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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
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Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Drug Delivery and Controlled Release".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2023) | Viewed by 4924

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Cristina Kurachi

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Guest Editor
São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil
Interests: photodynamic therapy; optical diagnostics; cancer; infectious diseases
Dr. Hilde Harb Buzzá

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Co-Guest Editor
Institute of Physics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
Interests: photodynamic therapy; photodynamic inactivation; biophotonics
Dr. Fernanda Alves

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Co-Guest Editor
São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos-SP 13566-590, Brazil
Interests: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; anti-biofilm strategies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases constitute a relevant health problem worldwide, especially considering the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and new pathogen outbreaks. The development of alternative treatments to antibiotics is urgent, and represents one of the measures to tackle the AMR crisis. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a potential treatment option with the advantage when compared to antibiotics that is does not present a single biomolecule or biological process target. The main mechanism of action of aPDT relies on the production of oxygen reactive species, which damage different types of biomolecules, mostly lipids and proteins. In this sense, photodynamic inactivation has already been proven on different species of bacteria, fungi and viruses.

An optimized photosensitizer/microorganism interaction is mandatory for achieving aPDT success, and due to the huge diversity of microorganism cell walls, distinct photosensitizer classes and delivery mechanisms are required. Over 65% of infectious pathogens are associated with biofilm formation, where microorganism inactivation is a challenge. Designing new photosensitizers and new delivery strategies improves the photosensitizer diffusion and cellular internalization, and so the aPDT response.

In this present Special Issue, studies reporting original data or updated literature reviews concerning photosensitizers and delivery methods for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Cristina Kurachi
Dr. Hilde Harb Buzzá
Dr. Fernanda Alves
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antimicrobial photodynamic therapy
  • photodynamic inactivation
  • photosensitizer
  • drug delivery
  • infectious disease

Published Papers (3 papers)

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18 pages, 9540 KiB  
Article
Effects on Colonization Factors and Mechanisms Involved in Antimicrobial Sonophotodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Curcumin
by Fernanda Alves, Sebastião Pratavieira, Natália Mayumi Inada, Claudia Patricia Barrera Patiño and Cristina Kurachi
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(10), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102407 - 30 Sep 2023
Viewed by 867
Abstract
Photodynamic (PDI) and sonodynamic (SDI) inactivation have been successfully employed as antimicrobial treatments. Moreover, sonophotodynamic inactivation (SPDI), which is the simultaneous application of PDI and SDI, has demonstrated greater effects. This study assessed the effects of PDI (PDI group), SDI (SDI group) and [...] Read more.
Photodynamic (PDI) and sonodynamic (SDI) inactivation have been successfully employed as antimicrobial treatments. Moreover, sonophotodynamic inactivation (SPDI), which is the simultaneous application of PDI and SDI, has demonstrated greater effects. This study assessed the effects of PDI (PDI group), SDI (SDI group) and SPDI (SPDI group) using curcumin as a sensitizer on the metabolism, adhesion capability, biofilm formation ability and structural effects in a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the degradation spectrum of curcumin under the irradiation sources were measured. SPDI was more effective in inactivating the biofilm than PDI and SDI. All treatments reduced the adhesion ability of the bacteria: 58 ± 2%, 58 ± 1% and 71 ± 1% of the bacterial cells adhered to the polystyrene plate after the SPDI, SDI and PDI, respectively, when compared to 79 ± 1% of the untreated cells (control group). This result is probably related to the metabolism cell reduction after treatments. The metabolism of cells from the PDI group was 89 ± 1% lower than the untreated cells, while the metabolic activity of SDI and SPDI groups were 82 ± 2% and 90 ± 1% lower, respectively. Regarding the biofilm formation ability, all treatments (SPDI, SDI and PDI) reduced the total biomass. The total biomass of the PDI, SDI and SPDI groups were 26 ± 2%, 31 ± 5% and 35 ± 6% lower than the untreated biofilm (control group), respectively. Additionally, all treatments produced ROS and caused significant structural changes, reducing cells and the extracellular matrix. The light caused a greater absorbance decay of the curcumin; however, the US did not expressively alter its spectrum. Finally, SPDI had improved antimicrobial effects, and all treatments exhibited similar effects in the colonization factors evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy)
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25 pages, 3877 KiB  
Article
Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Prospects for Application in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Airways
by Raphaëlle Youf, Adeel Nasir, Mareike Müller, Franck Thétiot, Tanguy Haute, Rosy Ghanem, Ulrich Jonas, Holger Schönherr, Gilles Lemercier, Tristan Montier and Tony Le Gall
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(8), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081664 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) depends on a variety of parameters notably related to the photosensitizers used, the pathogens to target and the environment to operate. In a previous study using a series of Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl ([Ru(II)]) complexes, we reported the importance of the [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) depends on a variety of parameters notably related to the photosensitizers used, the pathogens to target and the environment to operate. In a previous study using a series of Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl ([Ru(II)]) complexes, we reported the importance of the chemical structure on both their photo-physical/physico-chemical properties and their efficacy for aPDT. By employing standard in vitro conditions, effective [Ru(II)]-mediated aPDT was demonstrated against planktonic cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains notably isolated from the airways of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. CF lung disease is characterized with many pathophysiological disorders that can compromise the effectiveness of antimicrobials. Taking this into account, the present study is an extension of our previous work, with the aim of further investigating [Ru(II)]-mediated aPDT under in vitro experimental settings approaching the conditions of infected airways in CF patients. Thus, we herein studied the isolated influence of a series of parameters (including increased osmotic strength, acidic pH, lower oxygen availability, artificial sputum medium and biofilm formation) on the properties of two selected [Ru(II)] complexes. Furthermore, these compounds were used to evaluate the possibility to photoinactivate P. aeruginosa while preserving an underlying epithelium of human bronchial epithelial cells. Altogether, our results provide substantial evidence for the relevance of [Ru(II)]-based aPDT in CF lung airways. Besides optimized nano-complexes, this study also highlights the various needs for translating such a challenging perspective into clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy)
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18 pages, 7435 KiB  
Systematic Review
Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Photosensitizers Conjugated with Inorganic Nanoparticles: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Túlio Morandin Ferrisse, Luana Mendonça Dias, Analú Barros de Oliveira, Cláudia Carolina Jordão, Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima and Ana Claudia Pavarina
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(10), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102050 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1474
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a method that does not seem to promote antimicrobial resistance. Photosensitizers (PS) conjugated with inorganic nanoparticles for the drug-delivery system have the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of aPDT. The present study was to perform a systematic review [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a method that does not seem to promote antimicrobial resistance. Photosensitizers (PS) conjugated with inorganic nanoparticles for the drug-delivery system have the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of aPDT. The present study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of aPDT mediated by PS conjugated with inorganic nanoparticles. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and Lilacs databases were searched. OHAT Rob toll was used to assess the risk of bias. A random effect model with an odds ratio (OR) and effect measure was used. Fourteen articles were able to be included in the present review. The most frequent microorganisms evaluated were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and metallic and silica nanoparticles were the most common drug-delivery systems associated with PS. Articles showed biases related to blinding. Significant results were found in aPDT mediated by PS conjugated with inorganic nanoparticles for overall reduction of microorganism cultured in suspension (OR = 0.19 [0.07; 0.67]/p-value = 0.0019), E. coli (OR = 0.08 [0.01; 0.52]/p-value = 0.0081), and for Gram-negative bacteria (OR = 0.12 [0.02; 0.56/p-value = 0.0071). This association approach significantly improved the efficacy in the reduction of microbial cells. However, additional blinding studies evaluating the efficacy of this therapy over microorganisms cultured in biofilm are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy)
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