Research

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23 pages, 4477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genotypic Variability on Grain Yield and Grain Nutritional Quality Characteristics of Wheat Grown under Elevated CO₂ and High Temperature

by Emilio L. Marcos-Barbero, Pilar Pérez, Rafael Martínez-Carrasco, Juan B. Arellano and Rosa Morcuende

Plants 2021, 10(6), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061043 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3052

Abstract

The progressive rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and temperature associated with climate change is predicted to have a major impact on the productivity and quality of food crops. Therefore, food security is highly dependent on climate change. Following a survey with 60 [...] Read more.

The progressive rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and temperature associated with climate change is predicted to have a major impact on the productivity and quality of food crops. Therefore, food security is highly dependent on climate change. Following a survey with 60 bread wheat genotypes, here we investigated the genetic variation in grain yield and nutritional quality among 10 of these genotypes grown under elevated CO₂ and temperature. With this purpose, the biomass production, grain yield-related traits, the grain concentration of starch, total protein, phenolic compounds, and mineral nutrients, together with the total antioxidant capacity, were determined. Variation among genotypes was found for almost all the studied traits. Higher grain and ear numbers were associated with increased grain yield but decreased grain total protein concentration and minerals such as Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, P, and Zn. Mineral nutrients were mainly associated with wheat biomass, whereas protein concentration was affected by plant biomass and yield-related traits. Associations among different nutrients and promising nutrient concentrations in some wheat genotypes were also found. This study demonstrates that the exploration of genetic diversity is a powerful approach, not only for selecting genotypes with improved quality, but also for dissecting the effect of the environment on grain yield and nutritional composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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15 pages, 3117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Wheat Storage Proteins and Breadmaking Quality to Dimethylpyrazole-Based Nitrification Inhibitors under Different Nitrogen Fertilization Splitting Strategies

by Ximena Huérfano, José-María Estavillo, Miren K. Duñabeitia, María-Begoña González-Moro, Carmen González-Murua and Teresa Fuertes-Mendizábal

Plants 2021, 10(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040703 - 06 Apr 2021

Viewed by 1740

Abstract

Improving fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency is essential to increase crop productivity and avoid environmental damage. This study was conducted during four crop cycles of winter wheat under humid Mediterranean conditions (Araba, northern Spain). The effects of N-fertilization splitting and the application of [...] Read more.

Improving fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency is essential to increase crop productivity and avoid environmental damage. This study was conducted during four crop cycles of winter wheat under humid Mediterranean conditions (Araba, northern Spain). The effects of N-fertilization splitting and the application of the nitrification inhibitors (NIs) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) succinic acid isomeric mixture (DMPSA) as strategies to improve grain quality were examined. The hypothesis of this study was to test if the partial ammonium nutrition and the reduction of fertilizer losses presumably induced by the application of NIs can modify the grain gliadin and glutenin protein contents and the breadmaking quality (dough rheological properties). Among both NIs assayed, only DMPP showed a slight effect of decreasing the omega gliadin fraction, following splitting either two or three times, although this effect was dependent on the year and was not reflected in terms of dough extensibility. The slight decreases observed in grain quality in terms of dough strength and glutenin content induced by DMPP suggest that DMPSA is more promising in terms of maintaining grain quality. Nonetheless, these poor effects exerted by NI application on grain quality parameters did not lead to changes in the quality parameters defining the flour aptitudes for breadmaking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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19 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the End-Use Quality Potential of a Collection of Spanish Bread Wheat Landraces

by Matilde López-Fernández, Laura Pascual, Isabel Faci, Mario Fernández, Magdalena Ruiz, Elena Benavente and Patricia Giraldo

Plants 2021, 10(4), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040620 - 24 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2733

Abstract

Modern plant-breeding practices have narrowed the genetic base of wheat, such that there is a need to introduce new germplasms with underexploited diversity into breeding programs. Wheat landraces are a very valuable resource when searching for genetic variation, which not only possess increased [...] Read more.

Modern plant-breeding practices have narrowed the genetic base of wheat, such that there is a need to introduce new germplasms with underexploited diversity into breeding programs. Wheat landraces are a very valuable resource when searching for genetic variation, which not only possess increased adaptability, but also quality-related traits. Several studies have shown a wide genetic diversity in Spanish wheat landraces compared to other germplasm collections; therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyze the variability in a collection of 189 landraces from the Spanish National Plant Genetic Resources Centre (Centro de Recursos Fitogenéticos, CRF-INIA, Alcalá de Henares), in relation to end-use quality traits. We characterized the whole collection for high-molecular-weight glutenin and puroindoline allelic composition, and for gluten strength. In addition, grain protein content, grains per spike, and thousand kernel weight were evaluated in samples from four-year field trials. The relationship between glutenin composition and quality was evaluated, and some alleles strongly associated with high quality were identified in the collection, some of them specific for Iberian landraces. The results also show the presence of novel variability within high-molecular-weight glutenin and puroindolines, which needs to be characterized further in order to assess its influence on wheat quality. In addition, a set of landraces showing outstanding values for gluten quality and a good agronomic performance was selected for testing in field trials in order to evaluate the suitability of their direct use in cropping systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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16 pages, 4926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Rising Temperature in the Deposition Patterns of Bioactive Compounds in Field Grown Food Barley Grains

by Mariona Martínez-Subirà, Marian Moralejo, Eva Puig, María-Paz Romero, Roxana Savin and Ignacio Romagosa

Plants 2021, 10(3), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030598 - 22 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1637

Abstract

High temperatures at the end of the season are frequent under Mediterranean conditions, affecting final grain quality. This study determined the deposition patterns throughout grain filling of dry matter, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity for four barley genotypes under two contrasting [...] Read more.

High temperatures at the end of the season are frequent under Mediterranean conditions, affecting final grain quality. This study determined the deposition patterns throughout grain filling of dry matter, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity for four barley genotypes under two contrasting temperatures. Deposition pattern for dietary fiber followed that of grain weight. Genotypic differences for duration were more significant than for rate. Anthocyanins followed a second-degree polynomial pattern, reaching a maximum before grain maturation. Free and bound phenols decreased as grain developed, suggesting that they are synthesized in early stages. Rate of bound phenols deposition was more sensitive to genotypic changes. Overall, antioxidant capacity decreased over time; the decay being less steep under stress for all genotypes. Heat stress negatively affected grain weight. It did not alter the profile of β-glucans and arabinoxylans deposition but positively changed the accumulation of some phenolic compounds, increasing the antioxidant capacity differentially across genotypes. These results support the growing of food barley in high-temperature stress-prone areas, as some bioactive compound and antioxidant capacity will increase, regardless of the smaller grain size. Moreover, if a market develops for food-barley ingredients, early harvesting of non-mature grain to maximize antioxidant capacity should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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15 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wheat Developmental Traits as Affected by the Interaction between Eps-7D and Temperature under Contrasting Photoperiods with Insensitive Ppd-D1 Background

by Priyanka A. Basavaraddi, Roxana Savin, Stefano Bencivenga, Simon Griffiths and Gustavo A. Slafer

Plants 2021, 10(3), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030547 - 13 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1693

Abstract

Earliness per se (Eps) genes are important to fine tune adaptation, and studying their probable pleiotropic effect on wheat yield traits is worthwhile. In addition, it has been shown that some Eps genes interact with temperature and therefore determining the likely [...] Read more.

Earliness per se (Eps) genes are important to fine tune adaptation, and studying their probable pleiotropic effect on wheat yield traits is worthwhile. In addition, it has been shown that some Eps genes interact with temperature and therefore determining the likely Eps × temperature interaction is needed for each newly identified Eps gene. We studied two NILs differing in the newly identified Eps-7D (carrying insensitive Ppd-D1 in the background) under three temperature regimes (9, 15 and 18 °C) and two photoperiods (12 and 24 h). Eps-7D affected time to anthesis as expected and the Eps-7D-late allele extended both the period before and after terminal spikelet. The interaction effect of Eps-7D × temperature was significant but not cross-over: the magnitude and level of significance of the difference between NILs with the late or early allele was affected by the growing temperature (i.e., difference was least at 18 °C and largest at 9 °C), and the differences caused due to temperature sensitivity were influenced by photoperiod. The rate of leaf initiation was faster in NIL with Eps-7D-early than with the late allele which compensated for the shorter duration of leaf initiation resulting in similar final leaf number between two NILs. Eps-7D-late consistently increased spike fertility through improving floret primordia survival as a consequence of extending the late reproductive phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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13 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenology and Floret Development as Affected by the Interaction between Eps-7D and Ppd-D1

by Priyanka A. Basavaraddi, Roxana Savin, Stefano Bencivenga, Simon Griffiths and Gustavo A. Slafer

Plants 2021, 10(3), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030533 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1637

Abstract

Earliness per se (Eps) genes may play a critical role in further improving wheat adaptation and fine-tuning wheat development to cope with climate change. There are only few studies on the detailed effect of Eps on wheat development and fewer on [...] Read more.

Earliness per se (Eps) genes may play a critical role in further improving wheat adaptation and fine-tuning wheat development to cope with climate change. There are only few studies on the detailed effect of Eps on wheat development and fewer on the interaction of Eps with the environment and other genes determining time to anthesis. Furthermore, it seems relevant to study every newly discovered Eps gene and its probable interactions as the mechanisms and detailed effects of each Eps may be quite different. In the present study, we evaluated NILs differing in the recently identified Eps-7D as well as in Ppd-D1 at three temperature regimes (9, 15 and 18 °C) under short day. The effect of Eps-7D on time to anthesis as well as on its component phases varied both qualitatively and quantitatively depending on the allelic status of Ppd-D1 and temperature, being larger in a photoperiod-sensitive background. A more noticeable effect of Eps-7D (when combined with Ppd-D1b) was realised during the late reproductive phase. Consequently, the final leaf number was not clearly altered by Eps-7D, while floret development of the labile florets (florets 2 and 3 in this case, depending on the particular spikelet) was favoured by the action of the Eps-7D-late allele, increasing the likelihood of particular florets to become fertile, and consequently, improving spike fertility when combined with Ppd-D1b. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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17 pages, 1034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Candidate Genes and Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Yield and Seed Size in Durum Wheat

by Giacomo Mangini, Antonio Blanco, Domenica Nigro, Massimo Antonio Signorile and Rosanna Simeone

Plants 2021, 10(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020312 - 05 Feb 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2860

Abstract

Grain yield (YLD) is affected by thousand kernel weight (TKW) which reflects the combination of grain length (GL), grain width (GW) and grain area (AREA). Grain weight is also influenced by heading time (HT) and plant height (PH). To detect candidate genes and [...] Read more.

Grain yield (YLD) is affected by thousand kernel weight (TKW) which reflects the combination of grain length (GL), grain width (GW) and grain area (AREA). Grain weight is also influenced by heading time (HT) and plant height (PH). To detect candidate genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of yield components, a durum wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was evaluated in three field trials. The RIL was genotyped with a 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and a high-density genetic linkage map with 5134 markers was obtained. A total of 30 QTL were detected including 23 QTL grouped in clusters on 1B, 2A, 3A, 4B and 6B chromosomes. A QTL cluster on 2A chromosome included a major QTL for HT co-located with QTL for YLD, TKW, GL, GW and AREA, respectively. The photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd-A1) gene was found in the physical position of this cluster. Serine carboxypeptidase, Big grain 1 and β-fructofuranosidase candidate genes were mapped in clusters containing QTL for seed size. This study showed that yield components and phenological traits had higher inheritances than grain yield, allowing an accurate QTL cluster detection. This was a requisite to physically map QTL on durum genome and to identify candidate genes affecting grain yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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16 pages, 3082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Exposure to High Atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) Severely Impacts Durum Wheat Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in the Absence of Edaphic Water Stress

by Dorra Fakhet, Fermín Morales, Iván Jauregui, Gorka Erice, Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo, Carmen González-Murua, Ricardo Aroca, Juan J. Irigoyen and Iker Aranjuelo

Plants 2021, 10(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010120 - 08 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3030

Abstract

Low atmospheric relative humidity (RH) accompanied by elevated air temperature and decreased precipitation are environmental challenges that wheat production will face in future decades. These changes to the atmosphere are causing increases in air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and low soil water availability [...] Read more.

Low atmospheric relative humidity (RH) accompanied by elevated air temperature and decreased precipitation are environmental challenges that wheat production will face in future decades. These changes to the atmosphere are causing increases in air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and low soil water availability during certain periods of the wheat-growing season. The main objective of this study was to analyze the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional response of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism of wheat (Triticum durum cv. Sula) to increases in VPD and soil water stress conditions, either alone or in combination. Plants were first grown in well-watered conditions and near-ambient temperature and RH in temperature-gradient greenhouses until anthesis, and they were then subjected to two different water regimes well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS), i.e., watered at 50% of the control for one week, followed by two VPD levels (low, 1.01/0.36 KPa and high, 2.27/0.62 KPa; day/night) for five additional days. Both VPD and soil water content had an important impact on water status and the plant physiological apparatus. While high VPD and water stress-induced stomatal closure affected photosynthetic rates, in the case of plants watered at 50%, high VPD also caused a direct impairment of the RuBisCO large subunit, RuBisCO activase and the electron transport rate. Regarding N metabolism, the gene expression, nitrite reductase (NIR) and transport levels detected in young leaves, as well as determinations of the δ¹⁵N and amino acid profiles (arginine, leucine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, and serine) indicated activation of N metabolism and final transport of nitrate to leaves and photosynthesizing cells. On the other hand, under low VPD conditions, a positive effect was only observed on gene expression related to the final step of nitrate supply to photosynthesizing cells, whereas the amount of ¹⁵N supplied to the roots that reached the leaves decreased. Such an effect would suggest an impaired N remobilization from other organs to young leaves under water stress conditions and low VPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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19 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Photoperiod Genes and Flowering Time on Yield and Yield Stability in Durum Wheat

by Jose M. Arjona, Dolors Villegas, Karim Ammar, Susanne Dreisigacker, Christian Alfaro and Conxita Royo

Plants 2020, 9(12), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121723 - 07 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2900

Abstract

This study analysed the effect of flowering time as influenced by photoperiod sensitivity genes on yield and yield stability in durum wheat. Twenty-three spring genotypes harbouring different allele combinations at Ppd-A1 and Ppd-B1 were grown in 15 field experiments at three sites at [...] Read more.

This study analysed the effect of flowering time as influenced by photoperiod sensitivity genes on yield and yield stability in durum wheat. Twenty-three spring genotypes harbouring different allele combinations at Ppd-A1 and Ppd-B1 were grown in 15 field experiments at three sites at latitudes from 41° to 19° N (Spain, Mexico-North and Mexico-South). Low temperature and solar radiation before flowering and long day length during grain-filling characteristic for the Spanish site resulted in high grain number/m² (GN) and yield (GY), while a moderate GN combined with high solar radiation during grain-filling at Mexico-North led to heavier grains. Allele combination GS100-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1a reduced the flowering time up to nine days when compared with Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a. Differences in flowering time caused by Ppd-A1/Ppd-B1 allele combinations did not affect yield. Combinations GS105-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1b and Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1b resulted in the highest GN, linked to spikelets/spike, which was higher in GS105-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1b due to more grains/spikelet. Flowering time caused by Eps had a minor effect on GN, spikes/m² and grains/spike, but late flowering resulted in reduced grain weight and GY. Allele combinations harbouring alleles conferring a similar photoperiod sensitivity response at Ppd-A1 and Ppd-B1 resulted in greater yield stability than combinations that carry alleles conferring a different response. Allele combination GS100-Ppd-A1a/Ppd-B1a was the most suitable in terms of yield and yield stability of durum wheat cultivated under irrigation within the studied latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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19 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durum Wheat Grain Yield and Quality under Low and High Nitrogen Conditions: Insights into Natural Variation in Low- and High-Yielding Genotypes

by Sinda Ben Mariem, Jon González-Torralba, Concha Collar, Iker Aranjuelo and Fermín Morales

Plants 2020, 9(12), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121636 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2906

Abstract

The availability and management of N are major determinants of crop productivity, but N excessive use has an associated agro-ecosystems environmental impact. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of N fertilization on yield and grain quality of 6 durum [...] Read more.

The availability and management of N are major determinants of crop productivity, but N excessive use has an associated agro-ecosystems environmental impact. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of N fertilization on yield and grain quality of 6 durum wheat genotypes, selected from 20 genotypes as high- and low-yielding genotypes. Two N levels were applied from anthesis to maturity: high (½ Hoagland nutrient solution) and low (modified ½ Hoagland with one-third of N). Together with the agronomic characterization, grain quality analyses were assessed to characterize carbohydrates concentration, mineral composition, glutenin and gliadin concentrations, polyphenol profile, and anti-radical activity. Nitrogen supply improved wheat grain yield with no effect on thousand-grain weight. Grain soluble sugars and gluten fractions were increased, but starch concentration was reduced, under high N. Mineral composition and polyphenol concentrations were also improved by N application. High-yielding genotypes had higher grain carbohydrates concentrations, while higher concentrations in grain minerals, gluten fractions, and polyphenols were recorded in the low-yielding ones. Decreasing the amount of N to one-third ensured a better N use efficiency but reduced durum wheat agronomic and quality traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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13 pages, 1822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RUST: A Robust, User-Friendly Script Tool for Rapid Measurement of Rust Disease on Cereal Leaves

by Luis M. Gallego-Sánchez, Francisco J. Canales, Gracia Montilla-Bascón and Elena Prats

Plants 2020, 9(9), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091182 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3975

Abstract

Recently, phenotyping has become one of the main bottlenecks in plant breeding and fundamental plant science. This is particularly true for plant disease assessment, which has to deal with time-consuming evaluations and the subjectivity of visual assessments. In this work, we have developed [...] Read more.

Recently, phenotyping has become one of the main bottlenecks in plant breeding and fundamental plant science. This is particularly true for plant disease assessment, which has to deal with time-consuming evaluations and the subjectivity of visual assessments. In this work, we have developed an open source Robust, User-friendy Script Tool (RUST) for semi-automated evaluation of leaf rust diseases. RUST runs under the free Fiji imaging software (developed from ImageJ), which is a well-recognized software among the scientific community. The script enables the evaluation of leaf rust diseases using a color transformation tool and provides three different automation modes. The script opens images sequentially and records infection frequency (pustules per area) (semi-)automatically for high-throughput analysis. Furthermore, it can manage several scanned leaf segments in the same image, consecutively selecting the desired segments. The script has been validated with nearly 900 samples from 80 oat genotypes ranging from resistant to susceptible and from very light to heavily infected leaves showing a high accuracy with a Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient of 0.99. The analysis show a high repeatability as indicated by the low variation coefficients obtained when repeating the measurement of the same samples. The script also has optional steps for calibration and training to ensure accuracy, even in low-resolution images. This script can evaluate efficiently hundreds of leaves facilitating the screening of novel sources of resistance to this important cereal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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Review

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17 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Gibberellin (GA₄₊₇) in Grain Filling, Hormonal Behavior, and Antioxidants in High-Density Maize (Zea mays L.)

by Wenwen Cui, Quanhao Song, Bingyun Zuo, Qingfang Han and Zhikuan Jia

Plants 2020, 9(8), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080978 - 31 Jul 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3542

Abstract

Dense plant cultivation is an efficient approach to improve maize production by maximizing the utilization of energy and nutrients. However, dense plant populations may aggravate the abortion rate of young grains, resulting in fewer kernels per ear. The rate and duration of grain-filling [...] Read more.

Dense plant cultivation is an efficient approach to improve maize production by maximizing the utilization of energy and nutrients. However, dense plant populations may aggravate the abortion rate of young grains, resulting in fewer kernels per ear. The rate and duration of grain-filling play decisive roles in maize grain yield. Therefore, to increase plant density, enhancing the grain-filling rate, extending the growth period of individual maize plants and regulating crop senescence would be the first priority. In this study, we examined the regulatory effects of GA₄₊₇ under two application methods: shanks and silks were moistened by cotton full with GA₄₊₇ solution at concentrations of 0, 10, 60, and 120 mg L⁻¹. The results showed that GA₄₊₇ improved the grain-filling rate by increasing the content of auxin, gibberellin, zeatin, and abscisic acid in grains compared to control plants. In addition, the auxin, gibberellin, and zeatin contents in the grains were positively and significantly correlated with the maximum grain weight and the maximum and mean grain-filling rates. Moreover, GA₄₊₇ increased the activities of superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases and reduced the malondialdehyde content in leaves compared with untreated plants. At the concentration of 60 mg L⁻¹, GA₄₊₇ showed the greatest effect on shank and silk applications (Sh-60 and Si-60) followed by 10 mg L⁻¹ (Sh-10) for shank treatment and 120 mg L⁻¹ (Si-120) for silk treatment. Our results suggest that a concentration of 60 mg L⁻¹ GA₄₊₇ for shank and silk application may be efficiently used for changing the level of hormones in grains and antioxidant enzymes in ear leaves, which may be useful for enhancing grain-filling rate and delaying leaf senescence, resulting in an increase in maize grain yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Physiology and Breeding)

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