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Polymers
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Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization...
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Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 22267

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Balzhima Shagdarova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
Interests: biopolymers; chitosan; chitosan derivatives; nanoparticles; antibacterial activity; fungicidal activity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Alla Il'ina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
Interests: polysaccharides; chitosan; chitosan derivatives; nanoparticles; antimicrobial activity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The scientific community is now focusing on the use of eco-friendly materials to reduce the environmental impact of synthetic materials. Eco-friendly materials include polymers of natural origin. Chitosan is one such promising biopolymer with a wide range of applications. It has unique properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, antimicrobial activity and source availability. The presence of hydroxyl and amino functional groups in the chitosan molecule allows chitosan to be chemically modified, expanding its potential applications. Nanomaterials have many applications due to their superior physical and chemical properties compared to bulk materials. These properties are due to the increased surface-to-volume ratio and surface energy of the miniature particles. Chitosan nanoparticles have high functionalization potential and drug loading capability and antimicrobial properties while remaining biodegradable and biocompatible.

This Special Issue "Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization  and Application" will focus on various fundamental and applied research of chitosan, its derivatives and nanoparticles and their biomedical and biotechnological applications, including in agriculture.

Topics will include but are not limited to:

  • Chitosan derivatives, synthesis, characterization and applications;
  • Chitosan-based nanoparticles, synthesis, characterization and applications;
  • Antimicrobial activity of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles;
  • Application of chitosan-based materials, including nanoparticles in biomedicine and agriculture.

Dr. Balzhima Shagdarova
Dr. Alla V. Il'ina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biopolymer
  • chitosan
  • chitosan derivatives
  • nanoparticles
  • composites
  • antibacterial activity
  • fungicidal activity
  • biomedicine
  • agriculture

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3636 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of ZnO-and-TiO2-Nanoparticles-Functionalized Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Bionanocomposites for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications
by Annu, Zafar Iqbal Bhat, Khalid Imtiyaz, M. Moshahid A. Rizvi, Saiqa Ikram and Dong Kil Shin
Polymers 2023, 15(16), 3477; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163477 - 19 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1414
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA)-based zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid bionanocomposites (BNCs) and observe their comparative accomplishment against the skin cancer cell line, A431, and antioxidant potential. CS was blended with PVA to form polymeric [...] Read more.
This study aimed to synthesize chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA)-based zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid bionanocomposites (BNCs) and observe their comparative accomplishment against the skin cancer cell line, A431, and antioxidant potential. CS was blended with PVA to form polymeric films reinforced with the immobilization of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), separately. The optimization of the BNCs was done via physicochemical studies, viz. moisture content, swelling ratio, and contact angle measurements. The free radical scavenging activity was observed for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, and the antibacterial assay against the Escherichia coli strain showed a higher zone of inhibition. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of the synthesized BNCs was revealed against the skin cancer cell line A431 under varying concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 μg/mL. The anticancer study revealed a high percent of cancerous cell inhibition (70%) in ZnO BNCs as compared to (61%) TiO2 BNCs in a dose-dependent manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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19 pages, 4632 KiB  
Article
Biopolymer-Based Composite Hydrogels Embedding Small Silver Nanoparticles for Advanced Antimicrobial Applications: Experimental and Theoretical Insights
by Moises A. Rojas, John Amalraj and Leonardo S. Santos
Polymers 2023, 15(16), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163370 - 11 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1213
Abstract
In this work, we report a two-step methodology for the synthesis of small silver nanoparticles embedded into hydrogels based on chitosan (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) biopolymers. This method uses d-glucose as an external green reducing agent and purified water as a [...] Read more.
In this work, we report a two-step methodology for the synthesis of small silver nanoparticles embedded into hydrogels based on chitosan (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) biopolymers. This method uses d-glucose as an external green reducing agent and purified water as a solvent, leading to an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible process for the synthesis of silver nanocomposite hydrogels. Their characterization comprises ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy assays. Moreover, the structural stability of the hydrogels was investigated through sequential swelling–deswelling cycles. The nanomaterials showed good mechanical properties in terms of their structural stability and revealed prominent antibacterial properties due to the reduced-size particles that promote their use as new advanced antimicrobial agents, an advantage compared to conventional particles in aqueous suspension that lose stability and effectiveness. Finally, theoretical analyses provided insights into the possible interactions, charge transfer, and stabilization process of nanoclusters mediated by the high-electron-density groups belonging to CS and HPMC, revealing their unique structural properties in the preparation of nano-scaled materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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13 pages, 3412 KiB  
Article
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Anti-Lung Cancer Applications
by Devaraj Bharathi, Jaya Ganesh Thiruvengadam Nandagopal, Jintae Lee and Rajamani Ranjithkumar
Polymers 2023, 15(12), 2700; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122700 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1683
Abstract
In the treatment of bacterial contamination, the problem of multi-drug resistance is becoming an increasingly pressing concern. Nanotechnology advancements enable the preparation of metal nanoparticles that can be assembled into complex systems to control bacterial and tumor cell growth. The current work investigates [...] Read more.
In the treatment of bacterial contamination, the problem of multi-drug resistance is becoming an increasingly pressing concern. Nanotechnology advancements enable the preparation of metal nanoparticles that can be assembled into complex systems to control bacterial and tumor cell growth. The current work investigates the green production of chitosan functionalized silver nanoparticles (CS/Ag NPs) using Sida acuta and their inhibition efficacy against bacterial pathogens and lung cancer cells (A549). Initially, a brown color formation confirmed the synthesis, and the chemical nature of the synthesized NPs were examined by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR demonstrated the occurrence of CS and S. acuta functional groups in the synthesized CS/Ag NPs. The electron microscopy study exhibited CS/Ag NPs with a spherical morphology and size ranges of 6–45 nm, while XRD analysis demonstrated the crystallinity of Ag NPs. Further, the bacterial inhibition property of CS/Ag NPs was examined against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, which showed clear inhibition zones at different concentrations. In addition, the antibacterial properties were further confirmed by a fluorescent AO/EtBr staining technique. Furthermore, prepared CS/Ag NPs exhibited a potential anti-cancer character against a human lung cancer cell line (A549). In conclusion, our findings revealed that the produced CS/Ag NPs could be used as an excellent inhibitory material in industrial and clinical sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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17 pages, 4497 KiB  
Article
Zinc Nanocomposite Supported Chitosan for Nitrite Sensing and Hydrogen Evolution Applications
by Nada S. Al-Kadhi, Mahmoud A. Hefnawy, Sherif S. Nafee, Fowzia S. Alamro, Rami Adel Pashameah, Hoda A. Ahmed and Shymaa S. Medany
Polymers 2023, 15(10), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15102357 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1460
Abstract
Nanoparticles of ZnO-Chitosan (Zn-Chit) composite were prepared using precipitation methods. Several analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmitted electron microscope (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermal analysis, were used to characterize the prepared composite. The activity of [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles of ZnO-Chitosan (Zn-Chit) composite were prepared using precipitation methods. Several analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmitted electron microscope (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermal analysis, were used to characterize the prepared composite. The activity of the modified composite was investigated for nitrite sensing and hydrogen production applications using various electrochemical techniques. A comparative study was performed for pristine ZnO and ZnO loaded on chitosan. The modified Zn-Chit has a linear range of detection 1–150 µM and a limit of detection (LOD) = 0.402 µM (response time ~3 s). The activity of the modified electrode was investigated in a real sample (milk). Furthermore, the anti-interference capability of the surface was utilized in the presence of several inorganic salts and organic additives. Additionally, Zn-Chit composite was employed as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen production in an acidic medium. Thus, the electrode showed long-term stability toward fuel production and enhanced energy security. The electrode reached a current density of 50 mA cm−2 at an overpotential equal to −0.31 and −0.2 V (vs. RHE) for GC/ZnO and GC/Zn-Chit, respectively. Electrode durability was studied for long-time constant potential chronoamperometry for 5 h. The electrodes lost 8% and 9% of the initial current for GC/ZnO and GC/Zn-Chit, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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13 pages, 2893 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial and Mechanical Properties of Ag@Ti3C2Tx-Modified PVA Composite Hydrogels Enhanced with Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan
by Linxinzheng Guo, Kun Hu and Haibo Wang
Polymers 2023, 15(10), 2352; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15102352 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1598
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a polymeric material with good biocompatibility, excellent hydrophilicity, and a large number of hydroxyl groups. However, due to its insufficient mechanical properties and poor inhibition of bacteria, it has a lack of applications in wound dressings, stent materials, and [...] Read more.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a polymeric material with good biocompatibility, excellent hydrophilicity, and a large number of hydroxyl groups. However, due to its insufficient mechanical properties and poor inhibition of bacteria, it has a lack of applications in wound dressings, stent materials, and other fields. In this study, a simple method was used to prepare composite gel materials: Ag@MXene-HACC-PVA hydrogels with a double-network structure were prepared using an acetal reaction. Due to the double cross-linked interaction, the hydrogel has good mechanical properties and is resistant to swelling. The adhesion and bacterial inhibition were enhanced due to the addition of HACC. In addition, the strain sensing properties of this conductive hydrogel were stable, and the GF (specification factor) was 1.7617 at 40–90% strain. Therefore, the dual-network hydrogel with excellent sensing properties, adhesion properties, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility has potential applications in biomedical materials, especially as a tissue engineering repair material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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12 pages, 3661 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Modified by Quaternary Chitosan Covalently Bonded with Gallic Acid
by Alexey Lunkov, Mariya Konovalova, Balzhima Shagdarova, Yuliya Zhuikova, Alla Il’ina and Valery Varlamov
Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092123 - 29 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1280
Abstract
Quaternary chitosan derivative with covalently bonded antioxidant (QCG) was used as media for synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). SeNPs were characterized using AFM, TEM, and DLS methods. The data confirmed the formation of stable nanoparticles with a positive charge (34.86–46.73 mV) and a [...] Read more.
Quaternary chitosan derivative with covalently bonded antioxidant (QCG) was used as media for synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). SeNPs were characterized using AFM, TEM, and DLS methods. The data confirmed the formation of stable nanoparticles with a positive charge (34.86–46.73 mV) and a size in the range 119.5–238.6 nm. The antibacterial and fungicidal activity of SeNPs occurred within the range of values for chitosan derivatives. In all cases, the highest activity was against C. albicans (MIC 125 µg/mL). The toxicity of the modified selenium nanoparticles to eukaryotic cells was significantly higher. Among nanoparticle samples, SeNPs that were synthesized at 55 °C demonstrated the highest toxicity against Colo357 and HaCaT cell lines. Based on these results, SeNPs loaded with doxorubicin were obtained. DOX loading efficiency was about 18%. QCG-SeNPs loaded with DOX at a concentration of 1.25 μg/mL inhibited more than 50% of hepatocarcinoma (Colo 357) cells and about 70% of keratinocytes (HaCaT). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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Review

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27 pages, 2127 KiB  
Review
Amelioration of Cancer Employing Chitosan, Its Derivatives, and Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles: Recent Updates
by Tarun Virmani, Girish Kumar, Ashwani Sharma, Kamla Pathak, Md Sayeed Akhtar, Obaid Afzal and Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi
Polymers 2023, 15(13), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132928 - 01 Jul 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3770
Abstract
The limitations associated with the conventional treatment of cancer have necessitated the design and development of novel drug delivery systems based mainly on nanotechnology. These novel drug delivery systems include various kinds of nanoparticles, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid [...] Read more.
The limitations associated with the conventional treatment of cancer have necessitated the design and development of novel drug delivery systems based mainly on nanotechnology. These novel drug delivery systems include various kinds of nanoparticles, such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, hydrogels, and polymeric micelles. Among the various kinds of novel drug delivery systems, chitosan-based nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researchers to treat cancer. Chitosan is a polycationic polymer generated from chitin with various characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and mucoadhesiveness, making it an ideal polymer to fabricate drug delivery systems. However, chitosan is poorly soluble in water and soluble in acidic aqueous solutions. Furthermore, owing to the presence of reactive amino groups, chitosan can be chemically modified to improve its physiochemical properties. Chitosan and its modified derivatives can be employed to fabricate nanoparticles, which are used most frequently in the pharmaceutical sector due to their possession of various characteristics such as nanosize, appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, non-immunogenicity, improved stability, and improved drug loading capacity. Furthermore, it is capable of delivering nucleic acids, chemotherapeutic medicines, and bioactives using modified chitosan. Chitosan and its modified derivative-based nanoparticles can be targeted to specific cancer sites via active and passive mechanisms. Based on chitosan drug delivery systems, many anticancer drugs now have better effectiveness, potency, cytotoxicity, or biocompatibility. The characteristics of chitosan and its chemically tailored derivatives, as well as their use in cancer therapy, will be examined in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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26 pages, 2138 KiB  
Review
Chitosan: Properties and Its Application in Agriculture in Context of Molecular Weight
by Ramón Román-Doval, Sandra P. Torres-Arellanes, Aldo Y. Tenorio-Barajas, Alejandro Gómez-Sánchez and Anai A. Valencia-Lazcano
Polymers 2023, 15(13), 2867; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15132867 - 28 Jun 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6268
Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally occurring compound that can be obtained from deacetylated chitin, which is obtained from various sources such as fungi, crustaceans, and insects. Commercially, chitosan is produced from crustaceans. Based on the range of its molecular weight, chitosan can be classified [...] Read more.
Chitosan is a naturally occurring compound that can be obtained from deacetylated chitin, which is obtained from various sources such as fungi, crustaceans, and insects. Commercially, chitosan is produced from crustaceans. Based on the range of its molecular weight, chitosan can be classified into three different types, namely, high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC, >700 kDa), medium molecular weight chitosan (MMWC, 150–700 kDa), and low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC, less than 150 kDa). Chitosan shows several properties that can be applied in horticultural crops, such as plant root growth enhancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Nevertheless, these properties depend on its molecular weight (MW) and acetylation degree (DD). Therefore, this article seeks to extensively review the properties of chitosan applied in the agricultural sector, classifying them in relation to chitosan’s MW, and its use as a material for sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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25 pages, 1962 KiB  
Review
Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, and Biomedical Application of Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
by Ruixi Ye, Siyu Liu, Wenkai Zhu, Yurong Li, Long Huang, Guozheng Zhang and Yeshun Zhang
Polymers 2023, 15(11), 2482; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15112482 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2291
Abstract
The prospective applications of chitosan-based hydrogels (CBHs), a category of biocompatible and biodegradable materials, in biomedical disciplines such as tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, and biosensing have garnered great interest. The synthesis and characterization processes used to create CBHs play a significant [...] Read more.
The prospective applications of chitosan-based hydrogels (CBHs), a category of biocompatible and biodegradable materials, in biomedical disciplines such as tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, and biosensing have garnered great interest. The synthesis and characterization processes used to create CBHs play a significant role in determining their characteristics and effectiveness. The qualities of CBHs might be greatly influenced by tailoring the manufacturing method to get certain traits, including porosity, swelling, mechanical strength, and bioactivity. Additionally, characterization methods aid in gaining access to the microstructures and properties of CBHs. Herein, this review provides a comprehensive assessment of the state-of-the-art with a focus on the affiliation between particular properties and domains in biomedicine. Moreover, this review highlights the beneficial properties and wide application of stimuli-responsive CBHs. The main obstacles and prospects for the future of CBH development for biomedical applications are also covered in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Its Derivatives and Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan: Synthesis, Characterization and Application)
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