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Polymers
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High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II
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High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 13370

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Arunas Ramanavicius

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Guest Editor
NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: electrochemistry; bioelectrochemistry; molecularly imprinted polymers; conducting polymers; electrochemical sensors; electrochemical deposition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At present, sensor technology is evolving very rapidly, and it is expanding to various fields of analytical chemistry. Many challenging problems could be solved through the application of different sensors. Meanwhile, various nanotechnological methods and a high number of nanostructured materials, including polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), could be particularly suitable for the development of various analyte-recognizing parts of sensors and become extremely important in sensor and biosensor technology.

This Special Issue of Polymers will provide an overview of innovative techniques in this rapidly evolving field. Both original research papers and review papers relating to the synthesis, preparation, and application of polymeric sensors are solicited.

Prof. Dr. Arunas Ramanavicius
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2038 KiB  
Article
Electrospun SnO2/WO3 Heterostructure Nanocomposite Fiber for Enhanced Acetone Vapor Detection
by Ting-Han Lin, Yin-Hsuan Chang, Ting-Hung Hsieh, Yu-Ching Huang and Ming-Chung Wu
Polymers 2023, 15(21), 4318; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15214318 - 03 Nov 2023
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), often invisible but potentially harmful, are prevalent in industrial and laboratory settings, posing health risks. Detecting VOCs in real-time with high sensitivity and low detection limits is crucial for human health and safety. The optical sensor, utilizing the gasochromic [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), often invisible but potentially harmful, are prevalent in industrial and laboratory settings, posing health risks. Detecting VOCs in real-time with high sensitivity and low detection limits is crucial for human health and safety. The optical sensor, utilizing the gasochromic properties of sensing materials, offers a promising way of achieving rapid responses in ambient environments. In this study, we investigated the heterostructure of SnO2/WO3 nanoparticles and employed it as the primary detection component. Using the electrospinning technique, we fabricated a sensing fiber containing Ag NPs, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and SnO2/WO3 (PMMA-Ag-SnO2/WO3) for acetone vapor detection. Following activation via UV/ozone treatment, we observed charge migration between WO3 and SnO2, resulting in a substantial generation of superoxide radicals on SnO2 nanoparticles. This phenomenon facilitates structural deformation of the fiber and alters the oxidation state of tungsten ions, ultimately leading to a significant change in extinction when exposed to acetone vapor. As a result, PMMA-Ag-SnO2/WO3 fiber achieves a detection limit of 100 ppm and a response time of 1.0 min for acetone detection. These findings represent an advancement in the development of sensitive and selective VOC sensing devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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19 pages, 3691 KiB  
Article
A Novel Polymer Inclusion Membrane-Based Green Optical Sensor for Selective Determination of Iron: Design, Characterization, and Analytical Applications
by Lorena Sánchez-Ponce, María José Casanueva-Marenco, Margarita Díaz-de-Alba, María Dolores Galindo-Riaño and María Dolores Granado-Castro
Polymers 2023, 15(20), 4082; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204082 - 14 Oct 2023
Viewed by 853
Abstract
The design, characterization, and analytical application of a green optical sensor for the selective determination of Fe(II) ions is proposed. The sensor is based on the immobilization of the chromogenic reagent picolinaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone (SHPA) within a polymer inclusion membrane. To reduce solvent usage, [...] Read more.
The design, characterization, and analytical application of a green optical sensor for the selective determination of Fe(II) ions is proposed. The sensor is based on the immobilization of the chromogenic reagent picolinaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone (SHPA) within a polymer inclusion membrane. To reduce solvent usage, the reagent was synthesized using a green mechanochemical procedure. The components for sensor preparation were optimized with a sequential simplex method and the optimal composition was found to be 0.59 g cellulose triacetate (base polymer), 0.04 g SHPA (chemosensor reagent), 4.9 mL dibutyl phthalate (plasticizer), and 38 mL dichloromethane (solvent). The conditions of iron analysis were also optimized resulting in pH 6 for aqueous solution, 90 min exposure time and 10 min short-term stability. The optical sensor showed a linear range from the limit of detection (0.48 µmol L−1) to 54 µmol L−1 Fe(II). The precision of the method was found to be 1.44% and 1.19% for 17.9 and 45 µmol L−1 Fe(II), respectively. The characteristics of the sensor allowed the design of a Fe(II)/Fe(III) speciation scheme. The methodology was successfully applied to the determination of iron in food preservatives, food additives, and dietary supplement. Additionally, the Fe speciation scheme was successfully applied to an agricultural fertilizer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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22 pages, 8752 KiB  
Article
Design Rules of Bidirectional Smart Sensor Coating for Condition Monitoring of Bearings
by Van-Cuong Nguyen, Minh-Quyen Le, Sophie Bernadet, Yoann Hebrard, Jean-François Mogniotte, Jean-Fabien Capsal and Pierre-Jean Cottinet
Polymers 2023, 15(4), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040826 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1379
Abstract
This paper reports a novel monitoring technique of bearings’ bidirectional load (axial and radial) based on a smart sensor coating, which is screen printed onto the surface of a cross-shaped steel substrate. To ensure the accuracy and stability of measurement as well as [...] Read more.
This paper reports a novel monitoring technique of bearings’ bidirectional load (axial and radial) based on a smart sensor coating, which is screen printed onto the surface of a cross-shaped steel substrate. To ensure the accuracy and stability of measurement as well as the durability of the printed coating, the developed prototype is built according to design rules commonly used in electronic circuits. The finite element model (FEM) is used to predict the mechanical property of the tested substrate under either unidirectional or bidirectional loads. Regarding the output voltage of the piezoelectric sensor, experimental results are revealed to be well-corelated to the numerical simulation. It is pointed out that the output signal generated from the sensor (electrode) could be particularly affected due to the capacitive parasite coming from the conductive tracks (CTs). Such a phenomenon might be reduced by printing them on the dielectric layer rather than on the piezocomposite layer. The study also investigates a highly anisotropic shape of electrodes (rectangular instead of circle), indicating that the orientation of such electrodes (axial or radial) does affect the output measurement. To sum up, the high performance of a sensor network coating depends not only on the ultimate characteristics of its own materials, but also on its structural design. Such an issue has been rarely reported on in the literature, but is nonetheless crucial to achieving reliable condition monitoring of bearings, especially for multidirectional loads—a key signature of early failure detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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7 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Direct Visualization of UV-Light on Polymer Composite Films Consisting of Light Emitting Organic Micro Rods and Polydimethylsiloxane
by Misuk Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Hyeonwoo Kim, Incheol Jung, Hojae Kwak, Gil Sun Lee, Young Jun Na, Young Ki Hong, Dong Hyuk Park and Kyu-Tae Lee
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091846 - 30 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2057
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the direct visualization of ultraviolet (UV) light using flexible polymer composite films consisting of crystalline organic tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) micro-rods and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The representative organic mono-molecule Alq3, which is a core material of organic light-emitting diodes, was used to [...] Read more.
We experimentally demonstrate the direct visualization of ultraviolet (UV) light using flexible polymer composite films consisting of crystalline organic tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) micro-rods and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The representative organic mono-molecule Alq3, which is a core material of organic light-emitting diodes, was used to detect light in the invisible UV region and visualize photoluminescence (PL). Alq3 shows absorption in the UV region and light-emitting characteristics in the green region, making it an optimal material for UV visualization because of its large Stokes transition. Crystalline Alq3 micro-rods were fabricated in a deionized water solution through a sequential process of reprecipitation and self-assembly. Highly bright photoluminescence was observed on the highly crystalline Alq3 micro-rods under UV light excitation, indicating that the crystalline structures of Alq3 molecules affect the visible emission decay of excitons. The Alq3 micro-rods were manufactured as flexible polymer composite films using a PDMS solution to observe UV photodetector characteristics according to UV intensity, and it was confirmed that the intensity of the fine UV light reaching the earth’s surface can be visualized by making use of this UV photodetector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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15 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
Solvent Effect in Imidazole-Based Poly(Ionic liquid) Membranes: Energy Storage and Sensing
by Arko Kesküla, Anna-Liisa Peikolainen, Paul A. Kilmartin and Rudolf Kiefer
Polymers 2021, 13(20), 3466; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203466 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2020
Abstract
Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are interesting new materials in sustainable technologies for energy storage and for gas sensor devices, and they provide high ion conductivity as solid polymer electrolytes in batteries. We introduce here the effect of polar protic (aqueous) and polar aprotic [...] Read more.
Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are interesting new materials in sustainable technologies for energy storage and for gas sensor devices, and they provide high ion conductivity as solid polymer electrolytes in batteries. We introduce here the effect of polar protic (aqueous) and polar aprotic (propylene carbonate, PC) electrolytes, with the same concentration of lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) on hydrophobic PIL films. Cyclic voltammetry, scanning ionic conductance microscopy and square wave voltammetry were performed, revealing that the PIL films had better electroactivity in the aqueous electrolyte and three times higher ion conductivity was obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Their energy storage capability was investigated with chronopotentiometric measurements, and it revealed 1.6 times higher specific capacitance in the aqueous electrolyte as well as novel sensor properties regarding the applied solvents. The PIL films were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, FTIR and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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7 pages, 1661 KiB  
Communication
Label-Free, Color-Indicating, Polarizer-Free Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Microfluidic Polydimethylsiloxane Biosensing Chips for Detecting Albumin
by Fu-Lun Chen, Hui-Tzung Luh and Yu-Cheng Hsiao
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162587 - 04 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1617
Abstract
We reveal a novel design for dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) microfluidic biosensing chips in the polydimethylsiloxane material. With this design chip, the orientation of DDLCs was affected by the interface between the walls of the channels and DDLCs. When the inside of a [...] Read more.
We reveal a novel design for dye-doped liquid crystal (DDLC) microfluidic biosensing chips in the polydimethylsiloxane material. With this design chip, the orientation of DDLCs was affected by the interface between the walls of the channels and DDLCs. When the inside of a channel was coated with an N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilyl chloride (DMOAP) alignment layer, the DDLCs oriented homeotropically in a homeotropic (H) state under cross-polarized microscopy. After immobilization of antigens with antibodies on the alignment layer-coated microchannel walls, the optical intensity of the DDLC change from the dark H state to the bright planar (P) state. Using pressure-driven flow, the binding of antigens/antibodies to the DDLCs could be detected in an experimental sequential order. The microfluidic DDLCs were tested by detecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its immune-responses of antigens/antibodies. We proved that this immunoassay chip was able to detect BSA antigens/antibodies pairs with the detection limit about 0.5 µg/mL. The novel DDLC chip was shown to be a simple, multi-detection device, and label-free microfluidic chips are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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20 pages, 2009 KiB  
Review
Conducting Polymers for the Design of Tactile Sensors
by Urte Samukaite Bubniene, Vilma Ratautaite, Arunas Ramanavicius and Vytautas Bucinskas
Polymers 2022, 14(15), 2984; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14152984 - 23 Jul 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3006
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the application of conducting polymers (CPs) used in the design of tactile sensors. While conducting polymers can be used as a base in a variety of forms, such as films, particles, matrices, and fillers, the CPs generally [...] Read more.
This paper provides an overview of the application of conducting polymers (CPs) used in the design of tactile sensors. While conducting polymers can be used as a base in a variety of forms, such as films, particles, matrices, and fillers, the CPs generally remain the same. This paper, first, discusses the chemical and physical properties of conducting polymers. Next, it discusses how these polymers might be involved in the conversion of mechanical effects (such as pressure, force, tension, mass, displacement, deformation, torque, crack, creep, and others) into a change in electrical resistance through a charge transfer mechanism for tactile sensing. Polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacetylene, as well as application examples of conducting polymers in tactile sensors, are overviewed. Attention is paid to the additives used in tactile sensor development, together with conducting polymers. There is a long list of additives and composites, used for different purposes, namely: cotton, polyurethane, PDMS, fabric, Ecoflex, Velostat, MXenes, and different forms of carbon such as graphene, MWCNT, etc. Some design aspects of the tactile sensor are highlighted. The charge transfer and operation principles of tactile sensors are discussed. Finally, some methods which have been applied for the design of sensors based on conductive polymers, are reviewed and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Polymeric Sensors II)
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