Organoids and Spheroids for the Design and the Evaluation of Therapeutic Strategies

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Technology, Manufacturing and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 12483

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
iBrain UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Inserm, France
Interests: microbubbles; ultrasound; sonoporation; ultrasound imaging; drug and gene delivery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
iBrain UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Inserm, France
Interests: molecular biology; genetics; neuroscience

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Spheroids and organoids are small, self-organized and three-dimensional tissue systems. The growing interest in the use of these systems arises from their ability to mimic the physiology and pathophysiology of a specific tissue or organ in vitro. They are promising in vitro microphysiological systems for the modeling of physiological (morphogenesis, organogenesis) and pathophysiological (cancer, brain disorders, etc.) processes, for developing regenerative medicine and tissue engineering (bone/cartilage defects, critical limb ischemia, etc.), for designing and validating treatments (drug screening, drug toxicity, drug-delivery systems, etc.) and for identifying diagnosis biomarkers. The three-dimensional architecture of these systems allows the many restrictions of two-dimensional cell culture systems to be overcome. Indeed, spheroids and organoids reproduce the cellular microenvironment of a specific tissue or organ, thus replicating cellular and molecular interactions, as well as biochemical and biomechanical signaling pathways, which determine the cell’s fate within that specific tissue or organ. Finally, these in vitro 3D systems can show great potential in acquiring data more efficiently and economically than animal models, which could help to reduce the use of animal models.

The present Special Issue in Pharmaceutics aims to gather a collection of research articles or reviews describing the use of organoids and spheroids to design and/or validate:

  • drug design;
  • drug screening;
  • drug targeting;
  • drug delivery methods;
  • drug toxicity.

We are also open to any other topics that authors may wish to submit, provided their relevance is clear.

Prof. Jean-Michel Escoffre
Dr. Dévina C. Ung
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2786 KiB  
Article
Budesonide Analogues Preserve Stem Cell Pluripotency and Delay 3D Gastruloid Development
by Filomena Amoroso, Eduardo Ibello, Federica Saracino, Federica Cermola, Giovanna Ponticelli, Enrica Scalera, Francesca Ricci, Gino Villetti, Gilda Cobellis, Gabriella Minchiotti, Eduardo Jorge Patriarca, Dario De Cesare and Cristina D’Aniello
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(7), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15071897 - 06 Jul 2023
Viewed by 940
Abstract
Small molecules that can modulate or stabilize cell–cell interactions are valuable tools for investigating the impact of collective cell behavior on various biological processes such as development/morphogenesis, tissue regeneration and cancer progression. Recently, we showed that budesonide, a glucocorticoid widely used as an [...] Read more.
Small molecules that can modulate or stabilize cell–cell interactions are valuable tools for investigating the impact of collective cell behavior on various biological processes such as development/morphogenesis, tissue regeneration and cancer progression. Recently, we showed that budesonide, a glucocorticoid widely used as an anti-asthmatic drug, is a potent regulator of stem cell pluripotency. Here we tested the effect of different budesonide derivatives and identified CHD-030498 as a more effective analogue of budesonide. CHD-030498 was able to prevent stem cell pluripotency exit in different cell-based models, including embryonic stem-to-mesenchymal transition, spontaneous differentiation and 3D gastruloid development, and at lower doses compared to budesonide. Full article
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Review

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16 pages, 1096 KiB  
Review
Brain Organoids: A Game-Changer for Drug Testing
by Chiara Giorgi, Giorgia Lombardozzi, Fabrizio Ammannito, Marta Sofia Scenna, Eleonora Maceroni, Massimiliano Quintiliani, Michele d’Angelo, Annamaria Cimini and Vanessa Castelli
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(4), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16040443 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the second cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Unfortunately, no cure exists for these disorders, but the actual therapies are only able to ameliorate people’s quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need to test [...] Read more.
Neurological disorders are the second cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Unfortunately, no cure exists for these disorders, but the actual therapies are only able to ameliorate people’s quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need to test potential therapeutic approaches. Brain organoids are a possible valuable tool in the study of the brain, due to their ability to reproduce different brain regions and maturation stages; they can be used also as a tool for disease modelling and target identification of neurological disorders. Recently, brain organoids have been used in drug-screening processes, even if there are several limitations to overcome. This review focuses on the description of brain organoid development and drug-screening processes, discussing the advantages, challenges, and limitations of the use of organoids in modeling neurological diseases. We also highlighted the potential of testing novel therapeutic approaches. Finally, we examine the challenges and future directions to improve the drug-screening process. Full article
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22 pages, 1311 KiB  
Review
Current Research Trends in the Application of In Vitro Three-Dimensional Models of Liver Cells
by Chawon Yun, Sou Hyun Kim and Young-Suk Jung
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010054 - 24 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
The liver produces and stores various nutrients that are necessary for the body and serves as a chemical plant, metabolizing carbohydrates, fats, hormones, vitamins, and minerals. It is also a vital organ for detoxifying drugs and exogenous harmful substances. Culturing liver cells in [...] Read more.
The liver produces and stores various nutrients that are necessary for the body and serves as a chemical plant, metabolizing carbohydrates, fats, hormones, vitamins, and minerals. It is also a vital organ for detoxifying drugs and exogenous harmful substances. Culturing liver cells in vitro under three-dimensional (3D) conditions is considered a primary mechanism for liver tissue engineering. The 3D cell culture system is designed to allow cells to interact in an artificially created environment and has the advantage of mimicking the physiological characteristics of cells in vivo. This system facilitates contact between the cells and the extracellular matrix. Several technically different approaches have been proposed, including bioreactors, chips, and plate-based systems in fluid or static media composed of chemically diverse materials. Compared to conventional two-dimensional monolayer culture in vitro models, the ability to predict the function of the tissues, including the drug metabolism and chemical toxicity, has been enhanced by developing three-dimensional liver culture models. This review discussed the methodology of 3D cell cultures and summarized the advantages of an in vitro liver platform using 3D culture technology. Full article
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30 pages, 2772 KiB  
Review
Advances in Tumor Organoids for the Evaluation of Drugs: A Bibliographic Review
by Maritza Londoño-Berrio, Cristina Castro, Ana Cañas, Isabel Ortiz and Marlon Osorio
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(12), 2709; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122709 - 03 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2463
Abstract
Tumor organoids are defined as self-organized three-dimensional assemblies of heterogeneous cell types derived from patient samples that mimic the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. This technology is proposed as an ideal candidate for the evaluation of possible therapies [...] Read more.
Tumor organoids are defined as self-organized three-dimensional assemblies of heterogeneous cell types derived from patient samples that mimic the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. This technology is proposed as an ideal candidate for the evaluation of possible therapies against cancer, presenting advantages over other models which are currently used. However, there are no reports in the literature that relate the techniques and material development of tumor organoids or that emphasize in the physicochemical and biological properties of materials that intent to biomimicry the tumor extracellular matrix. There is also little information regarding the tools to identify the correspondence of native tumors and tumoral organoids (tumoroids). Moreover, this paper relates the advantages of organoids compared to other models for drug evaluation. A growing interest in tumoral organoids has arisen from 2009 to the present, aimed at standardizing the process of obtaining organoids, which more accurately resemble patient-derived tumor tissue. Likewise, it was found that the characteristics to consider for the development of organoids, and therapeutic responses of them, are cell morphology, physiology, the interaction between cells, the composition of the cellular matrix, and the genetic, phenotypic, and epigenetic characteristics. Currently, organoids have been used for the evaluation of drugs for brain, lung, and colon tumors, among others. In the future, tumor organoids will become closer to being considered a better model for studying cancer in clinical practice, as they can accurately mimic the characteristics of tumors, in turn ensuring that the therapeutic response aligns with the clinical response of patients. Full article
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24 pages, 1110 KiB  
Review
Human Brain Organoids-on-Chip: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives for Preclinical Applications
by Héloïse Castiglione, Pierre-Antoine Vigneron, Camille Baquerre, Frank Yates, Jessica Rontard and Thibault Honegger
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(11), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112301 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4767
Abstract
There is an urgent need for predictive in vitro models to improve disease modeling and drug target identification and validation, especially for neurological disorders. Cerebral organoids, as alternative methods to in vivo studies, appear now as powerful tools to decipher complex biological processes [...] Read more.
There is an urgent need for predictive in vitro models to improve disease modeling and drug target identification and validation, especially for neurological disorders. Cerebral organoids, as alternative methods to in vivo studies, appear now as powerful tools to decipher complex biological processes thanks to their ability to recapitulate many features of the human brain. Combining these innovative models with microfluidic technologies, referred to as brain organoids-on-chips, allows us to model the microenvironment of several neuronal cell types in 3D. Thus, this platform opens new avenues to create a relevant in vitro approach for preclinical applications in neuroscience. The transfer to the pharmaceutical industry in drug discovery stages and the adoption of this approach by the scientific community requires the proposition of innovative microphysiological systems allowing the generation of reproducible cerebral organoids of high quality in terms of structural and functional maturation, and compatibility with automation processes and high-throughput screening. In this review, we will focus on the promising advantages of cerebral organoids for disease modeling and how their combination with microfluidic systems can enhance the reproducibility and quality of these in vitro models. Then, we will finish by explaining why brain organoids-on-chips could be considered promising platforms for pharmacological applications. Full article
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