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Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry
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Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry

A special issue of Physiologia (ISSN 2673-9488). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise Physiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 28641

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Michael Koutsilieris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physiology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: molecular endocrinology; endocrine oncology; exercise physiology; molecular physiology; medical education
Dr. Anastassios Philippou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: skeletal and cardiac muscle physiology; exercise physiology; clinical exercise physiology; molecular exercise physiology; mechanotransduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is well known that most people in industrialized societies are engaged in far less physical activity than the human body has evolved. Regular exercise puts physical and metabolic stress on the body, increases the amount of energy that it burns while exercising, boosts the resting energy expenditure and affects more physiological systems than any other everyday activity.

In particular, the biochemistry of exercise is not only a primary concern of athletes and exercise physiologists, but also it has important implications for those who engage in only moderate exercise, as well as for sedentary individuals. Exercise also has profound beneficial effects on the biochemistry of people with diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic disorders, while the recent COVID-19 outbreak has revealed that exercise and physical activity provides protection against severe COVID-19 disease and comorbidities such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases, that belong to the most important factors affecting mortality after SARS-CoV2 infection.

Herein, we set up a Special Issue to incorporate papers focusing on Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry, i.e., the study of the acute responses and the chronic adaptations to exercise. It will include but is not limited to the topics: physical or motor activity and biomechanics, exercise training, exercise metabolism, thermoregulation, systemic physiological responses (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and others), and clinical exercise physiology and biochemistry.

This Special Issue aims at presenting advances and new insights into the molecular, cellular, and systemic mechanisms that mediate acute and adaptive responses to exercise in health and disease.

Prof. Dr. Michael Koutsilieris
Dr. Anastassios Philippou
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Physiologia is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • exercise physiology
  • exercise biochemistry
  • exercise metabolism
  • clinical exercise physiology
  • strength training
  • aerobic exercise
  • high-intensity interval training (HIIT)
  • skeletal muscle physiology

Published Papers (19 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 962 KiB  
Article
Essential Fatty Acid Associated with Heart Rate Variability in Highly Trained Male Cross-Country Skiers: A Pilot Study
by Aleksandra Y. Lyudinina, Alexander L. Markov and Evgeny R. Bojko
Physiologia 2024, 4(1), 54-63; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia4010003 - 19 Jan 2024
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites play important roles in the modulation of vascular tone, heart rate variability (HRV), and cardiovascular diseases. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between HRV and the plasma levels of essential acids. Methods: Highly trained cross-country skiers [...] Read more.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites play important roles in the modulation of vascular tone, heart rate variability (HRV), and cardiovascular diseases. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between HRV and the plasma levels of essential acids. Methods: Highly trained cross-country skiers participated in the study (n = 19). Time-domain and frequency-domain HRV analyses were performed. The plasma levels of fatty acids were determined using gas–liquid chromatography. Results: Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were found to be negatively correlated with resting heart rate (HR) (p = 0.026). The plasma levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) were positively associated with the relative value of high-frequency power (rs = 0.465, p = 0.045) and negatively correlated with the sympathovagal balance ratio (rs = −0.493, p = 0.032) and the absolute and relative values of low-frequency power (rs = −0.490, p = 0.028). The plasma levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) were positively associated with the relative value of high-frequency power (rs = 0.59, p = 0.006) and negatively correlated with the sympathovagal balance ratio (rs = −0.54, p = 0.017) and the relative values of low-frequency power (rs = −0.52, p = 0.022). No correlation was found between n6/n3 and HRV parameters except for HR and pNN50. Conclusions: n-3 PUFAs and ARA play an important role in the autonomic regulation of heart rate in highly trained skiers. Athletes with substantial deficiencies in plasma ALA and excess levels of ARA had increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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13 pages, 1506 KiB  
Article
Training Load Is Correlated with Changes in Creatine Kinase and Wellness over a 12-Week Multi-Stage Preparatory Training Block for a Major Competition in International Boxers
by Dáithí McCabe, Damian Martin and Gerard McMahon
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 585-597; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040043 - 16 Nov 2023
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Background: There are no published data on the training-load magnitude or distribution in elite international-level boxers preparing for a major competition nor on the training load’s relationship with objective and subjective training markers. Methods: Twelve elite boxers (eight males and four females) preparing [...] Read more.
Background: There are no published data on the training-load magnitude or distribution in elite international-level boxers preparing for a major competition nor on the training load’s relationship with objective and subjective training markers. Methods: Twelve elite boxers (eight males and four females) preparing for the 2018 Commonwealth Games were monitored during training for 12 weeks. The training load (TL), change in creatine kinase (ΔCK), and wellness variables were measured daily but were amalgamated into average weekly values over the 12-week period for weekly comparisons. The relationships between the TL, ΔCK, and wellness variables were also assessed. Results: The significant (p < 0.001) main effects of the week with large and moderate effect sizes were noted for the TL and ΔCK, respectively, with weeks 9 and 12 in the competition-specific and taper phases showing the greatest differences, respectively. For wellness, only the muscle condition showed a significant change over time (p < 0.001). There were significant (p < 0.05) small–moderate correlations between the TL, ΔCK, and wellness variables. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the weekly training loads and responses to training of elite international boxers across a 12-week pre-competition training period in preparation for a major competition. The findings within this study report that elite international boxers have high chronic training loads that change between training blocks to put emphasis on different qualities. Monitoring the indirect muscle damage through CK may provide further information on the internal training responses in boxers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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11 pages, 2560 KiB  
Article
Physiological Responses during Prolonged Immersed Static Apnea in Well-Trained Apneists
by Maria D. Koskolou, Georgios Georgas, Anastasios Makris and Stylianos Kounalakis
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 552-562; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040041 - 01 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1038
Abstract
Breath-hold diving has been traditionally practiced for professional and recreational reasons and has recently emerged as a competitive sport. The physiological response during breath-holding, also known as diving response, consists mainly of bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. Elite apneists can suppress the urge to [...] Read more.
Breath-hold diving has been traditionally practiced for professional and recreational reasons and has recently emerged as a competitive sport. The physiological response during breath-holding, also known as diving response, consists mainly of bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction. Elite apneists can suppress the urge to breathe, sustain greater arterial desaturation and develop pronounced bradycardia, thus accomplishing impressively long breath-hold times. This study explored physiological responses during static apnea and their association with apnea duration in breath-hold divers with high physiological adaptations acquired from long-term apnea training. Nine well-trained competitive divers held their breath for as long as possible while floating motionlessly in a swimming pool (26–27 °C), simulating an actual “static apnea competition”. Long apnea durations (302 ± 60 s) as well as severe oxygen desaturation (minSaO2 46 ± 11%) and bradycardia (minHR 49 ± 8 bpm) were achieved. Apnea duration was positively correlated with forced vital capacity (r = 0.771) and apnea duration until initiation of desaturation (r = 0.736) and negatively correlated with minSaO2 (r = −0.672) (p < 0.05). Moreover, minHR during apnea was correlated with pre-apneic hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.685) (p < 0.05). The prolonged apnea durations achieved by the well-trained divers in this study, while performing maximum immersed static apnea under competitive simulated conditions, were related to their high lung volumes and their delayed and profound O2 desaturation, whereas their bradycardic response was not a decisive factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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10 pages, 824 KiB  
Article
Reliability of the 15-s Maximal Lactate Accumulation Rate (VLamax) Test for Cycling
by Christopher R. Harnish, Thomas C. Swensen and Deborah King
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 542-551; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040040 - 01 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2228
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the reliability of two 15-s sprint cycling tests in men and women to estimate the maximum lactate accumulation rate (VLamax). Methods: Eighteen men and twelve women completed two sprint sessions over 1 week. A [...] Read more.
Background: The purpose of this study is to ascertain the reliability of two 15-s sprint cycling tests in men and women to estimate the maximum lactate accumulation rate (VLamax). Methods: Eighteen men and twelve women completed two sprint sessions over 1 week. A 10 min warm-up preceded the obtaining of a 3 µL blood lactate (BLC) sample, after which a 15 s sprint was completed; cyclists then rested passively while multiple lactate samples were taken until the levels peaked. Trial differences and reliability across trials were analyzed using a paired-sample t-test, Pearson’s correlation, Intraclass correlation (ICC), and Bland–Altman analysis with α = 0.05 for all tests; data are reported as mean ± sd. Results: Power (W) was similar across trials (773.0 ± 143.5 vs. 758.2 ± 127.4; p = 0.333) and the coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.7%. VLamax (mM·L−1·s−1) was similar (0.673 ± 0.024 vs. 0.635 ± 0.237; p = 0.280), but only moderately reliable across trials with CV, ICC, and R values of 18.6%, 0.661, and 0.67, respectively. Pre-BLC and peak BLC CV were 45.6 and 23.3%, respectively. Conclusions: A 15 s VLamax cycling sprint is moderately reliable, possibly affected both by the lactate measurement and other variables used in the calculation. More research may offer ways to improve reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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9 pages, 847 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise on Adipokine Concentrations in Individuals with Moderate Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
by Tomas J. Chapman-Lopez, James Kyle Taylor, Ricardo Torres, Dylan Wilburn, LesLee K. Funderburk, Dale C. Allison and Jeffrey S. Forsse
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 522-530; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040038 - 17 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 680
Abstract
This study examined the effects of two different acute bouts of treadmill running (e.g., steady-state moderate-intensity exercise (SSE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)) on adipokine (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and omentin) concentrations in individuals with moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fourteen participants [...] Read more.
This study examined the effects of two different acute bouts of treadmill running (e.g., steady-state moderate-intensity exercise (SSE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)) on adipokine (e.g., adiponectin, leptin, and omentin) concentrations in individuals with moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fourteen participants (8 females and 6 males) (age 58.7 ± 9.7, height (cm) 168.5 ± 9.7, weight (kg) 83.5 ± 18.2) were classified as having moderate stages of CKD (stages G3a and G3b; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 59 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m2). Participants completed 30 min of either SSE at 65% oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R) or HIIE for 3 min at a 90% VO2R separated by 2 min of slow walking (20% VO2R) in a randomized, crossover design on a treadmill. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, 1 h, and 24 h post exercise. Data were analyzed using a two by three repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in adiponectin (p < 0.353), leptin (p < 0.084), and omentin (p < 0.235) concentrations between SSE and HIIE. Similarly, no significant differences were seen between the sampled time points for either aerobic exercise condition. In conclusion, this study demonstrated there were no changes in adiponectin, leptin, or omentin concentrations when performing an acute bout of HIIE or SSE for 30 min, at 1 or 24 h post exercise. Future studies should seek to either increase the duration of the exercise bout or identify different adipokines to examine for patients experiencing moderate stages of CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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16 pages, 1157 KiB  
Article
StartXFit—Nine Months of CrossFit® Intervention Enhance Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Well-Being in CrossFit Beginners
by Jennifer Schlie, Tom Brandt and Annette Schmidt
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 494-509; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040036 - 26 Sep 2023
Viewed by 941
Abstract
Insufficient physical activity (PA) is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness, which favors cardiovascular and other noncommunicable diseases. Additionally, it evidentially affects mental health. Considering the WHO PA guidelines, CrossFit® represents a versatile exercise program that combines aerobic and resistance training with mobility [...] Read more.
Insufficient physical activity (PA) is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness, which favors cardiovascular and other noncommunicable diseases. Additionally, it evidentially affects mental health. Considering the WHO PA guidelines, CrossFit® represents a versatile exercise program that combines aerobic and resistance training with mobility and could help reduce disease incidences among sedentary people. Yet, long-term CrossFit research is sparse. We conducted a nine-month intervention (≥2 CrossFit workouts/week) in 16 beginners (14 males, 35 ± 6.8 years, 180 ± 8.6 cm, 85. 5 ± 19.1 kg). As a primary endpoint, VO2max was assessed at baseline, four, and nine months. A repeated-measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation were conducted. Well-being was investigated by the WHO-5 Index pre- and post-intervention. For exploratory purposes, body composition and heart rate recovery (HRR) were tracked. In a second step, all males were categorized into two groups based on body fat percentage and analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA again. The main outcome was an 11.5% VO2max improvement with a large effect (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.27). Strong negative correlations between baseline VO2max and its progression after nine months (p = 0.006, r = −0.654) were found. Well-being increased by 8.7% (p = 0.024, d = 0.51). HRR improved both at 1 min (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.34) and at 5 min (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.27) post-exercise. Resting metabolic rate increased by 2.2% (p = 0.042). Analysis by group revealed improved HRR at 1 min (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.62) only for the “high body fat” group. This study reveals the potential of CrossFit to enhance physiological and psychological health in beginners. For more robust results, larger sample sizes with a higher proportion of women are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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10 pages, 297 KiB  
Article
Weight Loss and Competition Weight Comparing Male and Female Mixed Martial Artists Competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship’s (UFC) Flyweight Division
by Corey A. Peacock, Justin Braun, Gabriel J. Sanders, Anthony Ricci, Charles Stull, Duncan French, Cassandra Evans and Jose Antonio
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 484-493; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040035 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1796
Abstract
Background: Although there is much literature demonstrating weight changes in professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes, there is minimal data comparing male and female MMA athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare weight changes between professional male and female [...] Read more.
Background: Although there is much literature demonstrating weight changes in professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes, there is minimal data comparing male and female MMA athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare weight changes between professional male and female MMA athletes leading up to competition. Methods: One hundred and three professional flyweight MMA athletes competing for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) were used for the study. Weight was obtained at multiple time points leading up to the competition. Two-way ANOVAs and post hoc t-tests were used, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: ANOVA revealed there was a significant main effect of condition for weight changes (p < 0.001) and a significant main effect of sex on weight changes (p = 0.002) prior to competition. Post hoc analysis revealed that males lost more weight prior to the official weigh-in and gained more weight prior to competition when compared to females (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: MMA athletes lose weight prior to the official weigh-in and gain weight prior to competition. Moreover, male MMA athletes lose more weight prior to and gain more weight after when compared to female MMA athletes competing in the UFC’s flyweight division. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
10 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Novel Assessment of Viscoelastic Skeletal Muscle Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease: Association with Physical Functioning
by Thomas J. Wilkinson, Ellie F. Gore, Luke A. Baker and Alice C. Smith
Physiologia 2023, 3(3), 451-460; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3030032 - 14 Sep 2023
Viewed by 884
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by poor physical function. Mechanical muscle properties such as tone, elasticity, and stiffness influence the functional state of the muscle. Measuring these muscle mechanical properties is difficult and data on CKD are sparse. Using a novel myotonometer [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by poor physical function. Mechanical muscle properties such as tone, elasticity, and stiffness influence the functional state of the muscle. Measuring these muscle mechanical properties is difficult and data on CKD are sparse. Using a novel myotonometer device, the aims of this study were to compare the viscoelastic muscle properties in CKD patients with previously reported data and to explore the association with muscle function. Non-dialysis-dependent CKD participants were recruited into a cross-sectional study conducted between 2018 and 2020. Muscle properties (tone, stiffness, elasticity) were assessed using a myotonometer (MyotonPRO). Muscle function was assessed using physical performance tests (sit-to-stand 5 and 60, timed up and go, short physical performance battery, gait speed, incremental shuttle walk, postural sway). General linear regression models were used to explore the association between muscle properties and physical function. Thirty-nine participants were included (age 64.2 (SD: 10.4) years; 51% male; eGFR 40.9 (SD: 20.0) mL/min/1.73 m2). Participants with CKD had reduced muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity compared to previously reported studies. Muscle tone (B = −0.567, p = 0.003) and muscle stiffness (B = −0.368, p = 0.071) were greater in males than females. Increased BMI was associated with lower muscle tone (B = −0.528, p = 0.002) and muscle stiffness (B = −0.577, p = 0.002). No meaningful nor consistent associations were found between these properties and measures of muscle function and physical performance. In conclusion, using a novel handheld myotonometer, this study found that CKD patients exhibit a reduction in muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity. In a passive state, these viscoelastic muscle properties showed no consistent associations with physical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
9 pages, 528 KiB  
Article
An Observation of the Vitamin D Status in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers during the UK Autumn and Winter Months
by Josh W. Newbury, Meghan A. Brown, Matthew Cole, Adam L. Kelly and Lewis A. Gough
Physiologia 2023, 3(3), 442-450; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3030031 - 07 Sep 2023
Viewed by 846
Abstract
The purpose of this research was two-fold: (a) to observe whether highly trained adolescent swimmers abide to vitamin D supplement recommendations; and (b) to monitor changes in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) that occur between the autumn and winter months. Twenty swimmers (age: 17 [...] Read more.
The purpose of this research was two-fold: (a) to observe whether highly trained adolescent swimmers abide to vitamin D supplement recommendations; and (b) to monitor changes in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) that occur between the autumn and winter months. Twenty swimmers (age: 17 ± 2 years) from a UK high-performance swimming club volunteered to complete two blood spot cards to determine their 25(OH)D concentration: the first in an autumn training phase (October) and the second during winter training (January). All swimmers were advised to consume vitamin D3 supplements across the assessment period; however, only 50% of swimmers adhered to this recommendation. Resultantly, a winter decline in 25(OH)D was observed in non-supplementing swimmers (79.6 ± 25.2 to 52.6 ± 15.1 nmol·L−1, p = 0.005), with swimmers either displaying an ‘insufficient’ (60%) or ‘deficient’ (40%) vitamin D status. In comparison, a greater maintenance of 25(OH)D occurred in supplementing swimmers (92.0 ± 25.5 to 97.2 ± 38.3 nmol·L−1, p = 0.544), although variable outcomes occurred at the individual level (four increased, three maintained, three declined). These findings highlight the possible risks of vitamin D insufficiency during the winter for swimmers in the UK, possibly requiring standardised supplement practices. Moreover, alternative educational strategies may be required for swimmers to transfer knowledge to practice in order to improve supplement adherence in future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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13 pages, 5917 KiB  
Article
Effects of Engaging Older Adults in Technology-Based Dance Programs
by Vasiliki I. Zilidou and Panagiotis D. Bamidis
Physiologia 2023, 3(2), 381-393; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3020026 - 08 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Functionality is a crucial aspect of aging that is vital to one’s health and well-being. Older adults often struggle with mobility issues, which increases their risk of injury from falls and other problems. Dancing has the potential to be a physically stimulating activity [...] Read more.
Functionality is a crucial aspect of aging that is vital to one’s health and well-being. Older adults often struggle with mobility issues, which increases their risk of injury from falls and other problems. Dancing has the potential to be a physically stimulating activity that may be tailored to older individuals’ ages, physical conditions, and cultural preferences. The study aimed to determine whether dancing programs can improve older adults’ physical and mental health by using technology. Sixty women were divided into two groups at random: a dance group (N = 33; mean age 62.24) and a dance group using technology (N = 27, mean age 67.37). The intervention lasted six months and was performed twice a week for 75-min sessions. Dances were chosen from all over Greece. Participants’ physical and cognitive status was evaluated before and after the intervention. The results show that the dance group improved balance (p = 0.001), lower body strength (p = 0.006) and aerobic capacity (p = 0.006), while the dance group with the use of technology shower greater improvement in the same tests (p = 0.002, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001). Both groups improved on walking balance and danger of falling (p < 0.0001). Depression (p = 0.007) and sociability (p = 0.001) significantly improved in the dance group. Dance, an enjoyable activity, contributes to the well-being of older adults by maintaining their physical status and functional capacity at acceptable levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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10 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
The Acute Effects of Plyometric Exercises on Sprint Performance and Kinematics
by Maria Zisi, Ioannis Stavridis, Gregory Bogdanis, Gerasimos Terzis and Giorgos Paradisis
Physiologia 2023, 3(2), 295-304; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3020021 - 09 May 2023
Viewed by 1889
Abstract
Background: Post-activation potentiation refers to the acute and temporary enhancement of performance in explosive movements after performing a conditioning activity, such as plyometrics. The current study aimed to investigate the acute effects of horizontal leg bounding on 30 m acceleration performance, 5 m [...] Read more.
Background: Post-activation potentiation refers to the acute and temporary enhancement of performance in explosive movements after performing a conditioning activity, such as plyometrics. The current study aimed to investigate the acute effects of horizontal leg bounding on 30 m acceleration performance, 5 m split times, and sprint kinematics (step frequency and length, flight and contact time). Methods: Fourteen young sprinters, nine females and five males, performed two experimental conditions and one control condition in randomized and crossover orders. The experimental conditions included 3 × 10 repetitions of alternate-leg horizontal bounding or 3 × 5 repetitions of single-leg horizontal bounding for each leg. Active recovery was performed in the control condition. A 30 m sprint test was executed before and 5 min after each condition. Results: Sprint times at 5 m (p = 0.014) and 10 m (p = 0.041) were improved after performing alternate-leg horizontal bounding. Additionally, an increase in running velocity (p = 0.017) and step frequency (p = 0.028) was observed in the 0–5 m segment of the sprint. Sprint performance and kinematics showed no significant differences after performing single-leg horizontal bounding. Conclusions: Alternate-leg horizontal bounding, which is a sprint-specific exercise that emphasizes a horizontal impulse, can be used effectively to improve performance in the initial phase of sprint acceleration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
13 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
Hemodynamic Responses to a Handgrip Exercise Session, with and without Blood Flow Restriction, in Healthy Volunteers
by Spyridoula Filippou, Paris Iakovidis, Dimitrios Lytras, Konstantinos Kasimis, Freideriki Solomonidou and Christos Kopsidas
Physiologia 2023, 3(2), 259-271; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3020018 - 26 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Exercising at submaximal intensity with a hand dynamometer causes mild hemodynamic adaptations that can improve cardiovascular function. However, hemodynamic responses and fatigue have not been adequately studied in an isometric exercise protocol combined with blood flow restriction (BFR). Our study aimed to examine [...] Read more.
Exercising at submaximal intensity with a hand dynamometer causes mild hemodynamic adaptations that can improve cardiovascular function. However, hemodynamic responses and fatigue have not been adequately studied in an isometric exercise protocol combined with blood flow restriction (BFR). Our study aimed to examine and compare acute hemodynamic responses and muscle fatigue after an isometric exercise session using a handgrip dynamometer, with and without BFR. Twelve volunteers performed the exercise protocol, with and without BFR, at random, with the BFR pressure set at 140 mmHg. Arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and muscle fatigue were measured before, during, and 15 min after the completion of the exercise session. Without BFR, we noticed a slight, albeit statistically insignificant, HR increase. The variations found in systolic and diastolic pressure were small and statistically insignificant. Furthermore, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) did not change significantly. Significantly higher levels of fatigue were found in exercise with BFR, compared to without BFR, at the end of each set of isometric contractions. In conclusion, a handgrip exercise session with mild BFR does not alter the acute hemodynamic responses to exercise in healthy volunteers. However, it results in higher muscle fatigue compared to that experienced after exercise without BFR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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12 pages, 1843 KiB  
Article
Physiological Responses of Anemic Women to Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions
by Maria D. Koskolou, Stamatia Komboura, Emmanouil Zacharakis, Olga Georgopoulou, Michail E. Keramidas and Nickos Geladas
Physiologia 2023, 3(2), 247-258; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3020017 - 22 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1661
Abstract
When combining two conditions of reduced oxygen availability, anemia and hypoxia, human physiological responses are highly challenged to maintain arterial oxygen delivery, especially during whole-body exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses of mildly anemic women with those [...] Read more.
When combining two conditions of reduced oxygen availability, anemia and hypoxia, human physiological responses are highly challenged to maintain arterial oxygen delivery, especially during whole-body exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses of mildly anemic women with those of healthy controls, while cycling in normobaric hypoxia. Two groups of young females were matched for age, weight, height, and involvement in physical activity, one with normal hemoglobin, hematocrit, and ferritin levels and another suffering from mild iron deficiency anemia (10 < (Hb) < 12 g/dL, 34 < Hct < 37%, ferritin < 15 μg/L). They cycled to exhaustion under normoxia and hypoxia (FIO2 0.21 and 0.14), and their physiological responses were compared at 40, 80, and 100% VO2max of the specific condition. The two groups differed (p < 0.05) mainly at the higher exercise intensities; the anemic participants exhibited similar heart rate but lower oxygen pulse than their control counterparts, as well as a larger drop in maximal oxygen uptake. However, they sustained maximal effort by employing the anaerobic metabolism to a larger extent, which stimulated a greater ventilatory response. It appears that iron deficiency anemia of mild severity, which is commonly observed in young athletic females, impacts physiological responses during whole-body exercise in the presence of moderate hypoxia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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16 pages, 798 KiB  
Review
Strategies to Improve Physiological and Psychological Components of Resiliency in Firefighters
by A. Maleah Holland-Winkler, Blake K. Hamil, Daniel R. Greene and Austin A. Kohler
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 611-626; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040045 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1104
Abstract
Firefighters are exposed to dangerous and often traumatic events due to the nature of their occupational demands. This repeated exposure to trauma combined with stressful work demands increases their risk for negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. The high prevalence of adverse health [...] Read more.
Firefighters are exposed to dangerous and often traumatic events due to the nature of their occupational demands. This repeated exposure to trauma combined with stressful work demands increases their risk for negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. The high prevalence of adverse health outcomes highlights the need for interventions to improve resiliency in firefighters. Resiliency is the ability to reduce the effect of crisis, rebound from adversity, and recover to pre-stimulus homeostasis. When traumatic exposures are unavoidable, as is the case with firefighters, it is important to buffer the resulting consequences on health. While resilience has a genetic component, interventions targeting physiological, psychological, and social components have been successful at improving resilience. These factors are of specific interest as increases in resilience have been linked to improved PTSD symptomology/severity, depression, anxiety, autonomic nervous system activation, hypothalamus–pituitary axis balance, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify physiological and psychological components associated with resiliency and discuss strategies that may improve those components to ultimately increase resiliency in firefighters. The strategies discussed include exercise, social support, and mindfulness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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13 pages, 760 KiB  
Review
Menstrual Cycle Tracking in Sports Research: Challenges, Progress, and Future Directions
by Andrew Dole, Martyn Beaven and Stacy T. Sims
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 598-610; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040044 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1553
Abstract
The roles of 17β estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), the primary female sex hormones, are pivotal in regulating various aspects of metabolism. E2 influences food intake, energy expenditure, adipose tissue distribution, and insulin sensitivity across multiple tissues. Meanwhile, P4 impacts energy expenditure, electrolyte [...] Read more.
The roles of 17β estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), the primary female sex hormones, are pivotal in regulating various aspects of metabolism. E2 influences food intake, energy expenditure, adipose tissue distribution, and insulin sensitivity across multiple tissues. Meanwhile, P4 impacts energy expenditure, electrolyte balance, amino acid oxidation, muscle protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism. The interactions between these hormones affect macronutrient utilization, both at rest and during exercise. Acknowledging the need to incorporate sex hormone perturbations in research, this paper explores the current landscape of study design and menstrual cycle tracking for female-specific sport research. It emphasizes the importance of standardization in terminology, hormone phases, reference values, and affordable hormone detection methods to advance our understanding of how the menstrual cycle influences female athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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22 pages, 377 KiB  
Review
The Future of Chemotherapy: The Mechanisms and Benefits of Exercise in Taxane-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
by Sumedha Shastry, David Mizrahi and Grace Kanzawa-Lee
Physiologia 2023, 3(4), 563-584; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3040042 - 08 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1259
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting side-effect resulting from numerous neurotoxic chemotherapies that damages the peripheral nerves, alters sensations in the hands and feet, causes burning and shooting pains, and impairs a patient’s quality of life (QoL). There are limited established interventions [...] Read more.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting side-effect resulting from numerous neurotoxic chemotherapies that damages the peripheral nerves, alters sensations in the hands and feet, causes burning and shooting pains, and impairs a patient’s quality of life (QoL). There are limited established interventions to help improve CIPN symptoms. There is only one pharmacological agent (Duloxetine) for treatment of CIPN; however, it only has mild benefit, signaling a critical need for alternative management options to manage patient symptoms. Multiple studies suggest therapeutic benefits of exercise in cancer care to improve physical and psychological functioning; however, the benefits regarding CIPN symptoms and physical function are less clear. This narrative review synthesizes research articles investigating the effect and mechanisms induced by different exercise programs for patients with taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) symptoms and function. The overall incidence, manifestations, characteristics, and mechanisms of CIPN are also discussed. While some studies in this narrative review demonstrated that exercise programs may have benefits on sensory and motor TIPN symptoms in some but not all patients, there are consistent benefits of improved QoL and physical function across most patients. This narrative review highlights the need for future research to confirm the effects of exercise for TIPN, with a focus on other important components, including the effect of exercise adherence, type, and supervision level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
12 pages, 295 KiB  
Review
Exploring Adherence to Moderate to High-Intensity Exercises in Patients with Fibromyalgia: The Role of Physiological and Psychological Factors—A Narrative Literature Review
by Caio V. M. Sarmento, Zhaoyang Liu, Irina V. Smirnova and Wen Liu
Physiologia 2023, 3(3), 472-483; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3030034 - 21 Sep 2023
Viewed by 965
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread chronic pain, muscle tenderness, chronic fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Treatment of FM focuses on the management of symptoms, often using medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, or moderate-to-high-intensity exercises (MHIE). MHIE is highly recommended by the [...] Read more.
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread chronic pain, muscle tenderness, chronic fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Treatment of FM focuses on the management of symptoms, often using medications, cognitive behavioral therapy, or moderate-to-high-intensity exercises (MHIE). MHIE is highly recommended by the current guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association for people with FM to decrease comorbidities due to sedentary lifestyles. MHIE has also been shown to improve FM symptoms in individuals who can tolerate MHIE. However, individuals with FM present with one of the poorest adherences to MHIE. Most individuals with FM report symptoms worsening at the beginning of an MHIE intervention program. Objectives: This literature review aims to estimate the adherence to MHIE using dropout and compliance rates in individuals with FM who participated in studies that applied MHIE as an intervention and to examine possible reasons for high dropout rates and low compliance with MHIE programs, including psychological and physiological factors. Understanding the scope of potential dropout and compliance rates to MHIE intervention and factors that impact MHIE adherence in people with FM may help researchers and clinicians better design clinical trial studies and develop tailored exercise interventions according to individual patient characteristics. Conclusion: FM is a multi-faceted syndrome that can vary significantly in its presentation from person to person due to the complex duality of psychological and physiological factors. Consequently, clinicians should consider both components when prescribing exercises to FM patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
24 pages, 1421 KiB  
Review
The Involvement of Lipid Mediators in the Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
by Athanasios G. Gakis, Tzortzis Nomikos, Anastassios Philippou and Smaragdi Antonopoulou
Physiologia 2023, 3(2), 305-328; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3020022 - 10 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1916
Abstract
Lipid mediators are a class of signaling molecules that play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and energy metabolism. Exercise has been shown to affect the production and metabolism of several types of lipid mediators, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, [...] Read more.
Lipid mediators are a class of signaling molecules that play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and energy metabolism. Exercise has been shown to affect the production and metabolism of several types of lipid mediators, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, sphingolipids, platelet-activating factors and endocannabinoids. Eicosanoids, which include prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are involved in the regulation of inflammation and immune function. Endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are involved in the regulation of pain, mood, and appetite. Pro-resolving lipid mediators are involved in the resolution of inflammation. Sphingolipids have a role in the function of skeletal muscle during and after exercise. There are many studies that have examined the effects of exercise on the production and release of these and other lipid mediators. Some of these studies have focused on the effects of exercise on inflammation and immune function, while others have examined the effects on muscle function and metabolism. However, much less is known about their involvement in the phenomenon of exercise-induced muscle damage that follows after intense or unaccustomed exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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33 pages, 644 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Impact of Wetsuit Use on Swimming Performance, Physiology and Biomechanics: A Systematic Review
by Ana Gay, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Francisco Cuenca-Fernández, Óscar López-Belmonte, J. Arturo Abraldes, Ricardo J. Fernandes and Raúl Arellano
Physiologia 2022, 2(4), 198-230; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia2040016 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2787
Abstract
This systematic review aims to summarize the effects of wearing different types of wetsuits and swimsuits in front crawl swimming performance and physiological- and biomechanical-related variables. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine [...] Read more.
This systematic review aims to summarize the effects of wearing different types of wetsuits and swimsuits in front crawl swimming performance and physiological- and biomechanical-related variables. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming databases were searched from inception to 25th March 2022. From the 1398 studies initially found, 26 studies were included in the review. The quality assessment and inter-rater reliability between researchers were conducted. The full body was the most studied wetsuit, with its use allowing 3.2–12.9% velocity increments in distances ranging from 25 to 1500 m, in incremental tests, in 5 and 30 min continuous swimming and in open water events. The sleeveless long vs. the full-body wetsuit led to a 400–800 m performance enhancement. Higher stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index were observed while using three different covered body part wetsuits vs. a regular swimsuit, with a lower energy cost being observed when swimming with the full-body wetsuit compared to a swimsuit. These findings provide useful information for coaches, swimmers and triathletes about the full-body and sleeveless long/short wetsuit use, since these three wetsuits allow improving swimming performance in different distances in diverse aquatic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry)
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