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Polymers
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Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials
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Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Analysis and Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 May 2024 | Viewed by 9874

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Mechanics of Materials, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
Interests: mechanical engineering; materials engineering; polymers; composites; nanomaterials; environmental effects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Additive manufacturing is becoming widely applied as a manufacturing process in both the aerospace and automotive fields, mainly due to design flexibility, a reduction in the design-to-manufacturing cycle time, the capability to produce complex shapes without manufacturing restraints, a reduction in joints and connections, and a decrease in raw material waste. Selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, fused deposition modelling, and stereolithography are the most common and popular additive manufacturing techniques. Various polymers applied in the 3D printing technique more or less demonstrate anisotropic material behaviour. The printing quality of 3D-printed parts can be evaluated through their mechanical properties. The selection of processing conditions (e.g., cooling and/or annealing temperature) and manufacturing parameters (e.g., raster angle and orientation, layer thickness, raster-to-raster gap, etc.) could influence mechanical properties in the short- and long-term.

This Special Issue aims to present current scientific results regarding the effects of the processing conditions and manufacturing parameters on the mechanical and physical properties of 3D-printed polymers, including experimental characterization and modelling.

Dr. Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • additive manufacturing
  • 3D-printed polymers
  • processing conditions
  • manufacturing parameters
  • mechanical properties
  • modelling

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 6603 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Environment-Friendly and Sustainable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Constructed Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS)-Based Gyroid Structures
by Syed Saarim Razi, Salman Pervaiz, Rahmat Agung Susantyoko and Mozah Alyammahi
Polymers 2024, 16(8), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16081175 - 22 Apr 2024
Viewed by 277
Abstract
The demand for robust yet lightweight materials has exponentially increased in several engineering applications. Additive manufacturing and 3D printing technology have the ability to meet this demand at a fraction of the cost compared with traditional manufacturing techniques. By using the fused deposition [...] Read more.
The demand for robust yet lightweight materials has exponentially increased in several engineering applications. Additive manufacturing and 3D printing technology have the ability to meet this demand at a fraction of the cost compared with traditional manufacturing techniques. By using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique, objects can be 3D-printed with complex designs and patterns using cost-effective, biodegradable, and sustainable thermoplastic polymer filaments such as polylactic acid (PLA). This study aims to provide results to guide users in selecting the optimal printing and testing parameters for additively manufactured/3D-printed components. This study was designed using the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Compressive test results on nine similarly patterned samples suggest that cuboid gyroid-structured samples perform the best under compression and retain more mechanical strength than the other tested triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. A printing speed of 40 mm/s, relative density of 60%, and cell size of 3.17 mm were the best choice of input parameters within the tested ranges to provide the optimal performance of a sample that experiences greater force or energy to compress until failure. The ninth experiment on the above-mentioned conditions improved the yield strength by 16.9%, the compression modulus by 34.8%, and energy absorption by 29.5% when compared with the second-best performance, which was obtained in the third experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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12 pages, 3460 KiB  
Article
Strength and Surface Characteristics of 3D-Printed Resin Crowns for the Primary Molars
by Soyoung Park, Wontak Cho, Hyeonjong Lee, Jihyeon Bae, Taesung Jeong, Jungbo Huh and Jonghyun Shin
Polymers 2023, 15(21), 4241; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15214241 - 27 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1513
Abstract
Some resin polymers available for three-dimensional (3D) printing are slightly elastic, which may be advantageous when used for full crown coverage of the primary teeth. This study was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of two types of 3D-printed resin crowns in terms [...] Read more.
Some resin polymers available for three-dimensional (3D) printing are slightly elastic, which may be advantageous when used for full crown coverage of the primary teeth. This study was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of two types of 3D-printed resin crowns in terms of strength and surface characteristics. Polymer resins used for temporary crowns (TCs) and temporary flexible dentures (TFDs) were tested. Digitally designed crowns with different thicknesses (0.4 and 0.6 mm) were 3D-printed. Milled zirconia crowns were used as the control. The static and dynamic fracture loads of the crowns were measured. The crown surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The average strength did not differ between the types of crowns. The differences between the dynamic and static fracture loads were insignificant. In the TC group, thicker crowns showed lower strength both under static and dynamic loads. After thermomechanical loading, microcracks and dropouts of macrofillers were detected on the surface of all types of resin crowns. The deposition of abraded debris occurred more in the TFD group. The 3D-printed resin crowns were thought to endure biting forces in children. However, some limitations of the material itself should be improved for consideration as a new treatment option in pediatric dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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17 pages, 2398 KiB  
Article
Investigation and Prediction of Tensile, Flexural, and Compressive Properties of Tough PLA Material Using Definitive Screening Design
by Abdulsalam A. Al-Tamimi, Adi Pandžić and Edin Kadrić
Polymers 2023, 15(20), 4169; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204169 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1016
Abstract
The material extrusion fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique has become a widely used technique that enables the production of complex parts for various applications. To overcome limitations of PLA material such as low impact toughness, commercially available materials such as UltiMaker Tough PLA [...] Read more.
The material extrusion fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique has become a widely used technique that enables the production of complex parts for various applications. To overcome limitations of PLA material such as low impact toughness, commercially available materials such as UltiMaker Tough PLA were produced to improve the parent PLA material that can be widely applied in many engineering applications. In this study, 3D-printed parts (test specimens) considering six different printing parameters (i.e., layer height, wall thickness, infill density, build plate temperature, printing speed, and printing temperature) are experimentally investigated to understand their impact on the mechanical properties of Tough PLA material. Three different standardized tests of tensile, flexural, and compressive properties were conducted to determine the maximum force and Young’s modulus. These six properties were used as responses in a design of experiment, definitive screening design (DSD), to build six regression models. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to evaluate the effects of each of the six printing parameters on Tough PLA mechanical properties. It is shown that all regression models are statistically significant (p<0.05) with high values of adjusted and predicted R2. Conducted confirmation tests resulted in low relative errors between experimental and predicted data, indicating that the developed models are adequately accurate and reliable for the prediction of tensile, flexural, and compressive properties of Tough PLA material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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28 pages, 8456 KiB  
Article
Analyzing Surface Roughness Variations in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Nylon Carbon Fiber Composites
by Muhammad Abas, Mohammed Al Awadh, Tufail Habib and Sahar Noor
Polymers 2023, 15(17), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15173633 - 01 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1208
Abstract
In recent years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) based on material extrusion additive manufacturing technology has become widely accepted as a cost-effective method for fabricating engineering components with net-shapes. However, the limited exploration of the influence of FDM process parameters on surface roughness parameters, [...] Read more.
In recent years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) based on material extrusion additive manufacturing technology has become widely accepted as a cost-effective method for fabricating engineering components with net-shapes. However, the limited exploration of the influence of FDM process parameters on surface roughness parameters, i.e., Ra (average surface roughness), Rq (root mean square surface roughness), and Rz (maximum height of the profile) across different sides (bottom, top, and walls) poses a challenge for the fabrication of functional parts. This research aims to bridge the knowledge gap by analyzing surface roughness under various process parameters and optimizing it for nylon carbon fiber printed parts. A definitive screening design (DSD) was employed for experimental runs. The Pareto chart highlighted the significant effects of layer height, part orientation, and infill density on all surface roughness parameters and respective sides. The surface morphology was analyzed through optical microscopy. Multi-response optimization was performed using an integrated approach of composited desirability function and entropy. The findings of the present study hold significant industrial applications, enhancing the quality and performance of 3D printed parts. From intricate prototypes to durable automotive components, the optimized surfaces contribute to production of functional and visually appealing products across various sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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23 pages, 6291 KiB  
Article
Moisture Sorption and Degradation of Polymer Filaments Used in 3D Printing
by Andrey Aniskevich, Olga Bulderberga and Leons Stankevics
Polymers 2023, 15(12), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122600 - 07 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1227
Abstract
Experimental research of the moisture sorption process of 12 typical filaments used for FFF was performed in atmospheres with a relative humidity from 16 to 97% at room temperature. Materials with high moisture sorption capacity were revealed. Fick’s diffusion model was applied to [...] Read more.
Experimental research of the moisture sorption process of 12 typical filaments used for FFF was performed in atmospheres with a relative humidity from 16 to 97% at room temperature. Materials with high moisture sorption capacity were revealed. Fick’s diffusion model was applied to all tested materials, and a set of sorption parameters was found. The solution of Fick’s second equation for the two-dimensional cylinder was obtained in series form. Moisture sorption isotherms were obtained and classified. Moisture diffusivity dependence on relative humidity was evaluated. The diffusion coefficient was independent of the relative humidity of the atmosphere for six materials. It essentially decreased for four materials and grew for the other two. Swelling strain changed linearly with the moisture content of the materials and reached up to 0.5% for some of them. The degree of degradation of the elastic modulus and the strength of the filaments due to moisture absorption were estimated. All tested materials were classified as having a low (changes ca. 2–4% or less), moderate (5–9%), or high sensitivity to water (more than 10%) by their reduction in mechanical properties. This reduction in stiffness and strength with absorbed moisture should be considered for responsible applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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17 pages, 9834 KiB  
Article
Effect of 3D Printing Process Parameters and Heat Treatment Conditions on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PEEK Parts
by Honglei Zhen, Bin Zhao, Long Quan and Junyu Fu
Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2209; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092209 - 06 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2379
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) processed Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials are widely used in aerospace, automobile, biomedical, and electronics industries and other industries due to their excellent mechanical properties, thermal properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance, and biocompatibility, etc. However, the manufacture of PEEK materials and [...] Read more.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) processed Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials are widely used in aerospace, automobile, biomedical, and electronics industries and other industries due to their excellent mechanical properties, thermal properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance, and biocompatibility, etc. However, the manufacture of PEEK materials and parts utilizing the FDM process faces the challenge of fine-tuning a list of process parameters and heat treatment conditions to reach the best-suiting mechanical properties and microstructures. It is non-trivial to make the selection only according to theoretical analysis while counting on a vast number of experiments is the general situation. Therefore, in this paper, the extrusion rate, filling angle, and printing orientation are investigated to adjust the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK parts; then, a variety of heat treatment conditions were applied to tune the crystallinity and strength. The results show that the best mechanical performance is achieved at 1.0 times the extrusion rate, varied angle cross-fillings with ±10° intervals, and vertical printing. Horizontal printing performs better with reduced warpage. Additionally, both crystallinity and mechanical properties are significantly improved after heat treatment, and the best state is achieved after holding at 300 °C for 2 h. The resulting tensile strength is close to 80% of the strength of injection-molded PEEK parts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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14 pages, 3510 KiB  
Article
Effect of Post-Printing Cooling Conditions on the Properties of ULTEM Printed Parts
by Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina, Didzis Dejus, Jānis Jātnieks, Andrey Aniskevich, Jevgenijs Sevcenko, Anatolijs Sarakovskis and Aleksejs Zolotarjovs
Polymers 2023, 15(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020324 - 08 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1502
Abstract
This paper aimed to estimate the effect of post-printing cooling conditions on the tensile and thermophysical properties of ULTEM® 9085 printed parts processed by fused deposition modeling (FDM). Three different cooling conditions were applied after printing Ultem samples: from 180 °C to [...] Read more.
This paper aimed to estimate the effect of post-printing cooling conditions on the tensile and thermophysical properties of ULTEM® 9085 printed parts processed by fused deposition modeling (FDM). Three different cooling conditions were applied after printing Ultem samples: from 180 °C to room temperature (RT) for 4 h in the printer (P), rapid removal from the printer and cooling from 200 °C to RT for 4 h in the oven (O), and cooling at RT (R). Tensile tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) were carried out on samples printed in three orthogonal planes to investigate the effect of the post-printing cooling conditions on their mechanical and thermophysical properties. Optical microscopy was employed to relate the corresponding macrostructure to the mechanical performance of the material. The results obtained showed almost no difference between samples cooled either in the printer or oven and a notable difference for samples cooled at room temperature. Moreover, the lowest mechanical performance and sensitivity to the thermal cooling conditions were defined for the Z printing direction due to anisotropic nature of FDM and debonding among layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
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