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Processes
Special Issues
New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine
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New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2023) | Viewed by 18963

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Keith J. Stine

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
Interests: surface modification; nanomaterials; porous materials; electrochemistry; microscopy; carbohydrates; lipids; biosensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence of precision medicine is a major trend in the treatment of human diseases. Precision medicine makes use of the genetic, metabolic, environmental, and other unique features of individual patients to develop and administer treatments most likely to be successful. Recent examples include the choice of a cancer drug more likely to be effective in a patient given their genetic makeup or based on the genetic profile of their disease. Profiling of specific mutations of a cancer patient are a basis for potential treatment using precision method approaches in which the therapeutic most likely to be successful can be selected. Precision medicine can also aid in the evaluation of individual patient risks and to prescribe preventative behaviors. The treatment of many other diseases beyond cancer are being subjected to research using precision approaches including diabetes, cardiovascular illness, hypertension, asthma and allergies, and neurological conditions. The achievement of the aims of precision medicine have the potential to greatly improve patient outcomes, reduce chronic disease, and potentially lower overall healthcare costs.

There are many tools, materials and processes needed to advance the practice of precision medicine. The screening of individual patient genomes, as well as of genomes of healthy and diseased tissue samples from individuals is a key feature. Accessing and evaluating expanding panels of biomarkers which can be small molecules, proteins, metabolites or extracellular structures is being driven by advances in technologies for assays and biosensors. Wearable devices are being developed to monitor patient conditions in real time and can be linked to the controlled release of drugs such as insulin for diabetes. Technologies for the molecular imaging of tissue samples or of patients are advancing, often making use of newly developed probes based on nanoparticles. Liquid biopsies that require sensitive detection technologies are now being commercialized and used to diagnose cancer earlier than ever based on circulating DNA and circulating tumor cells. These liquid biopsies often rely on new nanomaterials or new materials for assay or array technologies. Theranostic approaches combining imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutic delivery in one process are also a feature of the advancing field of precision medicine. This Special Issue will present papers related to recent advances on developing new materials and processes needed to successfully implement precision medicine and bring it towards being a prominent strategy in modern medicine.

Prof. Dr. Keith J. Stine
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gene sequencing
  • cancer
  • cardiovascular disease
  • diabetes
  • diagnostics
  • theranostics
  • wearable device
  • medical imaging
  • biomarker
  • liquid biopsy

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 3200 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Clinical Workflow Using Precision Medicine and Advanced Data Analytics
by Kevin Zhai, Mohammad S. Yousef, Sawsan Mohammed, Nader I. Al-Dewik and M. Walid Qoronfleh
Processes 2023, 11(3), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11030939 - 19 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3998
Abstract
Precision medicine—of which precision prescribing is a core component—is becoming a new frontier in today’s healthcare. Both artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to enhance our understanding of data and therefore our ability to accurately diagnose and treat patients. [...] Read more.
Precision medicine—of which precision prescribing is a core component—is becoming a new frontier in today’s healthcare. Both artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to enhance our understanding of data and therefore our ability to accurately diagnose and treat patients. By leveraging these technologies and processes, we can uncover associations between a person’s genomic makeup and their health, identify biomarkers associated with diseases, fine-tune patient selection for clinical trials, reduce costs, and accelerate drug discovery and vaccine development. Although real-world data pose challenges in terms of collection, representation, and missing or inaccurate data sets, the integration of precision medicine into healthcare is critical. Clearly, precision medicine can benefit from health information innovations that empower decision-making at the patient level. Healthcare fusion is an example of an innovative framework and process [K Zhai et al. ECKM 2022, 20(3), pp. 179–192]. Data science and process improvement are also expected to play a role in resource planning and operational efficiency for optimal patient-centered care. Driving this transformation are advances in ‘omics’ technologies, digital devices, and imaging capabilities, along with an arsenal of powerful analytics tools working across a multitude of institutions and stakeholders. Encompassing this entire ecosystem, medicine will be evidence-based and driven by three key components: (1) Data curation through clinical diagnostics and behavioral apps that capture health and disease states; (2) Individualized solutions driven by advanced data analytics and personalized therapies; and (3) Business models that deliver value and incentivize growth. The aim of this paper is to present a novel conceptual framework to leverage AI and enhance information flow to serve the patient as per components one and two. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)
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14 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Bayesian Analysis for Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Ischemic Heart Disease
by Sarada Ghosh, Guruprasad Samanta and Manuel De la Sen
Processes 2021, 9(7), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071242 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2332
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (or Coronary Artery Disease) is the most common cause of death in various countries, characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart. Statistical models make an impact in evaluating the risk factors that are responsible for mortality and morbidity during [...] Read more.
Ischemic heart disease (or Coronary Artery Disease) is the most common cause of death in various countries, characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart. Statistical models make an impact in evaluating the risk factors that are responsible for mortality and morbidity during IHD (Ischemic heart disease). In general, geometric or Poisson distributions can underestimate the zero-count probability and hence make it difficult to identify significant effects of covariates for improving conditions of heart disease due to regional wall motion abnormalities. In this work, a flexible class of zero inflated models is introduced. A Bayesian estimation method is developed as an alternative to traditionally used maximum likelihood-based methods to analyze such data. Simulation studies show that the proposed method has a better small sample performance than the classical method, with tighter interval estimates and better coverage probabilities. Although the prevention of CAD has long been a focus of public health policy, clinical medicine, and biomedical scientific investigation, the prevalence of CAD remains high despite current strategies for prevention and treatment. Various comprehensive searches have been performed in the MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, and Global Health databases for providing insights into the effects of traditional and emerging risk factors of CAD. A real-life data set is illustrated for the proposed method using WinBUGS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)
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10 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
The Reversion of DNA Methylation at Coronary Heart Disease Risk Loci in Response to Prevention Therapy
by Willem Philibert, Allan M. Andersen, Eric A. Hoffman, Robert Philibert and Meeshanthini Dogan
Processes 2021, 9(4), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040699 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1910
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is preventable, but the methods for assessing risk and monitoring response rely on imprecise lipid-based assessments. Recently, we have shown that an integrated genetic–epigenetic test that includes three methylation-sensitive digital PCR assays predicts 3-year risk for incident CHD better [...] Read more.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is preventable, but the methods for assessing risk and monitoring response rely on imprecise lipid-based assessments. Recently, we have shown that an integrated genetic–epigenetic test that includes three methylation-sensitive digital PCR assays predicts 3-year risk for incident CHD better than lipid-based methods. However, whether methylation sites change in response to therapies that alter CHD risk is not known. Therefore, we assessed methylation at these three incident CHD-related sites in DNA from 39 subjects before and after three months of biochemically verified smoking cessation, then analyzed the relationship between change in methylation at each of the sites to the change in smoking intensity as assessed by cg05575921 methylation. We found that, in those who quit smoking, methylation change at one CHD risk marker (cg00300879) was significantly associated with change in cg05575921 methylation (p < 0.04). We conclude that changes in incident CHD-related methylation occur within three months of cessation of smoking, a major risk factor for CHD. This suggests that the effectiveness of treatment of other CHD risk factors, such as high cholesterol, may be similarly quantifiable using epigenetic approaches. Further studies to determine the relationship of changes of methylation status in response to treatment of other CHD risk factors are indicated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)
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Review

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17 pages, 1990 KiB  
Review
Personalized Medicine for the Critically Ill Patient: A Narrative Review
by Alexandra Elena Lazar and Leonard Azamfirei
Processes 2022, 10(6), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061200 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3609
Abstract
Personalized Medicine (PM) is rapidly advancing in everyday medical practice. Technological advances allow researchers to reach patients more than ever with their discoveries. The critically ill patient is probably the most complex of all, and personalized medicine must make serious efforts to fulfill [...] Read more.
Personalized Medicine (PM) is rapidly advancing in everyday medical practice. Technological advances allow researchers to reach patients more than ever with their discoveries. The critically ill patient is probably the most complex of all, and personalized medicine must make serious efforts to fulfill the desire to “treat the individual, not the disease”. The complexity of critically ill pathologies arises from the severe state these patients and from the deranged pathways of their diseases. PM constitutes the integration of basic research into clinical practice; however, to make this possible complex and voluminous data require processing through even more complex mathematical models. The result of processing biodata is a digitized individual, from which fragments of information can be extracted for specific purposes. With this review, we aim to describe the current state of PM technologies and methods and explore its application in critically ill patients, as well as some of the challenges associated with PM in intensive care from the perspective of economic, approval, and ethical issues. This review can help in understanding the complexity of, P.M.; the complex processes needed for its application in critically ill patients, the benefits that make the effort of implementation worthwhile, and the current challenges of PM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)
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23 pages, 6828 KiB  
Review
Making Biomarkers Relevant to Healthcare Innovation and Precision Medicine
by Nader I. Al-Dewik, Salma N. Younes, Musthafa Mohamed Essa, Surajit Pathak and M. Walid Qoronfleh
Processes 2022, 10(6), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061107 - 01 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3266
Abstract
Translational medicine, the exchange between laboratory (bench) and the clinic (bedside), is decidedly taking on a vital role. Many companies are now focusing on a translational medicinal approach as a therapeutic strategy in decision making upon realizing the expenses of drug attrition in [...] Read more.
Translational medicine, the exchange between laboratory (bench) and the clinic (bedside), is decidedly taking on a vital role. Many companies are now focusing on a translational medicinal approach as a therapeutic strategy in decision making upon realizing the expenses of drug attrition in late-stage advancement. In addition, the utility of biomarkers in clinical decision and therapy guidance seeks to improve the patient outcomes and decrease wasteful and harmful treatment. Efficient biomarkers are crucial for the advancement of diagnoses, better molecular targeted therapy, along with therapeutic advantages in a broad spectrum of various diseases. Despite recent advances in the discovery of biomarkers, the advancement route to a clinically validated biomarker remains intensely challenging, and many of the candidate biomarkers do not progress to clinical applications, thereby widening the innovation gap between research and application. The present article will focus on the clinical view of biomarkers in a reverse design, addressing how a biomarker program should appear if it is expected to create an impact on personalized medicine and patient care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)
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9 pages, 579 KiB  
Review
Circulating Tumor DNA in Oncology
by Saeko Sakaeda and Yoichi Naito
Processes 2021, 9(12), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122198 - 06 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2632
Abstract
When somatic cells in the human body undergo apoptosis or necrosis, the released DNA enters the bloodstream. This type of DNA is called cell-free DNA (cfDNA). In patients with cancer, DNA released from tumor cells is called circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), which carries [...] Read more.
When somatic cells in the human body undergo apoptosis or necrosis, the released DNA enters the bloodstream. This type of DNA is called cell-free DNA (cfDNA). In patients with cancer, DNA released from tumor cells is called circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), which carries genetic alterations specific to tumor cells. In recent years, ctDNA has attracted particular attention in terms of the concept of liquid biopsy in cancer care. Conventionally, tissue biopsy is required for the definitive diagnosis of cancer, and imaging examinations, such as CT, are performed for evaluating recurrence and residual lesions. Although the treatment burden on cancer patients is being slightly reduced due to advances in medicine, invasive examinations and medical exposure are still unavoidable. In addition, the prognosis of cancer varies considerably depending on the degree of progression at the time of detection. Therefore, the early detection of cancer is of utmost importance. With the increase in health consciousness, more people undergo regular health checkups, and it becomes necessary to diagnose cancer in a larger number of patients at an earlier stage. Although the accuracy of early detection has been improved by new imaging tests and examination techniques, each organ must be examined separately, and some organs are more difficult to examine than others in a regular health checkup. The process of cancer screening, diagnosis, and detection of recurrence after treatment is extensive. It can also be expensive, and some of the examinations may be invasive. If all of these processes can be replaced by the analysis of ctDNA in liquid biopsy, only a single blood sample is required. Under these circumstances, various studies are currently in progress on the use of ctDNA in clinical practice as an approach that may greatly reduce such burden. We present an overview of the current situation of ctDNA, as well as its future issues and prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Materials and Procedures for Precision Medicine)
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