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CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II

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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 27787
Related Special Issue: CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device

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Dr. Jin-Hyuk Kim

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Principal Researcher, Carbon Neutral Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31056, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
Interests: design and optimization of fluid machinery; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); steady and unsteady numerical analyses; cavitation of hydraulic machines; flow measurements and experimental techniques
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Prof. Dr. Joon Ahn

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School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
Interests: heat transfer; gas turbine; air-conditioning; boiler
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Dr. Sung-Min Kim

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Heat Transfer Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Suwon 16419, Korea
Interests: two-phase flow and heat transfer; novel heat exchanger; flow control; fluid machinery
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Dr. Lei Tan

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State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: the design and optimization of pumps, turbo-machinery; two-phase flows and cavitation; basic research on fluid machinery; vibration and noise of pumps
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Prof. Dr. Ji Pei

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National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, 301# Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Interests: fluid–structure interaction; intelligent optimization; pressure fluctuations; flow-induced vibration
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Prof. Dr. Bin Huang

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Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
Interests: fluid machinery; tidal turbine; ocean energy exploitation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The demand for computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based numerical techniques is increasing rapidly with the development of the computing power system. These advanced CFD techniques are applicable to various issues in the industrial engineering fields and especially contributing considerably to the design of fluid machinery and fluid devices, which have very complicated unsteady flow phenomena and physics. In other words, in aid of the rapid development of CFD techniques, the performances of fluid machinery and fluid devices with complicated unsteady flows have been enhanced significantly. In addition, many persistently troublesome problems of fluid machinery and fluid devices such as flow instability, rotor–stator interaction, surging, cavitation, vibration, and noise are clearly solved using advanced CFD techniques.

This Special Issue on “CFD-Based Research and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Devices” aims to present recent novel research trends based on advanced CFD and experimental techniques for fluid machinery and fluid devices. The following topics, among others, are included in this issue:

CFD and experimental techniques and applications in fluid machinery and fluid devices;
Unsteady and transient phenomena in fluid machinery and fluid devices;
Pumps, fans, compressors, hydraulic turbines, pump turbines, valves, etc.

We look forward to receiving your contribution to this Special Issue.

Dr. Jin-Hyuk Kim
Prof. Dr. Joon Ahn
Dr. Sung-Min Kim
Dr. Lei Tan
Prof. Dr. Ji Pei
Dr. Bin Huang
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All papers will be peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

fluid machinery
turbo machinery
fluid device
pump
fan
compressor
hydraulic turbine
pump-turbine
numerical analysis
unsteady flow

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on “CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II”

by Jin-Hyuk Kim, Joon Ahn, Sung-Min Kim, Lei Tan, Ji Pei and Bin Huang

Processes 2023, 11(10), 3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11103021 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based advanced numerical optimization techniques are essential as practical tools used to enhance the performance of various fluid machines and fluid devices for realizing carbon neutrality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

Research

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16 pages, 5322 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Large Eddy Simulation of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Ribbed Channel: Reynolds Number Effect

by Joon Ahn, Jeong Chul Song and Joon Sik Lee

Processes 2022, 10(10), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101928 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1479

Abstract

Large eddy simulations were performed for the conjugate heat transfer in a ribbed channel with a geometry, that mimics the internal cooling passage of a gas turbine, using 566, 100, 10, and 1 as the solid and fluid thermal conductivity ratios (K*) and 30,000, 7000 (turbulent flow), and 1000 (laminar flow) as the Reynolds numbers. A fully coupled simulation was conducted using the immersed boundary method (IBM) and a dynamic sub-grid-scale (SGS) model. In pure convection, a decrease in the Reynolds number from 30,000 to 7000 increased the heat transfer on the channel wall by 5% but decreased that on the rib by 20%. When K* > 10, the Reynolds number effect is stronger in the rib than in the wall. In the laminar flow, the effect of conduction appears at a low K*, and the heat transfer promotion is poor in the typical ribbed channel geometry. In the turbulent flow, if K* ≥ 100, then a heat transfer promotion is expected in the ribbed channel even at a low Reynolds number. For K* < 10, the thermal performance in the turbulent flow is worse than that in the laminar flow, and thus, no rib effect is expected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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41 pages, 26227 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Advanced Multifidelity Multidisciplinary Design Analysis Optimization Toolkit for General Turbomachinery

by Kiran Siddappaji and Mark G. Turner

Processes 2022, 10(9), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091845 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2165

Abstract

The MDAO framework has become an essential part of almost all fields, apart from mechanical, transportation, and aerospace industries, for efficient energy conversion or otherwise. It enables rapid iterative interaction among several engineering disciplines at various fidelities using automation tools for design improvement. An advanced framework from low to high fidelity is developed for ducted and unducted turbomachinery blade designs. The parametric blade geometry tool is a key feature which converts low-fidelity results into 3D blade shapes and can readily be used in high-fidelity multidisciplinary simulations as part of an optimization cycle. The geometry generator and physics solvers are connected to DAKOTA, an open-source optimizer with parallel computation capability. The entire cycle is automated and new design iterations are generated with input parameter variations controlled by DAKOTA. Single- and multi-objective genetic algorithm and gradient method-based optimization cases are demonstrated for various applications. B-splines are used to define smooth perturbation of parametric variables chordwise and spanwise of the blade. The ability to create parametric 3D blade shapes quickly from low-fidelity analyses with advanced control is demonstrated to be unique and enables a rapid 3D design cycle. Non-intuitive designs are feasible in this framework and designers can really benefit from parametric geometry manipulation. Optimization at each fidelity is realized through automation. As part of the multidisciplinary analysis, 3D structural analysis is also performed using the unidirectional fluid–structure interaction for a few cases with imported pressure loads from the 3D RANS solution. Examples of axial turbofans, compressor rotors, turbines, radial compressors, propellers, wind and hydrokinetic turbines are demonstrated to prove generality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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30 pages, 15016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Radially Offset Impeller on the Unsteady Characteristics of Internal Flow in a Double-Suction Centrifugal Fan

by Zhiyun Chen, Hui Yang, Yikun Wei, Haijiang He, Chenyu Zhang, Tiehua Nie, Peiquan Yu and Wei Zhang

Processes 2022, 10(8), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081604 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1752

Abstract

The impeller of double-suction centrifugal fans may be radially offset from the centerline of the volute due to faults in assembly or installation. The radial offset results in the more significant non-uniformity of internal flow in the centrifugal fan, which is biased from the designed condition, and deteriorates the aerodynamic performances of the fan. In this paper, we performed Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations on the unsteady internal flow of a double-suction centrifugal fan. The impeller of the fan is offset in the radial direction from its original position and is thus closer to the wall of the volute on one side and away from the opposite side. Numerical results show that the offset impeller changes the size of the gap between the impeller and collector in the radial direction, which produces a non-uniform distribution of static pressure and even reversed flow at the inlet of the impeller. As the impeller is offset away from the baffle of the volute, reversed flow back into the volute is observed, and strong circulating vortices form around the baffle, which weakens the diffusing capability of the volute. However, as the impeller is offset close to the baffle, the internal flow of the volute generally improves the flow patterns within the impeller, while the boundary layer separates from the pressure surface of the blades near the front disc as the flow angle varies; the maximum velocity of reversed flow could reach 20 m/s which lowers the efficiency of the fan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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14 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance-Matching Optimization Design of Loader-Hydraulic System Based on Hydrodynamics Analysis

by Haifei Wang, Shimin Yang and Tan Lu

Processes 2022, 10(8), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081524 - 03 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

The study of the performance of dynamic hydraulic throttling under the condition of stable fluid is of great significance. The effect of a step change in pressure differences on the throttling performance of a hydraulic valve is studied. This paper studies the dynamic and static performance of a hydraulic-valve-outlet throttling-speed regulation system, builds a more accurate mathematical model, considers the linear factors of the flow of hydraulic-valve throttling, analyzes the influence of the step-load change in pressure difference on the stability of the hydraulic-valve movement speed, and constructs a nonlinear mathematical model of the speed-regulation system of the outlet throttling. A pressure sensor is used to measure the change in pressure overshoot, and the effect of a pressure-difference step change on the throttling performance of the hydraulic valve is studied under steady-fluid conditions. The theory is analyzed and verified by experiment, and the parameters of hydraulic components are modified using the dynamic-change rule of the hydraulic valve’s two-chamber pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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13 pages, 5436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Energy Performance of Shaft Tubular Pump Device at Two Guide Vane Inlet Angles

by Lei Xu, Fusheng Lv, Feifan Li, Dongtao Ji, Wei Shi, Weigang Lu and Linguang Lu

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061054 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1346

Abstract

In order to improve the pump device efficiency of the frequent operating condition of the extra-low head pumping station, the energy performance of the front-positioned shaft tubular pump device at two guide vane inlet angles has been researched. Based on the function of the guide vane in the pump device, the guide vane blades are divided into three parts: the inlet section, the middle section, and the outlet section. Combining numerical simulation and model tests, the energy performance of the pump device with the inlet section angle adjusted to 0° and −12° were studied and compared, respectively. The research results indicate that the inlet section angle of the guide vane has a significant effect on the energy performance of the pump device. When the guide vane inlet section is adjusted clockwise, the pump device efficiency of the optimal operating point—while the efficiency of the pump device at a low head and large discharge that deviate from the optimal operating point—will be improved. The farther the working condition deviates from the optimal operating point, the greater the influence. Within the scope of the working conditions studied in this paper, the pump device efficiency of the optimal operating point is reduced by about 2%, and the pump device efficiency in the low head and high flow conditions is increased by 5% at the maximum. Adjusting the inlet section angle of the guide vane, the flow pattern in the guide vane will be improved, and the hydraulic loss of the guide vane will be decreased, thus the pump device efficiency is increased. The numerical calculation results of the energy performance agree with the model test results; the maximum error of the pump device efficiency is less than 7%. Adjusting the angle of the inlet section of the guide vane has great significance to the hydraulic design and engineering application of the extra-low head pump device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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12 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Characteristics of In-Line Oil Separator with Various Airfoil Vane Configurations of the Axial-Flow Swirl Generator

by Yeong-Wan Je, Jong-Chul Lee and Youn-Jea Kim

Processes 2022, 10(5), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050948 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1698

Abstract

Recently, as the industry develops, global energy consumption has been increasing. Power generation using various energy sources is used to meet energy consumption. The demand for renewable energy resources is increasing as well as the demand for fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel reserves offshore are limited, and the continued resource development is causing the depletion of fossil fuels. Accordingly, there is a demand for resource development not only offshore but also in the deep sea. In order to efficiently separate water and oil, it is necessary to study a compact in-line oil separator. In this study, the oil–water separation characteristics according to various airfoil vane configurations of the in-line type oil separator are numerically calculated. The maximum camber and location of the maximum camber of the NACA(National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoil model were selected as design parameters. As a result, the maximum separation efficiency of 63.9% was predicted when the maximum camber value was 13.51% and the maximum camber position was 50%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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21 pages, 9622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Reverse Flow Rate in J-Groove Channel of AJP and SCP Models Using CFD Analysis

by Ujjwal Shrestha and Young-Do Choi

Processes 2022, 10(4), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10040785 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

An annular jet pump (AJP) and a screw centrifugal pump (SCP) are special-purpose pumps used for transportation. The flow fields in the AJP and SCP are like those in a diffuser without and with an impeller, respectively. The flow from diffuser inlet to outlet takes place via the conversion of kinetic energy to static pressure. J-Groove is installed in the diffuser wall of an AJP and SCP to induce reverse flow from the diffuser outlet to the inlet, which suppresses the cavitation. CFD analysis was carried out to verify the conceptual design and understand the internal flow field of an AJP and SCP with J-Groove. The CFD analysis showed that the J-Groove installation in the AJP and SCP improved suction performance. The reverse flow in the J-Groove is due to the pressure difference between the diffuser outlet and the inlet. The numerical analysis results showed that the reverse flow mechanism is dependent on the flow conditions, cavitation number, and presence of the impeller. In a higher flow rate, the reverse flow rate is higher in the AJP model and lower in the SCP model and vice versa. Finally, CFD analysis concluded that the reverse flow rate in J-Groove improves the suction performance of the AJP and SCP models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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15 pages, 4651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prediction of Separation Performance of an In-Line Axial Oil–Water Separator Using Machine Learning and CFD

by Yeong-Wan Je, Young-Ju Kim and Youn-Jea Kim

Processes 2022, 10(2), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020375 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2818

Abstract

Recently, global energy consumption has increased due to industrial development, resulting in increasing demand for various energy sources. Aside from the increased demand for renewable energy resources, the demand for fossil fuels is also on the rise. Accordingly, the demand for resource development in the deep sea is also increasing. Various systems are required to efficiently develop resources in the deep sea. A study on an in-line type oil–water separator is needed to compensate for the disadvantages of a gravity separator that separates traditional water and oil. In this paper, the separation performance of the axial-flow oil–water separator for five design variables (conical diameter, conical length, number of vanes, angle of vane, and thickness of vane) was analyzed. Numerical calculations for multiphase fluid were performed using the mixture model, one of the Euler–Euler approaches. Additionally, the Reynolds stress model was used to describe the swirling flow. As a result, it was found that the effect on the separation performance was large in the order of angle of vane, conical diameter, number of vanes, the thickness of vane, and conical length. A neural network model for predicting separation performance was developed using numerical calculation results. To predict the oil–water separation performance, five design parameters were considered, and the evaluation of the separation performance prediction model was compared with the multilinear regression (MLR) model. As a result, it was found that the R square was improved by about 74.0% in the neural network model, compared with the MLR model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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15 pages, 45372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pulse Voltage Duration on Open–Close Dynamic Characteristics of Solenoid Screw-In Cartridge Valves

by Daling Yue, Linfei Li, Liejiang Wei, Zengguang Liu, Chao Liu and Xiukun Zuo

Processes 2021, 9(10), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101722 - 25 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2631

Abstract

The hydraulic high-speed on/off valve (HSV)—the critical core component of digital hydraulic technology—has a special structural design and manufacture due to its fast opening and closing, which results in high prices and maintenance costs. The solenoid screw-in cartridge valve (SCV) is widely used in the hydraulic industry because of its merits, such as mature technology, reliable quality, and low cost. The contribution of this study is to replace the high-speed on/off valve with the SCV in some areas of application by introducing positive and negative pulse voltage control for the coil of the SCV, which only modifies the control circuit and needs no change in structure. Based on the analysis of the structure of the SCV, the simulation model was developed in AMESim and validated by experiments to investigate the effects of the pulse voltage duration on the open–close dynamic characteristics and find the optimal pulse voltage duration, so that the SCV can open or close in the shortest time to reduce energy loss as far as possible. The simulation results showed that the positive and negative pulse voltage could quicken the rising or declining speed of the coil current and dramatically decrease the opening and closing delay time. By the experimental comparison with the original control method, the opening time of the SCV decreased from 30 ms to 13 ms, and the closing time was reduced from 139 ms to 14 ms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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19 pages, 9768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pressure Fluctuation Reduction of a Centrifugal Pump by Blade Trailing Edge Modification

by Bin Huang, Guitao Zeng, Bo Qian, Peng Wu, Peili Shi and Dongqing Qian

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081408 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

The pressure fluctuation inside centrifugal pumps is one of the main causes of hydro-induced vibration, especially at the blade-passing frequency and its harmonics. This paper investigates the feature of blade-passing frequency excitation in a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump in the perspective of local Euler head distribution based on CFD analysis. Meanwhile, the relation between local Euler head distribution and pressure fluctuation amplitude is observed and used to explain the mechanism of intensive pressure fluctuation. The impeller blade with ordinary trailing edge profile, which is the prototype impeller in this study, usually induces wake shedding near the impeller outlet, making the energy distribution less uniform. Because of this, the method of reducing pressure fluctuation by means of improving Euler head distribution uniformity by modifying the impeller blade trailing edge profile is proposed. The impeller blade trailing edges are trimmed in different scales, which are marked as model A, B, and C. As a result of trailing edge trimming, the impeller outlet angles at the pressure side of the prototype of model A, B, and C are 21, 18, 15, and 12 degrees, respectively. The differences in Euler head distribution and pressure fluctuation between the model impellers at nominal flow rate are investigated and analyzed. Experimental verification is also conducted to validate the CFD results. The results show that the blade trailing edge profiling on the pressure side can help reduce pressure fluctuation. The uniformity of Euler head circumferential distribution, which is directly related to the intensity of pressure fluctuation, is improved because the impeller blade outlet angle on the pressure side decreases and thus the velocity components are adjusted when the blade trailing edge profile is modified. The results of the investigation demonstrate that blade trailing edge profiling can be used in the vibration reduction of low specific impellers and in the engineering design of centrifugal pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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16 pages, 13382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Channel Vortex and Cavitation Performance of the Francis Turbine under Partial Flow Conditions

by Tao Guo, Jinming Zhang and Zhumei Luo

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081385 - 09 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2237

Abstract

To realize a multienergy complementary system involving hydropower and other energy sources, hydraulic turbines frequently run under partial flow conditions in which a unique flow phenomenon, the channel vortex, occurs in the runner, causing fatigue failure and even cavitation to the turbine blade. Cavitation severely shortens the service life of the unit and terribly limits the output of the turbine under partial flow conditions. In this paper, a numerical model of a Francis turbine was created with tetrahedral grids; the large eddy simulation (LES) method based on the WALE subgrid scale model and the Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model was adopted to carry out numerical simulation of the Francis turbine; and a vortex identification method based on the Q criterion was used to capture and analyze the channel vortex. The calculation results showed that a negative impact angle at the inlet of the runner occurred when the turbine ran under partial flow conditions, leading to three different types of channel vortexes in the blade channel. Also, different channel vortexes caused cavitation on different positions on the runner, and the volume change of cavitation showed periodic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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15 pages, 3854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geometric Optimization of an Extracorporeal Centrifugal Blood Pump with an Unshrouded Impeller Concerning Both Hydraulic Performance and Shear Stress

by Bo Huang, Miao Guo, Bin Lu, Qingyu Wu, Zhigang Zuo and Shuhong Liu

Processes 2021, 9(7), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071211 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2966

Abstract

Centrifugal blood pumps have provided a powerful artificial support system for patients with vascular diseases. In the design process, geometrical optimization is usually needed to acquire a more biocompatible model for clinical uses. In the current paper, we propose a method for multi-objective optimization concerning both the hydraulic and the hemolytic performances of the pump based on the near-orthogonal array in which the traditional hemolysis index (HI) is replaced with the maximum scalar shear stress criteria to reduce the computation load. The method is demonstrated with the optimization of an extracorporeal centrifugal blood pump with an unshrouded impeller. CFD studies on the original and nine modified pump models are carried out. The calculated hydraulic performances of the optimized model are also compared against the experiments for validation of the numeric method, with an error of 3.6% at the original design point. The resulting blood pump with low maximum scalar shear stress (132.2 Pa) shows a low degree of calculated HI (1.69 × 10⁻³). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Based Researches and Applications for Fluid Machinery and Fluid Device, Volume II)

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