Application of Metal Containing Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2022) | Viewed by 6717

Special Issue Editors

Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Interests: living polymerization; polymerization catalysis; rare-earth metal catalysis; coordinative polymerization; post-polymerization functionalization; sustainable materials; ring-opening polymerization; group-transfer polymerization; nanomedicine; drug delivery; nucleic acid therapy
Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
Interests: self-healing materials; metallopolymers; shape-memory polymers; mechanochemistry; RAFT-polymerization; dynamic polymers; bioinspired polymers; ionomers, digitalization, automation, robot-based chemistry
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metal-containing polymers, also named organometallic polymers or metallopolymers, are a class of polymers that can contain a variety of metal centers from the main group to transition metals and lanthanides. Furthermore, metal centers can be located either in the side group of the polymer or at the chain ends. The targeted design of metal, ligand, and spacer group combinations and variations in polymeric architectures allows precise functions of the material for a variety of different applications. With the incorporation of metal complexes into polymers, the advantageous properties of polymers (e.g., targeted molar masses, functional groups, different polymeric architectures, processability, easy scale-up) are combined with those of metal complexes including catalytic activity, electronic and optical properties, or biomedical potential. Thus, applications areas of metal-containing polymers are versatile and extend from catalysis and self-healing materials to conductive materials or nanoscience.

With a focus on applications of metallopolymers in catalysis and for self-healing approaches, potential topics of this Special Issue include but are not limited to the following:

  • Synthesis of metallopolymers;
  • Analysis of metallopolymers;
  • Self-healing materials;
  • Photocatalysis;
  • Electrocatalysis;
  • Biocatalysis;
  • Functional metallopolymers.

Dr. Friederike Adams
Dr. Stefan Zechel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • metallopolymers
  • organometallic polymers
  • metal-coordination polymers
  • metal-containing polymers
  • self-healing polymers
  • functions and materials of metal-containing systems
  • photocatalysis
  • electrocatalysis
  • biocatalysis

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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29 pages, 9433 KiB  
Article
Variation in the Optical Properties of PEO-Based Composites via a Green Metal Complex: Macroscopic Measurements to Explain Microscopic Quantum Transport from the Valence Band to the Conduction Band
by Daron Q. Muheddin, Shujahadeen B. Aziz and Pshko A. Mohammed
Polymers 2023, 15(3), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030771 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
In this study, a green chemistry method was used to synthesize polymer composites based on polyethylene oxide (PEO). The method of the remediation of metal complexes used in this study is an environmentally friendly procedure with a low cost. Zinc metal ion (Zn [...] Read more.
In this study, a green chemistry method was used to synthesize polymer composites based on polyethylene oxide (PEO). The method of the remediation of metal complexes used in this study is an environmentally friendly procedure with a low cost. Zinc metal ion (Zn2+)-polyphenol (PPHNL) complexes were synthesized for two minutes via the combination of a black tea leaf (BTL) extract solution with dissolved Zn-acetate. Then, UV–Vis and FTIR were carried out for the Zn-PPHNL complexes in a liquid and solid. The FTIR spectra show that BTLs contain sufficient functional groups (O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, C-N, and N-H), PPHNL, and conjugated double bonds to produce metal complexes by capturing the cations of Zn-acetate salt. Moreover, FTIR of the BTL and Zn–PPHNL complexes approves the formation of the Zn-PPHNL complex over the wide variation in the intensity of bands. The UV absorption spectra of BTL and Zn-PPHNL indicate complex formation among tea PPHNL and Zn cations, which enhances the absorption spectra of the Zn-PPHNL to 0.1 compared to the figure of 0.01 associated with the extracted tea solution. According to an XRD analysis, an amorphous Zn-PPHNL complex was created when Zn2+ ions and PPHNL interacted. Additionally, XRD shows that the structure of the PEO composite becomes a more amorphous structure as the concentration of Zn-PPHNL increases. Furthermore, morphological study via an optical microscope (OM) shows that by increasing the concentration of Zn-PPHNL in a PEO polymer composite the size of the spherulites ascribed to the crystalline phase dramatically decreases. The optical properties of PEO: Zn-PPHNL films, via UV–Vis spectroscopy, were rigorously studied. The Eg is calculated by examining the dielectric loss, which is reduced from 5.5 eV to 0.6 eV by increasing the concentration of Zn-PPHNL in the PEO samples. In addition, Tauc’s form was used to specify the category of electronic transitions in the PEO: Zn-PPHNL films. The impact of crystalline structure and morphology on electronic transition types was discussed. Macroscopic measurable parameters, such as the refractive index and extinction coefficient, were used to determine optical dielectric loss. Fundamental optical dielectric functions were used to determine some key parameters. From the viewpoint of quantum transport, electron transitions were discussed. The merit of this work is that microscopic processes related to electron transition from the VB to the CB can be interpreted interms of measurable macroscopic quantities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metal Containing Polymers)
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15 pages, 3549 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Metallopolymer Networks Featuring Triple Shape-Memory Ability Based on Different Reversible Metal Complexes
by Josefine Meurer, Thomas Bätz, Julian Hniopek, Milena Jäger, Stefan Zechel, Michael Schmitt, Jürgen Popp, Martin D. Hager and Ulrich S. Schubert
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1833; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091833 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1735
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of metallopolymer networks with a triple shape-memory ability. A covalently crosslinked polymer network featuring two different additional ligands in its side chains is synthesized via free radical polymerization (FRP). The subsequent addition of different metal salts [...] Read more.
This study presents the synthesis and characterization of metallopolymer networks with a triple shape-memory ability. A covalently crosslinked polymer network featuring two different additional ligands in its side chains is synthesized via free radical polymerization (FRP). The subsequent addition of different metal salts leads to the selective formation of complexes with two different association constants (Ka), proven via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Those two supramolecular crosslinks feature different activation temperatures and can act as two individual switching units enabling the fixation and recovery of two temporary shapes. The presented samples were investigated in a detailed fashion via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, thermo-mechanical analyses (TMA) revealed excellent dual and triple shape-memory abilities of the presented metallopolymer networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metal Containing Polymers)
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Review

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28 pages, 6302 KiB  
Review
Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion Using Metal-Containing Coordination Polymers and Networks: Recent Developments in Material Design and Mechanistic Details
by Lea-Sophie Hornberger and Friederike Adams
Polymers 2022, 14(14), 2778; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142778 - 07 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2341
Abstract
International guidelines have progressively addressed global warming which is caused by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect originates from the atmosphere’s gases which trap sunlight which, as a consequence, causes an increase in global surface temperature. Carbon dioxide is one of these greenhouse [...] Read more.
International guidelines have progressively addressed global warming which is caused by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect originates from the atmosphere’s gases which trap sunlight which, as a consequence, causes an increase in global surface temperature. Carbon dioxide is one of these greenhouse gases and is mainly produced by anthropogenic emissions. The urgency of removing atmospheric carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reduce the greenhouse effect has initiated the development of methods to covert carbon dioxide into valuable products. One approach that was developed is the photocatalytic transformation of CO2. Photocatalysis addresses environmental issues by transferring CO2 into value added chemicals by mimicking the natural photosynthesis process. During this process, the photocatalytic system is excited by light energy. CO2 is adsorbed at the catalytic metal centers where it is subsequently reduced. To overcome several obstacles for achieving an efficient photocatalytic reduction process, the use of metal-containing polymers as photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction is highlighted in this review. The attention of this manuscript is directed towards recent advances in material design and mechanistic details of the process using different polymeric materials and photocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metal Containing Polymers)
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