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10 pages, 1450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity Assessment of a Biolubricant Exposed to Eisenia fetida

by Paola T. Vázquez-Villegas, Maritza del C. Hernández-Cruz, Anayancy Lam-Gutiérrez, Ludwi Rodríguez-Hernández, Mariana Valdespino-León, Adalberto Zenteno-Rojas, Rocío Meza-Gordillo, Abumalé Cruz-Salomón, Rocío del P. Serrano-Ramírez and Rosa I. Cruz-Rodríguez

Processes 2023, 11(10), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11103020 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 770

Abstract

In the current search for products that are friendly to the environment, the intent is to reduce the use of domestic, food and industrial waste of mineral origin, thereby creating new products that are functional in industrial and agricultural processes. That is why [...] Read more.

In the current search for products that are friendly to the environment, the intent is to reduce the use of domestic, food and industrial waste of mineral origin, thereby creating new products that are functional in industrial and agricultural processes. That is why the use of raw chicken skin fat was evaluated for the creation of a biolubricant with possible applications in the operation of heavy machinery, such as agricultural tractors. The acute toxicity of the biolubricant made from transesterified fatty acids obtained from chicken skin fat was determined experimentally, using bioassays with Eisenia fetida as a test organism, by means of the median lethal concentration (LC50) using the probit method (p < 0.05) on the filter paper at 48 h and on an artificial substrate at 14 days, resulting in an LC50 of 878.675 mg mL⁻¹ or 0.0268 mg cm⁻² and 35.2348 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Likewise, the physiological damage was determined by means of histology, and it could be observed that there was no damage on the Eisenia fetida cell tissue. This indicates that the biolubricant is suitable for use in agricultural machinery since, in the event of an accidental spill, it does not cause damage to the soil or the organisms that live in it, as well as to the people who handle this type of product in their daily work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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19 pages, 5944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD-DEM Simulation of Slugging and Non-Slugging Fast Fluidization of Fine Particles in a Micro Riser

by Guorong Wu and Yanggui Li

Processes 2023, 11(10), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11102977 - 14 Oct 2023

Viewed by 658

Abstract

The discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational dynamics (CFD) has been considered one of the most sensitive ways of studying the micro fluidized bed. This article proposes a so-called particle circumstance-dependent drag model that is dependent on a particle’s complex circumstances. Slugging [...] Read more.

The discrete element method (DEM) coupled with computational dynamics (CFD) has been considered one of the most sensitive ways of studying the micro fluidized bed. This article proposes a so-called particle circumstance-dependent drag model that is dependent on a particle’s complex circumstances. Slugging and non-slugging fast fluidization in a micro fluidized bed is modeled with the use of the CFD-DEM. The results show that the formation and the fragmentation of clusters in a slugging fast fluidized state are clearly captured, and both have time synchronization. However, with the increase in gas velocity, the boundary of the dense and dilute phases turns blurry and the slugs disappear. Furthermore, there exists a relatively serious backmixing of particles in the slugging fast fluidization, while the backmixing effect weakens in the non-slugging fast fluidization. Moreover, the outlet solid flux decreases compared with those in the big fluidized beds for the slugging fast fluidized bed due to the micro size effect, while the micro size effect on the solid flux is not distinct for the non-slugging fast fluidized bed. Last but not least, the radial porosity with slugging exhibits a weakened core-annulus structure compared with the correlated radial porosity in the big fluidized beds. The radial porosity without slugging tends to approach the correlated core-annulus structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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20 pages, 2348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effect of Betulin and Its Alkynyl Derivatives on the Profile of Changes in Gene Expression of the Inflammatory Process of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells (HT-29 Cell Line)

by Agnieszka Lubczyńska, Ewa Bębenek, Agnieszka Garncarczyk and Dominika Wcisło-Dziadecka

Processes 2023, 11(9), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092676 - 06 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 723

Abstract

Betulin is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene. It is characterized by a range of biological properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. It is also an origin compound for obtaining derivatives with higher biological activity and better bioavailability. Chronic inflammation stimulates the formation of a [...] Read more.

Betulin is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene. It is characterized by a range of biological properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. It is also an origin compound for obtaining derivatives with higher biological activity and better bioavailability. Chronic inflammation stimulates the formation of a pro-cancer microenvironment, promoting tumor growth, cell migration, and neoangiogenesis. Many factors, immune system cells, and cytokines and chemokines released by them are involved in this process. Therefore, it has been suggested that the optimal target for anti-cancer drugs in this disease could be substances showing anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of the study was to indicate the direction of changes in the expression of genes related to the inflammatory state in colorectal cancer cells promoted by betulin and its selected alkynyl derivatives. Cytotoxicity assessment was carried out using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) test, whereas lipophilicity was determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC). The analysis of the gene expression profile in colon adenocarcinoma cells treated with betulin and its derivatives was performed using oligonucleotide microarrays HG-U133A. Based on the conducted analysis, it can be stated that betulin and its derivatives 1–3 influence the change in the expression profile of genes related to inflammatory processes in the HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. The highest expression changes (FC > 2) were observed for HMOX1 (compound 1 vs. control) and TMED7 (compound 3 vs. control) mRNAs. An important observation is the comparison of the profile of changes in the expression of the studied genes in the compared compounds. Derivative 1 showed the greatest similarity to control cells, whereas betulin showed similarity to cisplatin. These observations indicate the necessity further research on the impact of betulin and its derivatives on inflammatory processes and the possible direction of chemical modification of compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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13 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Modelling-Based Framework for Carbon Emissions Calculation in Additive Manufacturing: A Stereolithography Case Study

by Vasiliki C. Panagiotopoulou, Aikaterini Paraskevopoulou and Panagiotis Stavropoulos

Processes 2023, 11(9), 2574; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11092574 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 913

Abstract

Manufacturing is one of the most heavily contributing sectors to global warming via its high carbon emissions. Initiatives such as the Green Deal and Sustainable Goals by the United Nations are supporting the reduction of carbon emissions in the manufacturing sector, which can [...] Read more.

Manufacturing is one of the most heavily contributing sectors to global warming via its high carbon emissions. Initiatives such as the Green Deal and Sustainable Goals by the United Nations are supporting the reduction of carbon emissions in the manufacturing sector, which can be completed by making manufacturing processes more sustainable and with less carbon footprint. This also applies to novel manufacturing processes such as additive manufacturing (AM). In this work, a previously developed framework for carbon footprint calculation was tailor-made and applied to a specific stereolithography (SLA) case. The different steps of the SLA were categorised per process, machine tool and system level, and the respective carbon emissions were calculated, either theoretically or via a life cycle assessment software. The carbon emissions at the process level were significant when compared to the total carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions of the isopropanol (IPA) bath accounted for more than 50% of the total carbon footprint of the SLA. These results demonstrate that the AM process may not be as environmentally friendly as it was assumed to be, especially if post-processing and finishing steps are carbon-intensive, because of the liquids used for the baths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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15 pages, 9234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD-DEM Simulation of Fast Fluidization of Fine Particles in a Micro Riser

by Guorong Wu, Qiang Li and Zhanfei Zuo

Processes 2023, 11(8), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082417 - 11 Aug 2023

Viewed by 695

Abstract

In recent years, the discrete element method (DEM) has gradually been applied to the traditional fluidization simulation of fine particles in a micro fluidized bed (MFB). The application of DEM in the simulating fast fluidization of fine particles in MFB has not yet [...] Read more.

In recent years, the discrete element method (DEM) has gradually been applied to the traditional fluidization simulation of fine particles in a micro fluidized bed (MFB). The application of DEM in the simulating fast fluidization of fine particles in MFB has not yet received attention. This article presents a drag model that relies on the surrounding environment of particles, namely the particle circumstance-dependent drag model or PCDD model. Fast fluidization in an MFB of fine particles is simulated using DEM based on the PCDD model. Simulations indicate that the local structure in an MFB exhibits particle aggregation, which is a natural property of fast fluidization, forming a structure where a continuous dilute phase and dispersed concentrated phase coexist. There exists a strong effect of solid back-mixing in an MFB, leading to relatively low outlet solid flux. The gas back-mixing effect is, however, not so distinct. The axial porosity shows a monotonically increasing distribution with the bed height but does not strictly follow the single exponential distribution. The solid volume fraction at the bottom of the bed is significantly lower than the correlated value in CFB. The axial heterogeneous distribution of the cross-sectional average porosity in the lower half of the bed is also weakened. The radial porosity shows a higher distribution pattern in the central region and a lower one in the sidewall region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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13 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Organic Powders on Surface Quality in Abrasive Blasting Process

by Nergizhan Anaç and Zekeriya Doğan

Processes 2023, 11(7), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11071925 - 26 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1027

Abstract

Abrasive blasting, sometimes known as sandblasting, is a method used to change the surface condition of materials, clean surfaces, and prepare surfaces for applications such as paint, bonding, coating, etc. The abrasive materials used in abrasive blasting are applied to the surface with [...] Read more.

Abrasive blasting, sometimes known as sandblasting, is a method used to change the surface condition of materials, clean surfaces, and prepare surfaces for applications such as paint, bonding, coating, etc. The abrasive materials used in abrasive blasting are applied to the surface with compressed air or water and vary according to the purpose of application. The abrasive materials used have negative effects on the environment and human health. So far, organic materials have been used in limited applications in abrasive blasting. However, these materials have a high potential of usage since they are environmentally friendly, safe for human health, and have non-toxic and sustainable properties. In this study, the usability of three different organic wastes (walnut shell, olive pomace and mussel shell) recovered by recycling in abrasive blasting was investigated. In addition, the effect of blasting distance (5, 10 and 15 mm), blasting time (10, 20 and 30 s), powder type (mussel shell, olive pomace and walnut shell) and grain size (38, 45 and 63 µm) on surface roughness have been investigated using the Taguchi L9 experimental design. Regression models were built using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Moreover, the surface condition after abrasive blasting was examined using an Al₂O₃ abrasive and compared with other samples. As a result, 5 mm, 30 s, mussel shell and 45 µm test sets were recommended for “larger is better” and it was determined that the blasting time had the greatest effect on the surface roughness by 50.19%. On the other hand, 10 mm, 20 s, walnut shell and 63 µm test sets were recommended for “smaller is better”, and it was determined that blasting time had the greatest effect on the surface roughness by 39.02%. While there was an increase compared to the surface roughness values before abrasive blasting in the first set of experiments, it was determined that the organic material had a polishing rather than an abrasion effect in the second set of experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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20 pages, 7826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Mesoscopic Characteristics of Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability in Polymer Fluids with Dissipative Particle Dynamics

by Guorong Wu, Yanggui Li, Heping Wang and Shengshan Li

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061755 - 08 Jun 2023

Viewed by 874

Abstract

In this paper, the two-dimensional Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability occurring in the shear flow of polymer fluids is modeled by the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method at the coarse-grained molecular level. A revised FENE model is proposed to properly describe the polymer chains. In [...] Read more.

In this paper, the two-dimensional Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability occurring in the shear flow of polymer fluids is modeled by the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method at the coarse-grained molecular level. A revised FENE model is proposed to properly describe the polymer chains. In this revised model, the elastic repulsion and tension are both considered between the adjacent beads, the bond length of which is set as one segment’s equilibrium length. The entanglements between polymer chains are described with a bead repulsive potential. The characteristics of such a KH instability in polymer fluid shear flow can be successfully captured in the simulations by the use of the modified FENE model. The numerical results show that the waves and vortexes grow more slowly in the shear flow of the polymer fluids than in the Newtonian fluid case, these vortexes become flat, and the polymer impedes the mixing of fluids and inhibits the generation of turbulence. The effects of the polymer concentration, chain length, and extensibility are also investigated regarding the evolution of KH instability. It is shown that the mixing of two polymer fluids reduces, and the KH instability becomes more suppressed as the polymer concentration increases. The vortexes become much longer with the evolution of the elongated interface as the chain length turns longer. As the extensibility increases, the vortexes become more flattened. Moreover, the roll-up process is significantly suppressed if the polymer has sufficiently high extensibility. These observations show that the polymer and its properties significantly influence the formation and evolution of the coherent structures such as the waves and vortexes in the KH instability progress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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13 pages, 1956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-Substituted (Hexahydro)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione Derivatives: New Insights into Synthesis and Characterization

by Carmellina Daniela Bădiceanu, Catalina Mares, Diana Camelia Nuță, Speranța Avram, Constantin Drăghici, Ana-Maria Udrea, Irina Zarafu, Cornel Chiriță, Marilena Viorica Hovaneț and Carmen Limban

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061616 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1253

Abstract

Novel phthalimide derivatives, namely N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide (1a) and N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (1b), and hexahydrophthalimide derivative N-(1,3-dioxohexahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide (2), have been synthesized. The phthalimide derivatives were synthesized from phthalic anhydride and 2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide [...] Read more.

Novel phthalimide derivatives, namely N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide (1a) and N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (1b), and hexahydrophthalimide derivative N-(1,3-dioxohexahydro-1H-isoindol-2(3H)-yl)-2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide (2), have been synthesized. The phthalimide derivatives were synthesized from phthalic anhydride and 2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide or thiophene-2-carbohydrazide, and the hexahydrophthalimide derivative has been synthesized from hexahydrophthalic anhydride and 2-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetohydrazide. The chemical structures of the compounds are elucidated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Infrared (IR) spectra. The new in vitro antioxidant activities of the obtained substances were evaluated using the DPPH method. All tested compounds showed antioxidative activity, the most active compound being 1b. Bioinformatics tools were used for the prediction of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profiles. Our results showedthat all compounds have a suitable intestinal absorption rate, good BBB and CNS permeabilities and have as molecular targets MAO B, COX-2 and NF-KB, important for antioxidant activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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13 pages, 3775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Adhesively Bonded Joints of Similar and Dissimilar Materials: Industrial Case Study

by Nergizhan Anaç

Processes 2023, 11(5), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051312 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1404

Abstract

Joining similar or dissimilar materials has recently become a hot topic in industries. In this study, an adhesive technique was used to join plastic materials produced by additive manufacturing (3D printing) with metal materials. The effects of the type of material that forms [...] Read more.

Joining similar or dissimilar materials has recently become a hot topic in industries. In this study, an adhesive technique was used to join plastic materials produced by additive manufacturing (3D printing) with metal materials. The effects of the type of material that forms the joint pairs on the joint strength were investigated. In addition, a case study was carried out on the “rubber-metal buffer” part, which is a rubber industry product. The “rubber-metal buffer” part, traditionally produced by vulcanization, was re-manufactured by changing the body material and production technique. Samples were produced from Tough PLA and TPU materials using a 3D printer at 80% and 100% fill rates. Adhesive joints were made by bonding dissimilar (Tough PLA/Galvanized steel, TPU/Galvanized steel, Tough PLA/TPU) and similar materials (Tough PLA/Tough PLA, TPU/TPU, Galvanized steel/Galvanized steel) using Loctite 9466 adhesive. The mechanical properties of the joints were determined using tensile and hardness tests, and then the damage mechanisms were examined. The highest strength value in similar material pairs (3D printed) was found in Tough PLA/Tough PLA joints (4 MPa). In dissimilar material pairs, the highest strength value was determined to be Tough PLA/Galvanized steel (4.17 MPa). As a result, it was found that TPU and Tough PLA materials produced by 3D printing can be used as an alternative to rubber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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17 pages, 5589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shewhart Control Charts Implementation for Quality and Production Management

by Marcela Malindzakova, Katarína Čulková and Jarmila Trpčevská

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041246 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2637

Abstract

Shewhart control charts are suitable for stable but repetitive production processes used for the subsequent identification of random deviations while indicating breached quality limits. They provide information on process variability and, at the same time, make it possible to obtain information on the [...] Read more.

Shewhart control charts are suitable for stable but repetitive production processes used for the subsequent identification of random deviations while indicating breached quality limits. They provide information on process variability and, at the same time, make it possible to obtain information on the reliability of monitored processes. The objective of this paper is to assess the quality characteristics of plastic mouldings for the needs of the automotive industry with the application of the control charts method, specifically Shewhart control charts. The Shewhart control charts were applied to evaluate the quality characteristics, or, more specifically, to evaluate the measured width and length of the produced plastic mouldings by statistical analysis. Statistical analyses show that the set parameters are not met in the first two days of the test series. An improvement in the process is observed on the last day of the test series. The process is well set, as confirmed by our verification of the stability of the process. An important condition for setting the control charts is to observe the correct chronological arrangement and regular acquisition of measured values. Solving tasks in the future must be oriented to an evaluation of the capability of the production process of the monitored product. The proposal for future research will be oriented toward the evaluation of this capability via process capability indices that derive continuous data by using the classical method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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18 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Relative DEM Time Step Range in Fast Fluidization Simulation of Type-A FCC Particles

by Guorong Wu, Yanggui Li and Muhammad Israr

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041155 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1233

Abstract

In many process engineering fields, gas-particle fluidized beds are widely used. In fluidized bed research, the discrete element method, or DEM, has been a powerful tool for design and operation purposes. However, with the use of Type-A powders, fluid catalytic cracking or FCC [...] Read more.

In many process engineering fields, gas-particle fluidized beds are widely used. In fluidized bed research, the discrete element method, or DEM, has been a powerful tool for design and operation purposes. However, with the use of Type-A powders, fluid catalytic cracking or FCC particles being classical cases, they have hardly been reported in DEM simulations of fast fluidization. This study paid close attention to the suitable selection of a stiffness constant and a DEM time step. To reflect their respective effects and complicated interactions, a so-called relative DEM time step was defined. The drag coefficient was correlated using the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) approach to reasonably calculate the gas–solid interaction. Six representative cases with different relative time step values were chosen to simulate a micro-fluidized bed of Type-A FCC powders. The results showed that DEM employing EMMS-based drag force was able to greatly enlarge the suitable range of relative time steps in a fast fluidization simulation of Type-A powders. In addition, the typical macro flow structures of fast fluidization was successfully captured: axially dilute in the top and dense in the bottom, and radially dilute in the core and dense near the wall. Moreover, the distinct gas–solid backmixing, which is considered one of the most important pieces of evidence for the determination of fast fluidization regimes, was modeled. It was indicated that the EMMS-based drag model attenuated the overestimated drag force so that the soft-sphere contact model would be able to more appropriately deal with particle collision, and thus improve the suitable relative DEM time step range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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20 pages, 4278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Laborer’s Mask-Wearing Behavior Detection Approach in the Manufacturing Field

by Yu-Hsin Hung

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041086 - 04 Apr 2023

Viewed by 914

Abstract

Industry 4.0 has considerably advanced multiple manufacturing fields through digitalization and intelligentization. Many technologies, such as supervisory control, data acquisition, and data analytics, have been used widely in manufacturing sites to enhance production efficiency. Therefore, this created a cloud-based anomaly detection module for [...] Read more.

Industry 4.0 has considerably advanced multiple manufacturing fields through digitalization and intelligentization. Many technologies, such as supervisory control, data acquisition, and data analytics, have been used widely in manufacturing sites to enhance production efficiency. Therefore, this created a cloud-based anomaly detection module for epidemic prevention at the manufacturing site. Image process technologies, deep learning algorithms, and cloud computing were employed in the proposed module to automatically identify labor anomaly behavior in the manufacturing site and prevent the epidemic. This study used image processing technologies and deep learning to recognize and train the manufacturing site image. Accordingly, the analyzed result could be incorporated into the cloud system using the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Therefore, the administrators and laborers can be notified regarding the anomaly behavior. The author used the image data obtained from the cylinder head process site as a data source for DA. As per the experimental results, the proposed method has an accuracy of 90%. Therefore, deep learning algorithms provide a practical approach to anomaly detection for epidemic prevention. Furthermore, this study’s primary contributions are designing an improved approach and connecting the manufacturing site to the cloud side using the proposed module. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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12 pages, 3692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles on KIT-6: An Efficient Catalyst in Methane Combustion

by Xiuhui Huang, Wenkai Yang, Zeqiu Li, Qin Lou, Ying Tian and Junfeng Li

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041004 - 26 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1292

Abstract

KIT-6 silica with well-ordered three–dimensional (3D) mesopores has been synthesized as a support for nickel-based catalysts. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and low-angle X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis are used to ensure that the ordered 3D mesostructure is stable after NiO incorporation. In this study, [...] Read more.

KIT-6 silica with well-ordered three–dimensional (3D) mesopores has been synthesized as a support for nickel-based catalysts. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and low-angle X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis are used to ensure that the ordered 3D mesostructure is stable after NiO incorporation. In this study, the catalytic activities of the NiO/KIT-6 samples are investigated. Additionally, the results show that a 10 wt% NiO/KIT-6 catalyst exhibits high catalytic performance in methane combustion, with T₁₀, T₅₀ and T₉₀ being only 386 °C, 456 °C and 507 °C, respectively. Hydrogen Temperature Programmed Reduction (H₂-TPR) studies have shown that the interaction between NiO and KIT-6 in the 10 wt% NiO/KIT-6 catalyst is weak. Methane Temperature programmed Surface Reaction (CH₄-TPSR) results show that the surface oxygen of the NiO/KIT-6 catalyst allows it to exhibit a high catalytic performance. NiO/KIT-6 catalysts exhibit superior activities to SBA-15, MCF and SiO₂ support catalysts because KIT-6 has a higher surface area and ordered 3D mesopore connectivity, which is favorable for better NiO dispersion and peculiar diffusion for reactant and products. Furthermore, the used catalyst maintained an ordered mesostructure and reduction property. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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13 pages, 851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lipophilicity Study of Fumaric and Maleic Acids

by Daria Klimoszek and Alina Pyka-Pająk

Processes 2023, 11(4), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11040993 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1562

Abstract

The experimental lipophilicity of fumaric acid (FA) and maleic acid (MA) using the traditional shake-flask method in an n-octanol–water system using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC) was determined. Experimental partition coefficients (logP_exp) were equal to −0.65 and 0.63 for MA and [...] Read more.

The experimental lipophilicity of fumaric acid (FA) and maleic acid (MA) using the traditional shake-flask method in an n-octanol–water system using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC) was determined. Experimental partition coefficients (logP_exp) were equal to −0.65 and 0.63 for MA and FA, respectively. The chromatographic lipophilicity (R_MW) of the FA and MA was evaluated using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography on RP8F_254s, RP18WF₂₅₄, and CNF_254s plates with a mixture of an organic solvent (methanol or dioxane) and water as the mobile phase. All applied chromatographic conditions were appropriate to determine the lipophilicity of the tested MA and FA. Topological indices derived from distance matrices allowed for the development of a new method for the evaluation of the lipophilicity of MA and FA. All methods applied in this work indicate that MA is less lipophilic than FA. The methods used in this work to determine lipophilicity are of particular importance in the aspect of studying cis- and trans-configuration compounds, because generally available computer programs based on various algorithms (Virtual Computational Chemistry Laboratory and Molinspiration Cheminformatics) indicate that fumaric acid and maleic acid have identical logP values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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9 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spirometric Profile among Detergents Factory Workers in the North West Bank of Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Belal Rahhal, Zaher Nazzal, Abrar Jamal, Ola Quqa, Tasneem Makharze and Noora Aqel

Processes 2023, 11(3), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030955 - 21 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1215

Abstract

Background: The exposure to chemicals in detergent factories, as some studies have shown, has a negative impact the health of workers’ respiratory systems. The aim of the study was to assess the lung function parameters of detergent factory workers and compare it with [...] Read more.

Background: The exposure to chemicals in detergent factories, as some studies have shown, has a negative impact the health of workers’ respiratory systems. The aim of the study was to assess the lung function parameters of detergent factory workers and compare it with those of a group of non-chemical workers using spirometry. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed involving male detergent factory workers and a comparison group of non-chemical workers. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to record workers’ characteristics, and the data were entered to the spirometry device. The spirometry test was performed to assess workers’ lung functions; we recorded the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75%), and lung age. Results: A total of 94 participants (28 detergent factory workers and 66 non-chemical workers) were included in the study. Detergent factory workers showed significant decreasing in the values of FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEF, FEF25–75%, and increased lung age compared to non-workers group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study showed that detergent factory workers have significantly lower pulmonary functions compared to workers in other non-chemical occupations. Further studies are needed to find the cause of this difference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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18 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical Methane Potential of Mechanically and Enzymatically Pretreated Solid Olive Mill Waste

by Patrick Tai, Ruth Spierling, Jennifer Carroll and Stephanie Jung

Processes 2023, 11(3), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030865 - 14 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1171

Abstract

Olive cake, the solid byproduct of three-phase centrifugation olive oil production, has a high organic and polyphenol content, rendering it an environmental threat when landfilled as well as limiting its animal feed potential. This residue can be a good candidate for biomethane production [...] Read more.

Olive cake, the solid byproduct of three-phase centrifugation olive oil production, has a high organic and polyphenol content, rendering it an environmental threat when landfilled as well as limiting its animal feed potential. This residue can be a good candidate for biomethane production due to its rich polysaccharide content (pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose). Two strategies were compared to maximize biomethane production: destoning (i.e., removal of the seed fragments via mechanical means) and enzymatic pretreatment of the pulp. After 30 days of batch anaerobic digestion at 35 °C, both enzymatically pretreated and destoned olive cakes produced similar amounts of methane (~295 mL CH₄/g volatile solids (VS)), 42% more than the control. A comparison of olive cake’s biomethane yields with a broad range of agricultural residues in the literature demonstrated its suitability for biomethane production. Additionally, the digestate recovered from the anaerobic digestion of olive cake had high Kjeldahl nitrogen contents (3.6%, db) and low polyphenol concentrations (0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), qualifying it as an ingredient for soil amendment. This study demonstrated olive cake can be diverted from landfills for second-generation biofuel production, and that the resulting digestate may have value for soil amendment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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16 pages, 6691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Short-Circuit Fault Current Impact Mechanism and Adaptive Control Strategy of an MMC-HVDC

by Xi Wang, Zhen Chen, Yinming Zhang, Qin Jiang, Baohong Li, Yao He and Qiping Li

Processes 2023, 11(3), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030837 - 10 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1798

Abstract

A modular multilevel converter (MMC) is voltage-sourced and can supply fault currents to an AC system. To clarify the fault current impact mechanism of an MMC, this paper examines the control and capacitor discharge processes of an MMC when an AC system has [...] Read more.

A modular multilevel converter (MMC) is voltage-sourced and can supply fault currents to an AC system. To clarify the fault current impact mechanism of an MMC, this paper examines the control and capacitor discharge processes of an MMC when an AC system has a three-phase short grounding fault. The theoretical analysis shows that the outer loop control of the MMCs changes the fault injection. In different control modes, the nonzero reference value of the outer MMC loop forces the converter to inject and absorb the current into the AC system when a fault occurs. The limiter of the control determines the final injecting current value of the MMC. To help the MMC adjust the AC system’s fault current, adaptive strategies are also proposed, which include an adaptive reference control, an adaptive limiter control, and an adaptive capacitor control. On the basis of the proposed strategies, the fault currents could be increased or decreased within the MMC’s capacity. The simulations verify the theoretical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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18 pages, 10613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Verification Approach and Multicontact Points Issue When Modeling Cyperus esculentus Seeds Based on DEM

by Tianyue Xu, Ruxin Zhang, Xinming Jiang, Weizhi Feng, Yang Wang and Jingli Wang

Processes 2023, 11(3), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030825 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 937

Abstract

In this paper, the Multisphere (MS) models of three varieties of Cyperus esculentus seeds are modeled based on DEM. In addition, for comparison, other particle models based on automatic filing in EDEM software are also introduced. Then, the direct shear test, piling test, [...] Read more.

In this paper, the Multisphere (MS) models of three varieties of Cyperus esculentus seeds are modeled based on DEM. In addition, for comparison, other particle models based on automatic filing in EDEM software are also introduced. Then, the direct shear test, piling test, bulk density test, and rotating hub test are used to verify the feasibility of particle models of Cyperus esculentus seeds that we proposed. By comparing the simulated results and experimental results, combined with the CPU computation time, the proposed particle models achieved better simulation accuracy with fewer filing spheres. According to simulation results, some limitation was present when using one single verification test; varieties of verification tests used could improve the verification reliability, and a more appropriate particle model could be selected. Additionally, the issue of multicontact points in the MS model was studied. The Hertz Mindlin (no slip) (HM) model and Hertz Mindlin new restitution (HMNR) model were both considered in simulations for comparison. The rotating hub test and particle–wall impact test were used, and the influences of multiple contact points on the motion behavior of individual particles and particle assemblies were analyzed. Simulation results showed that the multiple contact points affected the motion behavior of individual particles; in contrast, the influence of multiple contact points on the motion behavior of the particle assembly was insignificant. Moreover, the relationships between moisture content of seeds and Young’s modulus, Young’s modulus, and the number of contact points were also considered. Young’s modulus decreased with increasing moisture content. The number of contact points increased with a decreasing Young’s modulus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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14 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Quality of the Cement Production Process in Terms of Increasing the Company’s Performance

by Katarína Teplická and Zuzana Sedláková

Processes 2023, 11(3), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030791 - 07 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2149

Abstract

This article summarizes the arguments surrounding the scientific discussion of the cement production process at a selected company in Slovakia. (1) The main goal of this article is to evaluate the quality of the cement production process with the intention of increasing the [...] Read more.

This article summarizes the arguments surrounding the scientific discussion of the cement production process at a selected company in Slovakia. (1) The main goal of this article is to evaluate the quality of the cement production process with the intention of increasing the performance and quality of the process and the quality of the cement in various assortments. The object of this research was a selected company in Slovakia which focuses on cement production. (2) The methods of research were focused on using statistical, economic, and financial analyses and instruments of quality management, such as the Ishikawa diagram, regression diagram, correlation, and box plot diagram. The relevance of the decision of this scientific research relating to the innovation of the cement production process focused on Industry 4.0 requirements. (3) This paper presents the results of the clinker CaOF content and LS and their quality. These components are used for cement products and are responsible for the quality of cement. This paper obtained a view of barriers in the cement production process, the most important of which are the people involved and their qualifications. (4) These barriers were minimalized and indicated significant improvements in the quality of entry components in the clinker. We suggest reducing CEM III and replacing CEM I-R, which brings higher profit to the company. These results can be instruments or recommendations for other companies utilizing the cement production process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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21 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Biogas from Food Waste Using the Anaerobic Digestion Process with Biofilm-Based Pretreatment

by Amina Mohamed Ali, Md Zahangir Alam, Fatouma Mohamed Abdoul-latif, Mohammed Saedi Jami, Ibrahim Gamiye Bouh, Ibrahim Adebayo Bello and Tarik Ainane

Processes 2023, 11(3), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030655 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5239

Abstract

The production of biogas from food waste is a good approach to the minimization of food waste and increase in the production of renewable energy. However, the use of food waste as a feedstock for biogas production currently poses a difficulty due to [...] Read more.

The production of biogas from food waste is a good approach to the minimization of food waste and increase in the production of renewable energy. However, the use of food waste as a feedstock for biogas production currently poses a difficulty due to an ineffective hydrolysis process, which is a pretreatment procedure and the initial step of the biogas conversion process. This restriction results from the food waste polymers’ solubilization and breakdown. This has an impact on the volume of biogas produced during the methanogenesis stage. It is essential to increase the biodegradation of organic compounds (OC) during the hydrolysis process to increase biogas generation. This study focuses on the enhancement of biogas production by the anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW). FW was hydrolyzed by the immobilized biofilm and digested anaerobically in a semi-continuous digester. Four different digesters including the control were prepared. The control digester composed of no hydrolyzed food waste had no immobilized biofilm while the other three digesters had immobilized biofilm-hydrolyzed food waste with inoculum concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 50%. The results showed that the 50% digester had the highest biogas yield of about 2000 mL/500 mL. The 10%, 30%, and control digesters had a biogas yield of 1523 mL, 753 mL, and 502 mL respectively. Thus, the analysis of total volatile solid (TVS) reduction in the digesters with 10%, 30%, and 50% inoculum and the control have increased to 43.4% for the digesters with 30% and 10%, 60% for the digester with 50% inoculum, and only 29% for the control. Total chemical demand (TCOD) removal increased to 29%, 33%, 43%, and 56% for the control, and 10%, 30%, and 50%, respectively for the inoculum-to-feed ratio. From these results, the 50% inoculum-to-feed ratio has shown the highest biogas production and highest degradation based on TVS reduction and TCOD reduction. Based on this study, the biofilm pretreatment method can be considered a promising method for the enhancement of biogas volume and biodegradation. Biogas production was high (2000 mL) for hydraulic retention time (HRT = 20) days but the HRT = 15 days was also able to produce a significant amount (1400 mL) of biogas and the 50% inoculum-to-feed ratio has shown the highest volume of biogas production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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11 pages, 1855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the New Imidazole Derivatives Complexation with Betacyclodextrin, on the Antifungal Activity in Oropharyngeal Infections

by Elena Lacramioara Lisa, Oana Maria Dragostin, Antoneta Dacia Petroaie, Gabriela Gurau, Alina Cristea, Alexandra Pavel, Florina Bonifate, Paul Serban Popa and Madalina Matei

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2697; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122697 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1879

Abstract

Ketoconazole (KZ) is a broad-spectrum drug used to treat fungal infections. Local use of ketoconazole has been associated with some side effects in healthy adults, especially local reactions, such as stinging, severe irritation, and itching. Moreover, the bioavailability of KZ after oral administration [...] Read more.

Ketoconazole (KZ) is a broad-spectrum drug used to treat fungal infections. Local use of ketoconazole has been associated with some side effects in healthy adults, especially local reactions, such as stinging, severe irritation, and itching. Moreover, the bioavailability of KZ after oral administration is low in tablets due to its low water solubility. In addition, oral administration of ketoconazole produces systemic exposure, associated with significant side effects, such as cholestatic and hepatocellular lesions. In an attempt to reduce hepatotoxicity, ketoconazole may be administered at the primary site of infection with cutaneous candidiasis, specifically on the skin tissue. However, the use of ketoconazole in topical dosage forms is limited by its high lipophilicity and extremely poor aqueous solubility (1 ng/mL), thus leading to the rare availability of topical dosage forms on the market. Therefore, a new approach to the effective delivery of ketoconazole to the site of infection is targeted, including obtaining new derivatives (keeping the imidazolic nucleus), with a similar spectrum of action, and finally, their inclusion in betacyclodextrin complexes in order to optimize bioavailability and physico-chemical stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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20 pages, 3067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Configuration Method of Flexible Workshop Resources Based on IICA-NS Algorithm

by Xuan Su, Chaoyang Zhang, Chen Chen, Lei Fang and Weixi Ji

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112394 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1103

Abstract

The optimal configuration of flexible workshop resources is critical to production efficiency, while disturbances pose significant challenges to the effectiveness of the configuration. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid-driven resource dynamic configuration model and an improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm hybrid Neighborhood Search (IICA-NS) [...] Read more.

The optimal configuration of flexible workshop resources is critical to production efficiency, while disturbances pose significant challenges to the effectiveness of the configuration. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid-driven resource dynamic configuration model and an improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm hybrid Neighborhood Search (IICA-NS) that incorporates domain knowledge to allocate resources in flexible workshops. First, a hybrid-driven configuration framework is proposed to optimize resource configuration strategies. Then, in the revolutionary step of the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), the bottleneck heuristic neighborhood structure is adopted to retain the excellent genes in the imperial so that the updated imperial is closer to the optimal solution; And a population invasion strategy is proposed further to improve the searchability of the ICA algorithm. Finally, the simulation experiments are carried out through production examples on flexible workshop production cases, and the proposed algorithm is applied. Compared with traditional ICA, genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), moth-flame optimization (MFO) and sparrow search algorithm (SSA), the proposed method and algorithm effectively solve flexible workshops’ resource dynamic configuration problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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12 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Removal of Vascular Lesions Using the IPL Method—Preliminary Observations

by Aleksandra Lipka-Trawińska, Sławomir Wilczyński, Anna Deda, Robert Koprowski, Agata Lebiedowska and Dominika Wcisło-Dziadecka

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2225; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112225 - 29 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1200

Abstract

The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for the acquisition of skin images in visible light in a repeatable manner, enabling an objective assessment and comparison of the skin condition before and after a series of IPL treatments. Thirteen patients [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for the acquisition of skin images in visible light in a repeatable manner, enabling an objective assessment and comparison of the skin condition before and after a series of IPL treatments. Thirteen patients with erythematous lesions, vascular skin and/or rosacea were examined. Treatments aimed at reducing the erythema were carried out using the Lumecca™ (InMode MD Ltd., Yokneam, Israel) The research used the FOTOMEDICUS image acquisition system (Elfo, Łódź, Poland). The RGB images were recorded and decomposed to individual channels: red, green and blue. Then, the output image (RGB) and its individual channels were transformed into images in shades of gray. The GLCM and QTDECOMP algorithms were used for the quantitative analysis of vascular lesions. Image recording in cross-polarized light enables effective visualization of vascular lesions of the facial skin. A series of three treatments using the IPL light source seems to be sufficient to reduce vascular lesions in the face. GLCM contrast and homogeneity analysis can be an effective method of identifying skin vascular lesions. Quadtree decomposition allows for the quantitative identification of skin vascular lesions to a limited extent. The brightness analysis of the images does not allow quantification of the vascular features of the skin. Mexametric measurements do not allow for a quantitative assessment of the skin’s blood vessel response to high-energy light. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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21 pages, 3980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New TLC Method Combined with Densitometry for Determination of Sertraline and Fluoxetine in Pharmaceutical Preparations

by Alina Pyka-Pająk

Processes 2022, 10(10), 2083; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102083 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1857

Abstract

TLC combined with densitometry was used, and chromatographic conditions were developed to determination both fluoxetine and sertraline in pharmaceuticals. The mobile phase with the composition of acetone, chloroform, and ammonia (10:5:1, v/v) allowed separation of the most degradation products of sertraline and [...] Read more.

TLC combined with densitometry was used, and chromatographic conditions were developed to determination both fluoxetine and sertraline in pharmaceuticals. The mobile phase with the composition of acetone, chloroform, and ammonia (10:5:1, v/v) allowed separation of the most degradation products of sertraline and fluoxetine from all nineteen used in the study of mobile phases. Therefore, this mobile phase was selected as optimal for the analysis of sertraline and fluoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations. The R_F values of sertraline and fluoxetine differ from the degradation products of fluoxetine and sertraline. Therefore, the developed chromatographic conditions can be used for the simultaneous determination of fluoxetine and sertraline. Confirmation of the identity of the active substance can be made on the basis of the compliance of the R_F values and the spectrodensitograms of the substance from the pharmaceutical preparation and the standard of fluoxetine or sertraline, respectively. The developed method was simple, economical, specific, precise, accurate, sensitive, and robust, with a good range of linearity for the quantification of fluoxetine and sertraline in pharmaceutical preparations. TLC in combination with densitometry can be recommended for the analysis of fluoxetine and sertraline in the absence of HPLC in the laboratory or to confirm results obtained with other analytical techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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10 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Mercury Concentration in Spice Plants

by Agnieszka Fischer and Barbara Brodziak-Dopierała

Processes 2022, 10(10), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101954 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Spice plants are popularly used as ingredients in food products. Promoting healthy eating, paying attention to the quality of products, means that organic and self-produced ingredients, whose origin and growing conditions are known, are gaining popularity. The study determined the concentration of mercury [...] Read more.

Spice plants are popularly used as ingredients in food products. Promoting healthy eating, paying attention to the quality of products, means that organic and self-produced ingredients, whose origin and growing conditions are known, are gaining popularity. The study determined the concentration of mercury (Hg) in popular leafy spice plants: peppermint (Mentha piperita), common basil (Ocimum basilicum), lovage (Levisticum officinale) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Self-grown spices and ready-made commercial products were selected for the study. The Hg content in the test samples was determined by the AAS method (AMA 254, Altec, Praha, Czech Republic). The range of Hg content in the tested spice samples ranged from 1.20 to 17.35 µg/kg, on average 6.95 µgHg/kg. The highest concentration of Hg was recorded in the peppermint, 9.39 µg/kg. In plants grown independently, the concentration of Hg was statistically significantly higher than in commercial products purchased in a store. There were no differences in the concentration of Hg in organic and non-organic spices. Commercial spices defined by producers as organic products did not differ statistically significantly in the level of Hg content from non-organic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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11 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Assessment of the Efficacy of the Nd:YAG Laser Therapy of Psoriasis

by Wiktoria Odrzywołek, Anna Deda, Julita Zdrada, Dominika Wcisło-Dziadecka, Barbara Błońska-Fajfrowska and Sławomir Wilczyński

Processes 2022, 10(7), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071404 - 19 Jul 2022

Viewed by 2842

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Within psoriatic lesions, microvascular dysfunction and numerous, tortuous blood vessels occurs. The Nd:YAG laser causes the selective destruction of dilated capillaries, which contributes to the inhibition of leukocyte transport within psoriatic lesions and may be an effective [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Within psoriatic lesions, microvascular dysfunction and numerous, tortuous blood vessels occurs. The Nd:YAG laser causes the selective destruction of dilated capillaries, which contributes to the inhibition of leukocyte transport within psoriatic lesions and may be an effective method of psoriasis therapy. This preliminary study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the Nd:YAG laser in reducing psoriatic lesions. Twenty volunteers suffering from psoriasis met the inclusion criteria and were qualified for the study. The non-lesional skin areas and areas with psoriatic lesions were imaged using a DUB SkinScanner high-frequency ultrasound, and skin parameters, including the stratum corneum hydration, melanin and hemoglobin level, were evaluated. The thickness of the epidermis and the SLEB layer, as well as the density of the dermis, were assessed before and after the therapy. The Nd:YAG laser, with a wavelength of 1064 nm and a 650-microsecond pulse duration, was used to treat psoriasis. The density of psoriatic skin after treatment increased by 7.26 u.m. and epidermis thickness decreased by 0.068 u.m. The stratum corneum hydration increased by 9.5 u.m., hemoglobin value decreased by 35 u.m. and melanin decreased by 12 u.m. The thickness of the SLEB layer was also reduced from 0.340 mm before the therapy to 0.195 mm after the therapy. The increase in skin density and the decrease in epidermal thickness after the therapy may prove the effectiveness of the Nd:YAG laser in reducing psoriatic lesions. The thickness of the SLEB layer and hemoglobin decrease indicate a reduction in inflammation. Laser therapy improves the epidermal hydration of psoriatic skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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16 pages, 2722 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Physicochemical Study of Albumin Nanoparticles with Chlorambucil

by Karolina Kulig, Magdalena Ziąbka, Kacper Pilarczyk, Aleksandra Owczarzy, Wojciech Rogóż and Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061170 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1984

Abstract

Currently, nanotechnology is considered a promising strategy to enhance drug solubility and other physicochemical properties. Albumin is a biopolymer that can be used in drug delivery systems due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize [...] Read more.

Currently, nanotechnology is considered a promising strategy to enhance drug solubility and other physicochemical properties. Albumin is a biopolymer that can be used in drug delivery systems due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize albumin nanoparticles with chlorambucil as a controlled drug delivery system. Different concentrations of chlorambucil were incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in order to prepare nanoparticles using the desolvation method. As a result, nanoparticles in sizes ranging from 199.6 to 382.6 nm exhibiting high encapsulation efficiency of chlorambucil were obtained. A spectroscopic study revealed concentration-dependent changes in secondary structure of the albumin chain and in the hydrophobicity of chlorambucil. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the investigated structures may be used in the development of a drug delivery system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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12 pages, 5185 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment of Psoriatic Skin Features Using Non-Invasive Imaging Technique

by Wiktoria Odrzywołek, Anna Deda, Julita Zdrada, Dominika Wcisło-Dziadecka, Aleksandra Lipka-Trawińska, Barbara Błońska-Fajfrowska and Sławomir Wilczyński

Processes 2022, 10(5), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050985 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

Background: Psoriasis is one of the most commonly recognized dermatological diseases, characterized by distinct structural changes, hyperproliferation and inflammation. The aim of the study was quantitative comparisons of psoriatic skin with skin without psoriatic lesions by non-invasive imaging methods. Methods: 71 patients diagnosed [...] Read more.

Background: Psoriasis is one of the most commonly recognized dermatological diseases, characterized by distinct structural changes, hyperproliferation and inflammation. The aim of the study was quantitative comparisons of psoriatic skin with skin without psoriatic lesions by non-invasive imaging methods. Methods: 71 patients diagnosed with psoriasis vulgaris underwent non-invasive imaging of skin at the site of the psoriatic lesion and at the site without such lesion. Skin density, epidermis thickness and subepidermal low-echogenic band (SLEB) thickness were measured by high-resolution ultrasound (HFU). Blood perfusion was assessed using laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) and skin temperature was measured by thermal imaging camera. Hyperspectral camera was used to obtain spectral reflectance profiles in psoriatic lesion and skin without psoriatic changes. Results: The greatest differences in skin density and epidermal thickness between psoriatic and unchanged skin were observed on the forearms. The skin covered with psoriatic plaques was 80% less dense, and the epidermis in this area was 121% thicker. The greatest thickness of SLEB was observed in the knee area (Me = 0.389 mm). Skin with psoriatic lesions is characterized by a higher temperature (Me = 33.6 vs. Me = 31) and blood perfusion than skin without psoriasis (Me = 98.76 vs. Me = 50.65). Skin without psoriasis shows lower reflectance than psoriatic lesion from 623 nm to 1000 nm; below this value, skin without psoriatic lesion shows higher reflectance. Conclusions: Skin density and epidermis thickness, skin blood perfusion, temperature and reflectance can be useful parameters for monitoring the course of psoriasis and its treatment, especially since the examination of psoriatic skin with proposed methods is non-invasive, quantitative and easy to perform in clinical conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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29 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Celastrol with a Knockdown of miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 Causes Cell Cycle Changes and Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells

by Monika Paul-Samojedny, Emilia Liduk, Paulina Borkowska, Aleksandra Zielińska, Małgorzata Kowalczyk, Renata Suchanek-Raif and Jan Alojzy Kowalski

Processes 2022, 10(3), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030441 - 22 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a cancer with extremely high aggressiveness, malignancy and mortality. Because of all of the poor prognosis features of GBM, new methods should be sought that will effectively cure it. We examined the efficacy of a combination of celastrol and [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a cancer with extremely high aggressiveness, malignancy and mortality. Because of all of the poor prognosis features of GBM, new methods should be sought that will effectively cure it. We examined the efficacy of a combination of celastrol and a knockdown of the miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 genes in the human glioblastoma U251MG cell line. U251MG cells were transfected with specific siRNA and exposed to celastrol. The effect of the knockdown of the miRs genes in combination with exposure to celastrol on the cell cycle (flow cytometry) and the expression of selected genes related to its regulation (RT-qPCR) and the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy was investigated. We found a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation, an accumulation of the subG1-phase cells and a decreased population of cells in the S and G2/M phases, as well as the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. The observed changes were not identical in the case of the silencing of each of the tested miRNAs, which indicates a different mechanism of action of miR9-2, miR-17, miR-19 silencing on GBM cells in combination with celastrol. The multidirectional effects of the silencing of the genes encoding miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 in combination with exposure to celastrol is possible. The studied strategy of silencing the miR overexpressed in GBM could be important in developing more effective treatments for glioblastoma. Additional studies are necessary in order to obtain a more detailed interpretation of the obtained results. The siRNA-induced miR-9-2, miR-17 and miR-19 mRNA knockdowns in combination with celastrol could offer a novel therapeutic strategy to more effectively control the growth of human GBM cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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12 pages, 3488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Selected Chemokines in the Peritoneal Fluid of Women with Endometriosis—Participation in the Pathogenesis of the Disease

by Marta Smycz-Kubańska, Zdzisława Kondera-Anasz, Justyna Sikora, Dominika Wendlocha, Patrycja Królewska-Daszczyńska, Aleksandra Englisz, Aleksandra Janusz, Joanna Janusz and Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz

Processes 2021, 9(12), 2229; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122229 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

Endometriosis is a disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, primarily into the peritoneal cavity. It is known as a complex, chronic inflammatory disease and it is strongly associated with immune dysregulation. Various soluble mediators of the immune [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is a disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, primarily into the peritoneal cavity. It is known as a complex, chronic inflammatory disease and it is strongly associated with immune dysregulation. Various soluble mediators of the immune and inflammatory responses, including chemokines, play an important role in these processes. The aim of the study was to understand the role of the chemokines MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, MIP-1 α, MIP-1β, eotaxin 2, eotaxin 3, ENA-78, and fractalkine in the development of endometriosis through their assessment in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. The study group included 58 women with endometriosis who were diagnosed during laparoscopy and then confirmed by histopathology. In 15 women from the reference group, laparoscopic examination demonstrated a normal status of the pelvic organs without any evidence of endometriosis nor inflammation in the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis and of women from the reference group were examined. To determine the concentration of the studied chemokines, enzyme immunoassays for Luminex^® platforms were used. In the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis, a statistically significant increase in the concentration of MIP-1β, eotaxin 2, eotaxin 3, ENA-78, and fractalkine and a decrease in the concentration of MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, and MIP-1α were observed compared to the reference group. The concentration of these cytokines depended on the severity of the disease. Changes in the concentration of the studied chemokines in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis suggest their participation in the pathogenesis of the disease. The differences in chemokines concentration observed in different stages of endometriosis may be associated with the presence of inflammation in the peritoneal cavity at each step of disease development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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Review

Jump to: Research

12 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cartilage Tissue in Forensic Science—State of the Art and Future Research Directions

by Marcin Tomsia, Julia Cieśla, Joanna Pilch-Kowalczyk, Przemysław Banaszek and Elżbieta Chełmecka

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2456; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112456 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2262

Abstract

Cartilage tissue performs many functions in the human body. The diseases and injuries affecting it are prevalent due to its slow regeneration rate. However, cartilage tissue is exceptionally important for its auspicious use in forensic medicine due to its slow postmortem degradation rate. [...] Read more.

Cartilage tissue performs many functions in the human body. The diseases and injuries affecting it are prevalent due to its slow regeneration rate. However, cartilage tissue is exceptionally important for its auspicious use in forensic medicine due to its slow postmortem degradation rate. The presented review summarizes the latest research on cartilage tissues and their current and potential applications in forensic science. It also describes the most important studies on using cartilage and its microscopic and macroscopic analyses to estimate the deceased age and determine postmortem interval (PMI) values and the crime weapon. Additionally, the review describes attempts to isolate DNA from cartilage tissue for individual identification. The review also mentions recent, less abundant studies on the cartilage in forensic toxicology and genetics. It points out further directions and prospects for research development on cartilage tissue and its promising use in forensic medicine Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

26 pages, 4445 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hoshin Kanri Process: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis on the Connection of Theory and Practice

by Marcela Pavlíčková, Andrea Mojžišová and Jana Pócsová

Processes 2022, 10(9), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091854 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4155

Abstract

The review assesses the Hoshin Kanri process from the point of view of theory and practice implementations in different organizations. There are several adaptations of Hoshin Kanri and a wide range of tools used in each organization. This review aims to determine which [...] Read more.

The review assesses the Hoshin Kanri process from the point of view of theory and practice implementations in different organizations. There are several adaptations of Hoshin Kanri and a wide range of tools used in each organization. This review aims to determine which and how companies have implemented the afore-mentioned methodology into their strategic management. The PRISMA statement was the framework for the present research. The structure for this study was obtained through a review of articles from two of the most important databases (Scopus and Web of Science). The review focuses on three parts: the theoretical basis of the methodology, a bibliometric overview of the selected articles, and practical insight into the implementation of Hoshin Kanri within the case-study organizations. Since the study’s purpose is to determine not only the companies where Hoshin Kanri was implemented but also the reasons and results of those implementations, therefore, 26 journal articles covering detailed implementations were selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Processes: Women's Special Issue Series)

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