-ray microbeam with a higher photon energy within an energy range determined by X-ray focusing optics. In principle, this implies that S3DXRD becomes applicable to larger and thicker metal and alloy samples instead of current miniature test or wire-shaped samples if a higher-energy X-ray microbeam is available. Full article
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14 pages, 6417 KiB  
Article
Accuracy of Measuring Rebar Strain in Concrete Using a Diffractometer for Residual Stress Analysis
by Ayumu Yasue, Mayu Kawakami, Kensuke Kobayashi, Junho Kim, Yuji Miyazu, Yuhei Nishio, Tomohisa Mukai, Satoshi Morooka and Manabu Kanematsu
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7020015 - 10 May 2023
Viewed by 1555
Abstract
Neutron diffraction is a noncontact method that can measure the rebar strain inside concrete. In this method, rebar strain and stress are calculated using the diffraction profile of neutrons irradiated during a specific time period. In general, measurement accuracy improves with the length [...] Read more.
Neutron diffraction is a noncontact method that can measure the rebar strain inside concrete. In this method, rebar strain and stress are calculated using the diffraction profile of neutrons irradiated during a specific time period. In general, measurement accuracy improves with the length of the measurement time. However, in previous studies, the measurement time was determined empirically, which makes the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results unclear. In this study, the relationship between the measurement time and the measurement standard deviation was examined for reinforced concrete specimens under different conditions. The aim was to clarify the accuracy of the measurement of rebar stress using the neutron diffraction method. It was found that if the optical setup of the neutron diffractometer and the conditions of the specimen are the same, there is a unique relationship between the diffraction intensity and the rebar stress standard deviation. Furthermore, using this unique relationship, this paper proposes a method for determining the measurement time from the allowable accuracy of the rebar stress, which ensures the accuracy of the neutron diffraction method. Full article
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12 pages, 3875 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Internal Stress Distribution and Microstructure in a Suspension-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coating with a Columnar Structure
by Yasuhiro Yamazaki, Keisuke Shinomiya, Tadaharu Okumura, Kenji Suzuki, Takahisa Shobu and Yuiga Nakamura
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7020014 - 03 May 2023
Viewed by 1312
Abstract
The suspension plasma spray (SPS) method is expected to become a novel coating method because it can achieve various microstructures using a suspension with submicron spray particles. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with a columnar structure, which might achieve high strain tolerance, can be [...] Read more.
The suspension plasma spray (SPS) method is expected to become a novel coating method because it can achieve various microstructures using a suspension with submicron spray particles. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with a columnar structure, which might achieve high strain tolerance, can be obtained using the SPS technique. This study evaluated the internal stress distribution of the suspension-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (SPS-TBC) with different columnar structures using hybrid measurement using high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and laboratory low-energy X-rays. The relationship between the microstructure and the internal stress distribution of the SPS-TBC was discussed on the basis of the experimental results. In addition, the in-plane internal stress was decreased by decreasing the column diameter. The thin columnar microstructure of the SPS-TBC has superior strain tolerance. The internal stresses in the SPS-TBC are periodic decrements caused by stress relaxation in porous layers in its column. Full article
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15 pages, 12978 KiB  
Article
Neutron Stress Measurement of W/Ti Composite in Cryogenic Temperatures Using Time-of-Flight Method
by Masayuki Nishida, Stefanus Harjo, Takuro Kawasaki, Takayuki Yamashita and Wu Gong
Quantum Beam Sci. 2023, 7(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs7010008 - 07 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1289
Abstract
In this study, the thermal stress alterations generated in a tungsten fiber reinforced titanium composite (W/Ti composite) were evaluated by the neutron stress measurement method at cryogenic temperatures. The W/Ti composite thermal loads were repeated from room temperature to the cryogenic temperature (10 [...] Read more.
In this study, the thermal stress alterations generated in a tungsten fiber reinforced titanium composite (W/Ti composite) were evaluated by the neutron stress measurement method at cryogenic temperatures. The W/Ti composite thermal loads were repeated from room temperature to the cryogenic temperature (10 K), and alterations in thermal residual stress were evaluated using the neutron in situ stress measurement method. In this measurement, the stress alterations in the titanium matrix and the tungsten fibers were measured. This measurement was carried out by TAKUMI (MLF-BL19) of J-PARC, a neutron research facility in the Japan Atomic Agency. The measurement method of TAKUMI is the time-of-flight (TOF) method. Owing to this measurement method, the measurement time was significantly shortened compared to the angle-dispersion type measurement by a diffractometer. As a result of the measurement, large compressive stresses of about 1 GPa were generated in the tungsten fibers, and tensile stresses of about 100 MPa existed in the titanium matrix. The thermal stresses due to the temperature change between room temperature and cryogenic temperature is caused by the difference of thermal expansions between the tungsten fibers and the titanium matrix, and these stress values can be approximated by a simple elastic theory equation. Full article
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