Editorial

3 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on “Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes”

by Piotr Rybarczyk

Processes 2023, 11(10), 2909; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11102909 - 03 Oct 2023

Viewed by 632

The development of industry and increasing population result in the growing demand for clean water and air, with higher and higher volumes of sewage and post-process air to be treated [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 3241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Modeling of Microbial Electrolysis Cells for Enhanced Urban Wastewater Treatment and Hydrogen Generation

by Narges Rahimi and Ursula Eicker

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041157 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1605

Abstract

Conventional wastewater treatment plants (CWTPs) are intensive energy consumers. New technologies are emerging for wastewater treatment such as microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) that can simultaneously treat wastewater and generate hydrogen as a renewable energy source. Mathematical modeling of single and dual-chamber microbial electrolysis [...] Read more.

Conventional wastewater treatment plants (CWTPs) are intensive energy consumers. New technologies are emerging for wastewater treatment such as microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) that can simultaneously treat wastewater and generate hydrogen as a renewable energy source. Mathematical modeling of single and dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (SMEC and DMEC) has been developed based on microbial population growth in this study. The model outputs were validated successfully with previous works, and are then used for comparisons between the SMEC and DMEC regarding the hydrogen production rate (HPR). The results reveal that the daily HPR in DMEC is higher than in SMEC, with about 0.86 l H₂ and 0.52 l H₂, respectively, per 1 L of wastewater. Moreover, the results have been used to compare the HPR in water electrolysis (WE) processes and MECs. WE consume 51 kWh to generate 1 kg of hydrogen, while SMEC and DMEC require only 30 kWh and 24.5 kWh, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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17 pages, 2776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of High-Gradient Magnetic Separation for the Recovery of Super-Paramagnetic Polymer Adsorbent Used in Adsorption and Desorption Processes

by Jyi-Yeong Tseng, Chia-Chi Chang, Cheng-Wen Tu, Min-Hao Yuan, Ching-Yuan Chang, Chiung-Fen Chang, Yi-Hung Chen, Je-Lueng Shie, Dar-Ren Ji, Bo-Liang Liu and Matthias Franzreb

Processes 2023, 11(3), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030965 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1279

Abstract

This study examined the application of high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) for recycling of super-paramagnetic polymer adsorbent (MPA), namely, polyvinyl acetate-iminodiacetic acid. The HGMS can be incorporated with the adsorption and desorption processes (ADPs) with fresh or regenerated desorbed MPAs and exhausted adsorbed MPAs, [...] Read more.

This study examined the application of high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) for recycling of super-paramagnetic polymer adsorbent (MPA), namely, polyvinyl acetate-iminodiacetic acid. The HGMS can be incorporated with the adsorption and desorption processes (ADPs) with fresh or regenerated desorbed MPAs and exhausted adsorbed MPAs, respectively. This combines the permanent magnet’s advantage of low running costs with the easy operation using the solenoid to flush the filter in place. The effects of the inlet concentration of MPA in solution (C_LF_,i) and the fluid velocity (v₀) or volumetric flow rate (Q_LF) on the performance of the recovery of MPA via HGMS were assessed. The results indicated that the separation efficiency (η or P₀), breakthrough time (t_B) and exhaustion time (t_E) of HGMS reduce as C_LF_,i, as well as v₀, increases. Further, the filter saturated capture capacity (σ_S) of HGMS also decreases with increasing v₀. The effect of v₀ on t_B proportional to 1/v₀² is more significant than that on σ_S proportional to 1/v₀. A kinetic model of HGMS shows good agreements for the experimental and predicted breakthrough results, with determination coefficients of 0.985–0.995. The information obtained in this study is useful for the rational design and proper operation of a HGMS system for the recycling and reuse of MPA in ADPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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17 pages, 7442 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Non-Woven Filters Made of PLA via Solution Blowing Process for Effective Aerosol Nanoparticles Filtration

by Anna Jackiewicz-Zagórska, Karol Mika, Agata Penconek and Arkadiusz Moskal

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122598 - 05 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1570

Abstract

With the development of civilization, the awareness of the impact of versatile aerosol particles on both human health and the environment is growing. New materials are needed to purify the air to control this impact The aspect of processing the produced waste is [...] Read more.

With the development of civilization, the awareness of the impact of versatile aerosol particles on both human health and the environment is growing. New materials are needed to purify the air to control this impact The aspect of processing the produced waste is not negligible. In view of the above, this study proposes utilizing the solution blow spinning process (SBS) for manufacturing a biodegradable filtration structure that ensures high efficiency of nanoobject filtration, with a low pressure drop. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used to produce a nanofiber layer on the coconut substrate. The advantage of this method is the ability to blow fibers with diameters in the nano-scale, applying relatively simple, cost-effective, and easy to scale-up equipment. This work selected appropriate process parameters to produce good quality filters. Moreover, the process conditions influence on the morphology of the obtained structures and, thus, also the filtration properties, were examined. For tested solutions, i.e., 4% and 6%, the mean fiber diameter decreased as the concentration decreased. Therefore, the overall filtering efficiency increased as the concentration of the used solution decreased. The produced structures exhibited approximately 70% filtration efficiency for particles ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 μm with a pressure drop of less than 60 Pa. Obtained results are optimistic and are a step in producing efficient, biodegradable filters to remove nanoparticles from air. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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14 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visible Fenton Degradation of Bisphenol A by Boron-Doped, Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nano-Fe₃O₄

by Boxia Liu, Xiayan Zhang and Zhi Song

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2582; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122582 - 03 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1196

Abstract

Phenolic pollutants in industrial wastewater are considered to be harmful aromatic compounds. With the development of industry and pharmaceuticals, phenolic pollutants and their derivatives have gradually started to affect people’s daily lives. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the content of phenolic [...] Read more.

Phenolic pollutants in industrial wastewater are considered to be harmful aromatic compounds. With the development of industry and pharmaceuticals, phenolic pollutants and their derivatives have gradually started to affect people’s daily lives. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the content of phenolic pollutants in industrial wastewater, not only for the natural environment but also for human life. The research optimized the existing treatment methods for classified pollutants, and successfully prepared a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst Fe₃O₄@B-rGO (9.3%). The characterization results of the catalyst showed that the synthesis of the catalyst was successful, and its specific surface area was 11.28 (m²/g), and the pore volume area was 0.137 (m³/g), respectively, which were larger than those of the other two comparative catalysts. In addition, the research conclusion also showed that the catalyst prepared during the research had good catalytic activity, the treatment efficiency of Fe₃O₄@B-rGO (9.3%) to bisphenol A could reach 100%, and the mineralization rate could reach 67.4%. In the reaction, the main active radicals are generated, and catalyst Fe₃O₄@B-rGO (9.3%) can produce more active free radicals compared with Fe₃O₄ and Fe₃O₄@rGO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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12 pages, 1800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical Study of Bacillus stearothermophilus Immobilized Lipase for Oily Wastewater Treatment

by Abir Ben Bacha, Mona Alonazi, Humidah Alanazi, Mona G. Alharbi, Raida Jallouli and Aida Karray

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2220; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112220 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1707

Abstract

Traditional wastewater treatments involve expensive mechanical and physiochemical methods, so researchers have been developing cost-effective, sustainable technologies that use enzymes to produce higher quality effluents and recover more energy and nutrients from wastewater. A thermostable, alkaline, and solvent-tolerant lipase was partially purified from [...] Read more.

Traditional wastewater treatments involve expensive mechanical and physiochemical methods, so researchers have been developing cost-effective, sustainable technologies that use enzymes to produce higher quality effluents and recover more energy and nutrients from wastewater. A thermostable, alkaline, and solvent-tolerant lipase was partially purified from thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus. The lipase displayed maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 11.0 and catalyzed both short- and long-chain triacylglycerols at similar rates. B. stearothermophilus lipase also exhibited high stability when incubated at 40 °C for 1 h with anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Studies show that thermostable enzymes can be improved through immobilization and modification of other reaction conditions. Therefore, B. stearothermophilus lipase was immobilized through adsorption on CaCO₃, Celite 545, and silica gel with the CaCO₃ support producing the best adsorption rate (89.33%). The optimal initial lipase activity was approximately 4500 U.g⁻¹ after 60 min. Interestingly, 93% of the initial lipase activity was retained after six cycles, and almost 50% of the initial activity remained after 12 cycles. Furthermore, immobilization improved storage stability with 98.85% of the initial lipase activity retained after 60 days of storage at 4 °C. The biochemical characteristics of immobilized lipase shifted toward a slightly alkaline region, reaching maximum activity at pH 12. The optimal temperature of immobilized lipase was 60 °C. Immobilization also improved enzymatic stability by widening the pH range from 5–9 (for free lipase) to 4–11, and thermostability by reaching 65 °C. The application of immobilized lipase in wastewater treatment was observed through oil layer biodegradation. Notably, treating wastewater for 10 days with immobilized lipase almost removed the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 1950.1 down to 4.04 mg.L⁻¹. Similarly, lipid content was almost removed from 15,500 ± 546 mg.L⁻¹ down to 12 mg.L⁻¹. All results highlight the potential value of CaCO₃-immobilized lipase as an effective biocatalyst for hydrolyzing wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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20 pages, 53249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antibiotic Adsorption Properties of Graphene-Modified Nonwoven Materials for Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants

by Igor Kogut, Friederike Armbruster, Daniel Polak, Sandeep Kaur, Stephan Hussy, Tobias Thiem, Anja Gerhardts and Maciej Szwast

Processes 2022, 10(10), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102051 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1708

Abstract

The utilization of adsorptive nonwovens as a pretreatment unit may lead to novel, cost-efficient wastewater treatment technologies with remarkable properties for environmental protection, such as efficient adsorption of antibiotics. This paper uses graphene-modified nonwoven (GMN) to examine (i) how the adsorption of tetracycline [...] Read more.

The utilization of adsorptive nonwovens as a pretreatment unit may lead to novel, cost-efficient wastewater treatment technologies with remarkable properties for environmental protection, such as efficient adsorption of antibiotics. This paper uses graphene-modified nonwoven (GMN) to examine (i) how the adsorption of tetracycline (TCY)—especially since this antibiotic is frequently detected in the environment—takes place on an environmentally relevant concentration scale, and (ii) what factors influence the antibacterial and antifungal properties profile of this material class. This study demonstrates that combining graphene particles with commercial textile auxiliaries clearly enhances the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the modified nonwoven materials. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the TCY residues at ng/mL scale. The adsorption results follow Henry and Redlich–Peterson isotherms and emphasize the adsorption process at low concentration levels of TCY. Therefore, the appropriately designed GMNs have a great potential application for wastewater treatment in sewage plants. Statistical analysis (skewness and kurtosis) of nonwovens and modified nonwovens morphology allowed us to determine the parameters influencing the growth of fungi in such structures. GMN structures are capable of adsorbing antibiotics; a two-fold reduction of TCY was obtained in the studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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13 pages, 4192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Behavior of Fuel Vapor Retaining Systems for Pure (E0) and Blended Fuels (E10) Part 2: Regeneration with Nitrogen of 70% Relative Humidity

by Manfred Ulrich Göbel, Jürgen U. Keller, Karl Meller, Ingo Schmitz, Thomas Seeger and Eva Schieferstein

Processes 2022, 10(2), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020397 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281

Abstract

In gasoline-driven vehicles, fuel vapor retaining systems are used to prevent the emission of hydrocarbons from the fuel tank into the atmosphere. In this paper, which is Part 2 of our publication, measurements of regeneration processes of the activated carbon by flushing it [...] Read more.

In gasoline-driven vehicles, fuel vapor retaining systems are used to prevent the emission of hydrocarbons from the fuel tank into the atmosphere. In this paper, which is Part 2 of our publication, measurements of regeneration processes of the activated carbon by flushing it with humid nitrogen gas of 70% relative humidity are represented. Using purge air with high relative humidities, representing realistic conditions, it can be observed that water is accumulated in the activated carbon. For ethanol-containing fuel blends, additional accumulation of ethanol in the carbon occurs, decreasing the adsorption capacity of the carbon for standard fuel’s components considerably. State-of-the-art testing procedures use purge air with about 50% relative humidity for the regeneration of the activated carbon filters. As this often does not represent real operation conditions, the working limits of the fuel vapor retaining systems could not be identified up to now. Furthermore, the determination of the butane working capacity as a quality parameter of the fuel vapor retaining systems is also based on the assumption of relatively low air humidity. Consequently, a new quality criterion has to be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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15 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demulsification Treatment of Spent Metalworking Fluids by Metal Cations: The Synergistic Effect and Efficiency Evaluation

by Yanqing Zhang, Lingxue Wu, Xiaochen Zhang, Baoxin Ge and Yuanfeng Qi

Processes 2021, 9(10), 1807; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101807 - 12 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1425

Abstract

In this paper, various metal ions were utilized for the demulsification of spent metalworking fluids discharged from an automobile parts workshop. Five types of metal ions, i.e., Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, combined [...] Read more.

In this paper, various metal ions were utilized for the demulsification of spent metalworking fluids discharged from an automobile parts workshop. Five types of metal ions, i.e., Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, combined with coagulant were systematically evaluated, and the synergistic effect as well as the optimum operating conditions were studied. The results indicated that the Ca²⁺ as well Mg²⁺ possessed hardly efficiency for the demulsification, on the contrary, Fe²⁺ reduced the yield of the by-product sludge and lowered the SV₃₀ ratio, and Al³⁺ boosted the COD_Cr removal. Furthermore, Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺ had a significant synergistic effect to achieve a better transmittance and a higher COD_Cr/SV₃₀ ratio which revealed that more COD_Cr was removed, as well as less by-product sludge was generated. For a better demulsification of spent metalworking fluids, the optimum operating conditions were gathered as follows: the dosage of metal ions was 0.08 mol/L with Al³⁺:Fe³⁺ ratio was 1.5:1, the reaction pH was 6.00, the reaction time was 18.00 min and the temperature was 323.00 K. Based on this, the COD_Cr removal, the SV₃₀ ratio and the transmittance and COD_Cr/SV₃₀ ratio of the spent metalworking fluids were 80.21%, 40.00%, 95.20% and 128.33 mg/mL, respectively. This combined metal ion demulsification method possessed an advantageous minimization of spent metalworking fluids, which greatly benefited the automobile parts workshops in cutting down the operating cost in environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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30 pages, 17202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Modification of the Geometry of the Wave-Plate Mist Eliminators on the Droplet Removal Efficiency—CFD Modelling

by Łukasz Makowski, Jakub Łaskowski and Mariusz Tyrański

Processes 2021, 9(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091499 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2222

Abstract

This study is concerned with droplet separation using wave-plate mist separators. The influence of continuous phase velocity, droplet size, and geometry on droplet removal efficiency has been investigated. The following modifications were analysed: drainage channel presence, length, angle, and modification to the streamlined [...] Read more.

This study is concerned with droplet separation using wave-plate mist separators. The influence of continuous phase velocity, droplet size, and geometry on droplet removal efficiency has been investigated. The following modifications were analysed: drainage channel presence, length, angle, and modification to the streamlined shape. Furthermore, the influence of the physical parameters of the separated substances on separator efficiency was investigated. Calculations were conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results were compared with the experimental data from the literature. Based on the results obtained, a new shape of drainage channels was proposed, which is characterised by high droplet removal efficiency with relatively low pressure drop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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22 pages, 5862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Removal of Al, Cu and Zn Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Ion and Precipitate Flotation Methods

by Piotr Rybarczyk and Bożenna Kawalec-Pietrenko

Processes 2021, 9(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020301 - 05 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2256

Abstract

This paper presents the results of investigations concerning the simultaneous removal of Al(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II) from dilute aqueous solutions using ion and precipitate flotation methods. The effects of initial solution pH, surface active substance concentration, and the gas velocity on the flotations’ [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of investigations concerning the simultaneous removal of Al(III), Cu(II), and Zn(II) from dilute aqueous solutions using ion and precipitate flotation methods. The effects of initial solution pH, surface active substance concentration, and the gas velocity on the flotations’ efficiency and course are studied. Experimental results are discussed in terms of physicochemical aspects related to aqueous solutions of metal salts. The results indicate that satisfying simultaneous flotations of aluminum, copper and zinc species are observed if the pH value ranges between 7.0 and 9.0. It was found that an increase in collector concentration results in a decrease in the flotation rate constants. An increase in the gas velocity results in an increase in the ion and precipitate flotation rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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19 pages, 12933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Investigation on the Optimization of Uneven Flow in a Marine De-SOx Scrubber

by Hao Guo, Song Zhou, Majed Shreka and Yongming Feng

Processes 2020, 8(7), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070862 - 17 Jul 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

According to regulations from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the sulfur content of vessels must not exceed 0.5% outside the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) starting from 2020. The marine exhaust gas desulfurization (De-SOx) system is the most feasible technology to meet the increasing [...] Read more.

According to regulations from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the sulfur content of vessels must not exceed 0.5% outside the Emission Control Areas (ECAs) starting from 2020. The marine exhaust gas desulfurization (De-SOx) system is the most feasible technology to meet the increasing regulations, but there is always a large swirl at the bottom of the scrubber causing uneven flow past the sprays. Solving this problem by adjusting the spray is a feasible method. The exhaust gas at 485 K and injection liquid at 305 K are simulated to optimize the flow field in a De-SOx scrubber. The results indicated that the flue gas was easily concentrated in the left side area of the scrubber and this part of hot gas could escape from the scrubber. By controlling the nozzles distribution and the nozzles angle, it was possible to reduce the droplets to hit the wall and improve the utilization rate of the washing liquid. The nozzles were arranged up and down in different positions, which reduced the escape amount of exhaust gas in the strong offset area. The new arrangement of nozzles made the flow field distribution inside the scrubber more uniform and increased the gas–liquid reaction time Although the pressure drop under outermost nozzles 45° injection was smaller than the vertical injection, the flow field under 45° injection became more complex and the outlet gas velocity became larger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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14 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonically Induced Sulfur-Doped Carbon Nitride/Cobalt Ferrite Nanocomposite for Efficient Sonocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes

by Surabhi Kamal, Guan-Ting Pan, Siewhui Chong and Thomas Chung-Kuang Yang

Processes 2020, 8(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8010104 - 13 Jan 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4039

Abstract

The sulfur-doped carbon nitride/cobalt ferrite nanocomposite (SCN/CoFe₂O₄) was prepared via ultrasonication and studied for the sonocatalytic degradation of wastewater organic dye pollutants including methylene blue, rhodamine B, and Congo red. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence and atomic [...] Read more.

The sulfur-doped carbon nitride/cobalt ferrite nanocomposite (SCN/CoFe₂O₄) was prepared via ultrasonication and studied for the sonocatalytic degradation of wastewater organic dye pollutants including methylene blue, rhodamine B, and Congo red. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence and atomic ratios of S, C, N, Co, Fe, and O elements and their corresponding bonds with Co²⁺ and Fe³⁺ cations. The nanocomposite was found to have aggregated nanoparticles on a sheet-like structure. The bandgap energy was estimated to be 1.85 eV. For the sonocatalytic degradation of 25-ppm methylene blue at 20 kHz, 1 W and 50% amplitude, the best operating condition was determined to be 1 g/L of catalyst dosage and 4 vol % of hydrogen peroxide loading. Under this condition, the sonocatalytic removal efficiency was the highest at 96% within a reaction period of 20 min. SCN/CoFe₂O₄ outperformed SCN and CoFe₂O₄ by 2.2 and 6.8 times, respectively. The SCN/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was also found to have good reusability with a drop of only 7% after the fifth cycle. However, the degradation efficiencies were low when tested with rhodamine B and Congo red due to difference in dye sizes, structural compositions, and electric charges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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17 pages, 2924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Biosorptive Removal of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions Using Untreated Agro-Waste Pine Cone Biomass

by Nadavala Siva Kumar, Mohammad Asif, Anesh Manjaly Poulose, Madala Suguna and Mansour I. Al-Hazza

Processes 2019, 7(10), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100757 - 16 Oct 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

The present work discusses the adsorptive removal of a phenolic pollutant, i.e., 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), using low cost untreated agricultural waste pine cone powder (PCP). The present biosorbent was thoroughly characterized with the help of FTIR, SEM, XRD, and CHN analysis. The presence of [...] Read more.

The present work discusses the adsorptive removal of a phenolic pollutant, i.e., 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), using low cost untreated agricultural waste pine cone powder (PCP). The present biosorbent was thoroughly characterized with the help of FTIR, SEM, XRD, and CHN analysis. The presence of amine (-NH₂), hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O) functional groups was detected by the FTIR analysis. The important biosorption factors like agitation time, biomass dosage, initial adsorbate concentration, and the initial pH were examined by batch studies. The biosorption kinetic process was fast, reaching equilibrium in 75 min. The experimental kinetic data revealed an excellent agreement with the pseudo second order (PSO) model. On the other hand, the Langmuir isotherm model best described the equilibrium data with the maximum biosorption capacity (q_max) of 243.90 mg/g. These values are better than the adsorption capacities of most agro-based untreated adsorbents previously reported in the literature. Owing to fast removal rates and high biosorption capacity, PCP can be used for cost-effective treatment of TCP from aqueous streams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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Review

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39 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Air: Focus on Biotrickling Filtration and Process Modeling

by Piotr Rybarczyk

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122531 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3523

Abstract

Biotrickling filtration is a well-established technology for the treatment of air polluted with odorous and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Besides dozens of successful industrial applications of this technology, there are still gaps in a full understanding and description of the mechanisms of biotrickling [...] Read more.

Biotrickling filtration is a well-established technology for the treatment of air polluted with odorous and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Besides dozens of successful industrial applications of this technology, there are still gaps in a full understanding and description of the mechanisms of biotrickling filtration. This review focuses on recent research results on biotrickling filtration of air polluted with single and multiple VOCs, as well as process modeling. The modeling offers optimization of a process design and performance, as well as allows deeper understanding of process mechanisms. An overview of the developments of models describing biotrickling filtration and conventional biofiltration, as primarily developed and in many aspects through similar processes, is presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Liquid Waste and Gas Waste Treatment Processes)

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