Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 29845

Special Issue Editors

School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250353, China
Interests: fiber grating technology; fiber laser; microwave photonics; optical signal processing; sensor technology; advanced manufacturing and measurement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: fiber Bragg grating technology; optical fiber sensors; optical communication; fiber lasers; ultrafast lasers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fiber Bragg grating has become one of the key components in different fields of photonics technologies, including optical fiber communication and sensing applications.  After having emerged for more than four decades, fiber Bragg gratings continue to flourish and their applications expand. New discoveries have continued to drive technological developments.
This Special Issue will focus on the aspects of this multi-disciplinary research area with the goal of reflecting these developments. Both original research papers as well as review papers are welcome. Technical topics include but not limited to the following:

  • Design and fabrication of advanced fiber grating structures
  • Fabrication and properties of fiber Bragg gratings in specialty fibers
  • Integration and interrogation of fiber gratings
  • Fiber grating lasers and related applications
  • Fiber gratings in optical signal processing
  • Fiber gratings in microwave photonics
  • Sensors and sensing systems
  • New industry applications

Dr. Wei Zhang
Prof. Dr. Xuewen Shu
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 164 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on “Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research”
by Wei Zhang and Xuewen Shu
Photonics 2021, 8(9), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090347 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1482
Abstract
Since the discovery of photosensitivity in optical fibers, there has been great interest in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) research [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)

Research

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8 pages, 3147 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity-Tunable Oscillator-Accelerometer Based on Optical Fiber Bragg Grating
by Xiangpeng Xiao, Jinpeng Tao, Qingguo Song, Yuezhen Sun, Jiang Yang and Zhijun Yan
Photonics 2021, 8(6), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060223 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1971
Abstract
We demonstrate a fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based oscillator-accelerometer in which the acceleration sensitivity can be tuned by controlling the location of the mass oscillator. We theoretically and experimentally investigated the performance of the proposed accelerometer. Theoretical analysis showed that both the mass and [...] Read more.
We demonstrate a fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based oscillator-accelerometer in which the acceleration sensitivity can be tuned by controlling the location of the mass oscillator. We theoretically and experimentally investigated the performance of the proposed accelerometer. Theoretical analysis showed that both the mass and location of the oscillator affect the sensitivity and resonant frequency of the accelerometer. To simplify the analysis, a nondimensional parameter, P, was introduced to tune the sensitivity of the FBG-based oscillator-accelerometer, which is related to the location of the mass oscillator. Numerical analysis showed that the accelerometer sensitivity is linearly proportional to the P parameter. In the experiment, six FBG-based oscillator-accelerometers with different P parameters (0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75) were fabricated and tested. The experimental results agree very well with the numerical analysis, in which the sensitivity of the proposed accelerometer linearly increased with the increase in parameter P (7.6 pm/g, 15.8 pm/g, 19.3 pm/g, 25.4 pm/g, 30.6 pm/g, 35.7 pm/g). The resonance frequency is quadratically proportional to parameter P, and the resonance frequency reaches the minimum of 440 Hz when P is equal to 0.5. The proposed oscillator-accelerometer showed very good orthogonal vibration isolation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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8 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
Performances of PMMA-Based Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor in Extended Temperature Range
by Wei Zhang and David J. Webb
Photonics 2021, 8(6), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060180 - 23 May 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1794
Abstract
PMMA based optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) sensors are investigated in an environmental chamber with controlled temperature and relative humidity at temperature extended to 70 °C. At below a critical temperature of 50 °C the POFBG sensor exhibits good linearity and sensitivity for [...] Read more.
PMMA based optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) sensors are investigated in an environmental chamber with controlled temperature and relative humidity at temperature extended to 70 °C. At below a critical temperature of 50 °C the POFBG sensor exhibits good linearity and sensitivity for both temperature and humidity sensing. Nonlinear responses are observed at higher temperature, giving rise to varying, reduced magnitudes of sensitivities. An important feature of POFBG humidity sensing is observed at above critical temperature where the POFBG humidity sensitivity turns from positive to negative. A theoretical model based on Lorentz–Lorenz equation is presented to estimate the dependence of POFBG refractive index on temperature and relative humidity. The experimental results qualitatively agree with the theoretical analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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9 pages, 3760 KiB  
Communication
Femtosecond Laser Fabricated Apodized Fiber Bragg Gratings Based on Energy Regulation
by Qi Guo, Zhongming Zheng, Bo Wang, Xuepeng Pan, Shanren Liu, Zhennan Tian, Chao Chen and Yongsen Yu
Photonics 2021, 8(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040110 - 07 Apr 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2293
Abstract
In this paper, an energy regulation method based on the combination of a half-wave plate (HWP) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS) is proposed for the fabrication of apodized fiber gratings, which can effectively improve the side lobe suppression ratio of high-reflectivity fiber [...] Read more.
In this paper, an energy regulation method based on the combination of a half-wave plate (HWP) and a polarization beam splitter (PBS) is proposed for the fabrication of apodized fiber gratings, which can effectively improve the side lobe suppression ratio of high-reflectivity fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) fabricated by femtosecond laser. The apodized FBGs prepared by this method has good repeatability and flexibility. By inputting different types of apodization functions through the program, the rotation speed of the stepping motor can be adjusted synchronously, and then the position of the HWP can be accurately controlled so that the laser energy can be distributed as an apodization function along the axial direction of the fiber. By using the energy apodization method, the gratings with a reflectivity of 75% and a side lobe suppression ratio of 25 and 32 dB are fabricated in the fiber with a core diameter of 9 and 4.4 μm, respectively. The temperature and strain sensitivities of the energy-apodized fiber gratings with a core diameter of 4.4 μm are 10.36 pm/°C and 0.9 pm/με, respectively. The high-reflectivity gratings fabricated by this energy apodization method are expected to be used in high-power narrow-linewidth lasers and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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16 pages, 7437 KiB  
Article
Heating Device Based on Modified Microwave Oven: Improved to Measure Liquid Temperature by Using FBG Sensors
by Jesus Garavito, Carlos Galvis, Ana Milena López, Arlet Patricia Franco, Francisco Barreiro, Rosa Liliana Tarazona and Claudia Milena Serpa-Imbett
Photonics 2021, 8(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040104 - 06 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
A prototype device based on a modified domestic microwave oven for liquid food products pasteurization is presented. This novel design has a coiling glass pipe adapted inside a microwave cavity to allow liquid continuous flow, in which several temperature optical sensors based on [...] Read more.
A prototype device based on a modified domestic microwave oven for liquid food products pasteurization is presented. This novel design has a coiling glass pipe adapted inside a microwave cavity to allow liquid continuous flow, in which several temperature optical sensors based on Fiber Bragg Grating were installed to measure, by means of contact, the circulating liquid temperature in the pipe, while the oven is on, to obtain the profile temperature as a function of time at different pipe points. The temperatures at liquid input and output were also measured with thermocouples. This device was tested to establish how well it may perform using different standardized liquids with well-known physicochemical and dielectric properties, such as water, water with dissolved sugars, water with dissolved salts, and water with dissolved sugars and salts. It could be observed that the maximum temperature reached was 90 °C for distilled water, 80 °C for water with dissolved salts, 60 °C for water with dissolved sugars and 80 °C for water with dissolved sugars and salts, showing that these data were in agreement with previous results in the literature. This type of device would be potentially useful to establish the device’s efficiency in terms of retention time, energy consumption, and volume of processed liquid, thus, broadening the use of this microwave heating technology with several types of liquid substances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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8 pages, 2084 KiB  
Communication
Transverse Asymmetry of the Index Modulation Profile in Few-Mode Fiber Bragg Grating
by Peihong Guan, Min Tang, Min Cao, Yuean Mi, Mei Liu, Wenhua Ren and Guobin Ren
Photonics 2021, 8(3), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8030087 - 23 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1916
Abstract
The transverse asymmetry of the index modulation profile in the asymmetric few-mode fiber Bragg grating (FM-FBG) was investigated. The transverse asymmetry of the index modulation profile will lead to mode conversion between modes with the different azimuthal orders, and this asymmetry is characterized [...] Read more.
The transverse asymmetry of the index modulation profile in the asymmetric few-mode fiber Bragg grating (FM-FBG) was investigated. The transverse asymmetry of the index modulation profile will lead to mode conversion between modes with the different azimuthal orders, and this asymmetry is characterized by the attenuation coefficient α. We evaluated that the value of attenuation coefficient α was 0.2 μm−1, and grating amplitude χ was 2.8 × 10−4 for FM-FBG inscribed by UV single-side illumination. We found that the optimized value of α was 0.16 μm−1, at which the maximum mode conversion efficiency of LP01–LP11 can be achieved. The results of this paper provide great potential application in few-mode fiber (FMF) devices and mode division multiplexing (MDM) optical communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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10 pages, 3784 KiB  
Article
Arbitrary-Order Photonic Hilbert Transformers Based on Phase-Modulated Fiber Bragg Gratings in Transmission
by Yanxin Li, Xin Liu, Xuewen Shu and Lin Zhang
Photonics 2021, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020027 - 21 Jan 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2024
Abstract
Photonic Hilbert transformers are fundamental components for optical computing and signal processing. Here, for the first time we propose all-optical arbitrary-order Hilbert transformers using phase-modulated fiber Bragg gratings (PM-FBGs) in transmission to our best knowledge. The PM-FBG is a kind of fiber grating, [...] Read more.
Photonic Hilbert transformers are fundamental components for optical computing and signal processing. Here, for the first time we propose all-optical arbitrary-order Hilbert transformers using phase-modulated fiber Bragg gratings (PM-FBGs) in transmission to our best knowledge. The PM-FBG is a kind of fiber grating, whose coupling strength remains almost uniform and period varies along the fiber length. For demonstration, we have designed and numerically simulated 0.5th-order, first-order, and 1.5th-order photonic Hilbert transformers, respectively. The profiles of those PM-FBGs are obtained employing quasi-Newton optimization algorithm. Simulation results show that the designed three Hilbert transformers are all in good agreement with the ideal results in bandwidths up to 500 GHz and can tolerate a large range of input pulse width. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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9 pages, 4782 KiB  
Article
Transverse Load and Temperature Sensing Using Multiplexed Long-Period Fiber Gratings
by Ismael Torres-Gómez, Alejandro Martínez-Rios, Gilberto Anzueto-Sánchez, Daniel. E. Ceballos-Herrera and Guillermo Salceda-Delgado
Photonics 2021, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8010001 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2040
Abstract
The simultaneous measurement of transverse load and temperature using two long-period fiber gratings multiplexed in the wavelength domain is presented experimentally. For this, a mechanically induced long-period fiber grating (MI-LPFG) and a long-period fiber grating inscribed by a continuous-wave CO2 laser (CO [...] Read more.
The simultaneous measurement of transverse load and temperature using two long-period fiber gratings multiplexed in the wavelength domain is presented experimentally. For this, a mechanically induced long-period fiber grating (MI-LPFG) and a long-period fiber grating inscribed by a continuous-wave CO2 laser (CO2 LPFG) are connected in cascade. First, the transverse load and the temperature measurements were individually performed by the multiplexed long-period fiber gratings configuration. The MI-LPFG is subject to a transverse load variation from 0–2000 g with steps of 500 g, whereas the CO2 LPFG is unloaded and they are kept at room temperature. Similarly, the CO2 LPFG is subject to a temperature variation from 30 to 110 °C by increments of 20 °C, while the MI-LPFG with a constant transverse load of 2000 g is kept at room temperature. Subsequently, the simultaneous measurement of the transverse load and the temperature is performed by the multiplexed long-period fiber grating following the steps outlined above. According to the experimental results, the transverse load and temperature measurement present high repeatability for the individual and simultaneous process. Moreover, the multiplexed LPFGs exhibit low cladding-mode crosstalk of transverse load and temperature. The coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM) of long-period fiber gratings is an attractive alternative technique in optical fiber distributed sensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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Review

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23 pages, 3631 KiB  
Review
In-Fiber Interferometric-Based Sensors: Overview and Recent Advances
by Amalia Miliou
Photonics 2021, 8(7), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070265 - 07 Jul 2021
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4906
Abstract
In-fiber interferometric-based sensors are a rapidly growing field, as these sensors exhibit many desirable characteristics compared to their regular fiber-optic counterparts and are being implemented in many promising devices. These sensors have the capability to make extremely accurate measurements on a variety of [...] Read more.
In-fiber interferometric-based sensors are a rapidly growing field, as these sensors exhibit many desirable characteristics compared to their regular fiber-optic counterparts and are being implemented in many promising devices. These sensors have the capability to make extremely accurate measurements on a variety of physical or chemical quantities such as refractive index, temperature, pressure, curvature, concentration, etc. This article is a comprehensive overview of the different types of in-fiber interferometric sensors that presents and discusses recent developments in the field. Basic configurations, a brief approach of the operating principle and recent applications are introduced for each interferometric architecture, making it easy to compare them and select the most appropriate one for the application at hand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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22 pages, 5459 KiB  
Review
Review of Helical Long-Period Fiber Gratings
by Chao Ma, Jian Wang and Libo Yuan
Photonics 2021, 8(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060193 - 30 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3569
Abstract
In this paper, comprehensive remarks are given that focus on the main fabrications and wide applications of helical long-period fiber gratings (HLPGs). Firstly, the techniques of fabricating HLPGs by CO2 laser, hydrogen–oxygen flame heating, and arc discharge are summarized. Furthermore, the applications [...] Read more.
In this paper, comprehensive remarks are given that focus on the main fabrications and wide applications of helical long-period fiber gratings (HLPGs). Firstly, the techniques of fabricating HLPGs by CO2 laser, hydrogen–oxygen flame heating, and arc discharge are summarized. Furthermore, the applications of HLPGs are investigated, i.e., orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode converters, all-fiber band-rejection filters, and sensors for measuring physical perturbation of torsion, strain, temperature, curvature, and surrounding refractive index (SRI). Furthermore, several long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) of near-HLPG structures with periodic refractive index change along the azimuthal direction are introduced. Lastly, the prospects and key challenges for HLPGs are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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29 pages, 7503 KiB  
Review
Advances on Mode-Coupling Theories, Fabrication Techniques, and Applications of the Helical Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review
by Hua Zhao and Hongpu Li
Photonics 2021, 8(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040106 - 06 Apr 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4294
Abstract
In this paper, we have briefly review the developing history and recent advances made with regard to helical long-period fiber gratings (HLPGs) in three aspects, i.e., the mode-coupling theories, the fabrication techniques, and the applications. It is shown that, due to the intrinsic [...] Read more.
In this paper, we have briefly review the developing history and recent advances made with regard to helical long-period fiber gratings (HLPGs) in three aspects, i.e., the mode-coupling theories, the fabrication techniques, and the applications. It is shown that, due to the intrinsic helicity characteristics, which are especially suitable to control the loss, polarization, and orbit-angular-momentum (OAM) states of the light in optical fiber, HLPGs have recently attracted great research interest and have found various applications, such as the mode-converters, the torsion sensors, the band-rejection filters, wave plates, linear- and circular-light polarizers, and OAM mode generators, etc. It is believed that HLPGs and the HLPGs-based devices would find further applications to not only the fields of optical sensors and optical communication, but also other fields such as ultrahigh precision measurement, quantum optics, and biochemistry, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Fiber Bragg Grating Research)
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