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Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying...
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Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022)

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Particle Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2023) | Viewed by 14946

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jamal Yagoobi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
Interests: heat and mass transfer in moist porous media; thermal and nonthermal drying; electrohydrodynamics
Prof. Dr. Evangelos Tsotsas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Thermal Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitaetsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
Interests: particle technology; drying; agglomeration; coating; heat and mass transfer; modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The authors of papers presented in the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS) are encouraged to submit their papers to Processes for potential publication in the Special Issue dedicated to the IDS 2022.

The IDS 2022 aimed to provide the most advanced and comprehensive global forum for disseminating results and data in research, development, and applications in drying/dewatering sciences and technologies. The IDS 2022 was held on June 26–29, 2022, in Worcester, USA. https://wp.wpi.edu/ids2022/.

Prof. Dr. Jamal Yagoobi
Prof. Dr. Evangelos Tsotsas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • drying of moist porous materials
  • spray drying
  • fluidization
  • particle technology
  • modeling

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 9885 KiB  
Article
Magneto-Thermal Coupling Simulation of Flowing Liquid Induction Heating through Static Mixer-Type Susceptors
by Mingxuan Shi, Qing Xu, Yanhua Li, Lisheng Deng and Xiaoyong Dai
Processes 2023, 11(2), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020533 - 09 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1199
Abstract
As a new non-contact heating technology, induction heating technology has very broad application prospects in the field of fluid food heating. However, its application is inevitably affected by the heat concentration caused by uneven energy distribution. The uneven temperature distribution of the heating [...] Read more.
As a new non-contact heating technology, induction heating technology has very broad application prospects in the field of fluid food heating. However, its application is inevitably affected by the heat concentration caused by uneven energy distribution. The uneven temperature distribution of the heating process will lead to the decrease in the quality of heating products. Therefore, based on the previous research, in order to improve the uniformity of heat distribution in the heating process, this study selected the susceptor with the greatest potential for efficient and the most uniform heating fluid to carry out the coupling simulation of electromagnetic heat transfer. The susceptor was simulated and optimized in three aspects: different power comparisons, the influence of structural change on temperature distribution uniformity, and the influence of physical property change of metal material on temperature distribution uniformity. The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the error between the experimental and simulation values of the outlet temperature at Kelvin temperature is less than 0.18%. The change of geometric structure had a great influence on the uniformity of temperature distribution, and the uniformity of temperature distribution was inversely proportional to the conductivity. During the simulation, the temperature of the fluid heated by the susceptor was increased from 284.75 K to about 333K. The temperature distribution of the fluid at the outlet of the susceptor was uniform, and the temperature difference was about 1 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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13 pages, 2503 KiB  
Article
A Vertical Fountain Dryer Adjusted for Sawdust and Wood Chips Drying
by Konrad Rojcewicz and Zbigniew Oksiuta
Processes 2023, 11(2), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020430 - 01 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1784
Abstract
This article presents the preliminary results on the drying process in a fountain dryer designed and adapted to drying waist sawdust and/or chips of various morphology and moisture content. In terms of drying technology, it is important to reduce the demand for heat [...] Read more.
This article presents the preliminary results on the drying process in a fountain dryer designed and adapted to drying waist sawdust and/or chips of various morphology and moisture content. In terms of drying technology, it is important to reduce the demand for heat and electricity. The phenomena occurring during the drying of sawdust in a fountain dryer were analyzed. Modifications of a typical fountain dryer were proposed in order to dry the chips, to obtain appropriate moisture and quality suitable for the process of their further granulation for the production of pellets. The test stand and the most important properties of the fountain dryer were described and discussed. Such characteristic aims of the device, i.e., efficiency, combustion, air and exhaust gas flow measurements, among others, were presented. The characteristics of the sawdust drying curves as a function of temperature were also determined. Computer simulations of heat exchange, air, and exhaust gas flow velocities were also performed and compared with the results obtained directly from the modified test stand. The maximum combustion of sawdust measured during startup of the furnace was 0.14 m3/h, which is 0.46 m3 of the fuel consumption for the production of 1000 kg. Drying times of wet sawdust is relatively short and takes ~50 s for (weight of wet sawdust 4.75 kg, with moisture of 35%) the relatively low air temperature of 175 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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21 pages, 12086 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Freeze-Drying with Frequency-Based Control Concepts via Solid-State Generators: A Simulative and Experimental Study
by Till Sickert, Isabel Kalinke, Jana Christoph and Volker Gaukel
Processes 2023, 11(2), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020327 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2579
Abstract
Freeze-drying is a common process to extend the shelf life of food and bioactive substances. Its main drawback is the long drying time and associated high production costs. Microwaves can be applied to significantly shorten the process. This study investigates the effects of [...] Read more.
Freeze-drying is a common process to extend the shelf life of food and bioactive substances. Its main drawback is the long drying time and associated high production costs. Microwaves can be applied to significantly shorten the process. This study investigates the effects of modulating the electromagnetic field in microwave-assisted freeze-drying (MFD). Control concepts based on microwave frequency are evaluated using electromagnetic simulations. The concepts are then applied to the first part of primary drying in a laboratory-scale system with solid-state generators. Targeted frequency modulation in the electromagnetic simulations enabled an increase in energy efficiency or heating homogeneity throughout MFD while having negligible effects on the power dissipation ratio between frozen and dried product areas. The simulations predicted the qualitative effects observed in the experimental proof of concept regarding energy efficiency and drying homogeneity. Additionally, shortened drying times were observed in the experiments with a targeted application of energy-efficient frequencies. However, differences occurred in the quantitative validation of the electromagnetic models for energy efficiency in dependence on frequency. Nevertheless, the models can be used for a time-efficient investigation of the qualitative effects of the control concepts. In summary, frequency-based control of MFD represents a promising approach for process control and intensification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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24 pages, 5295 KiB  
Article
Experimental Analysis of Drying Conditions’ Effect on the Drying Kinetics and Moisture Desorption Isotherms at Several Temperatures on Food Materials: Corn Case Study
by Amal Kraiem, Jamel Madiouli, Ihab Shigidi and Jalila Sghaier
Processes 2023, 11(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010184 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2100
Abstract
This work studied the effect of external conditions on the drying kinetics of a thin layer of corn during convective drying. The density and the specific volume of the corn grain were reported and the desorption isotherms of the corn were determined at [...] Read more.
This work studied the effect of external conditions on the drying kinetics of a thin layer of corn during convective drying. The density and the specific volume of the corn grain were reported and the desorption isotherms of the corn were determined at three temperatures and for a water activity from 0.1 to 0.9 using the static gravimetric method. Initially, a thin layer of corn about 7 mm thick with an initial moisture content of 45% (d.b) was investigated, and the external conditions were tested. Afterwards, a comparison between the experimental convective drying of a packed bed and a thin layer was performed under the same conditions. Finally, the values of equilibrium moisture contents, water activities and temperatures obtained were fitted using seven sorption models. It was found that the experimental desorption data exhibited type II behavior, according to Brunauer’s classification. The GAB model was found as the most suitable semi-empirical model which was well suited to represent the desorption equilibrium moisture content of corn kernels in the suggested ranges of temperature and water activity. It can be concluded from the entropy–enthalpy compensation theory that the desorption process of the corn kernels is controlled by the enthalpy mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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17 pages, 10831 KiB  
Article
Using Particle Residence Time Distributions as an Experimental Approach for Evaluating the Performance of Different Designs for a Pilot-Scale Spray Dryer
by Zelin Zhou, Timothy A. G. Langrish and Sining Cai
Processes 2023, 11(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010040 - 24 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1844
Abstract
The performances of four different designs for a pilot-scale spray dryer have been evaluated and compared based on experimentally measured particle residence time distributions (RTD), recovery rates and physical properties of spray-dried fresh skim milk. The RTDs have been measured using a dye [...] Read more.
The performances of four different designs for a pilot-scale spray dryer have been evaluated and compared based on experimentally measured particle residence time distributions (RTD), recovery rates and physical properties of spray-dried fresh skim milk. The RTDs have been measured using a dye pulse injection method, and the measurements have been fitted to models using continuous stirred-tank reactors in series (CSTR-TIS) for quantitative performance evaluation and comparison. Conical drying chambers and a box connection design have been used in the latest dryer design to reduce the amount of wall deposition and provide a smoother gas flow pattern. The particle-to-gas mean residence time ratio for the latest design is significantly closer to unity (1.6 s/s to 1.0 s/s) compared with earlier designs (2.6 s/s to 1.5 s/s). The latest design has a wider spread of RTD (n = 5–8) compared with earlier designs (n = 13–18), which may be linked to the recirculation zone in the box connection. Although the latest design has a wider spread of RTD, the conical design has shown promising results compared with a cylindrical drying chamber in terms of overall wall deposition behaviours. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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12 pages, 4776 KiB  
Article
Agglomeration of Spray-Dried Milk Powder in a Spray Fluidized Bed: A Morphological Modeling
by Abhinandan Kumar Singh and Evangelos Tsotsas
Processes 2022, 10(12), 2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122718 - 16 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2282
Abstract
The type of solid substrate plays a critical role in determining the kinetics of the spray fluidized bed (SFB) agglomeration process. In the case of porous (also soft) primary particles (PPs), droplet aging is due to imbibition and drying. The surface properties of [...] Read more.
The type of solid substrate plays a critical role in determining the kinetics of the spray fluidized bed (SFB) agglomeration process. In the case of porous (also soft) primary particles (PPs), droplet aging is due to imbibition and drying. The surface properties of the substrate also change due to imbibition. The focus of the present work is to simulate the agglomeration of the spray-dried milk powder using the Monte Carlo (MC) method coupled with a drying-imbibition model. In order to extract the morphology of the formed agglomerates, an aggregation model is employed. Further, this aggregation model is employed to predict the number of positions on the PPs (later agglomerates) for droplet deposition; previously, the ‘concept of positions’ was used. The transient growth of different milk powders (whole and skim) is depicted using the enhanced MC model. The enhancement in the droplet deposition model had a prominent influence on the overall kinetics of agglomeration. As expected, this enhanced MC model predicted that the agglomeration rate of skim milk powder is higher than that of whole milk powder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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15 pages, 6453 KiB  
Article
Numerical Approach Regarding the Effect of the Flight Shape on the Performance of Rotary Dryers from Asphalt Plants
by Andrei Burlacu, Marius Gabriel Petrescu, Teodor Dumitru, Adrian Niță, Maria Tănase, Eugen Laudacescu, Ibrahim Ramadan and Costin Ilincă
Processes 2022, 10(11), 2339; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112339 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
Thedistribution of aggregates in the cross-section of the drum, in the case of equipment used for the production of asphalt mixtures, essentially influences the performance of rotary dryers. In the research carried out in this article, the optimization of the distribution of particles [...] Read more.
Thedistribution of aggregates in the cross-section of the drum, in the case of equipment used for the production of asphalt mixtures, essentially influences the performance of rotary dryers. In the research carried out in this article, the optimization of the distribution of particles in the active region of the drum was pursued by modifying the geometric shape of the flights, taking into account at the same time the influence of the technological parameters of operation such as drum rotation speed and drum filling degree. The studies were performed using the discrete element method (DEM), and the obtained results revealedthat flight geometry strongly influences drying efficiency. The efficiency of rectangular double-angled type flights is strongly influenced by the drum rotation speed, especially at high levels of filling degree (20%), with the mass of aggregates exposed to drying increasing by 41.11% when drum rotation speed increases from 10 rpm to 15 rpm. Similarly, hook-type flights show a minimum efficiency at 15% filling degree and 15 rpm. The comparative analysis of the flight shape is not only carried out in order to establish the variant that ensures maximum drying efficiency but also from the point of view of execution technology. (Original flights can be obtained by deep drawing, but they have a complex geometric configuration; cup flights can be obtained very easily from tubular material cut on the generators; hook flights by deep drawing or welding the cut tubular material on a straight plate, and the L type by deep drawing). Taking into account that semi-finished products can be very thick, it is possible that, in some cases, hot embossing is necessary, so making them out of tubular material eliminates these inconveniences. All the presented results highlight that the rectangular, double-angled and hook-type flights are the most appropriate shapes that can be used regardless of the drum filling degree and rotation speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Drying Technologies—Selected Papers from the 22nd International Drying Symposium (IDS 2022))
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