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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations
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Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2017) | Viewed by 75964

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Murali Mohan Yallapu

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grade Valley, McAllen, TX 78503, USA
Interests: cancer therapy; drug delivery; drug targeting; infectious disease; micelle; nanoparticles; nanotechnology; polymers; targeted therapies; HIV; antibody engineering; antibody–drug conjugates
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, nanotechnology has been introduced for a number of therapeutic applications. In medical research, nanotechnology has gained significant attention as regards delivering classic medicines to the body in a sustained and targeted manner, while minimizing systemic side effects. The primary aim of nanotechnology is to: (a) deliver poorly soluble drugs, proteins and peptides; (b) deliver macromolecules to the intracellular site of action; (c) deliver two or more drugs simultaneously to achieve synergistic effect; (d) achieve theranostic potential by combining therapeutic with imaging agents; (e) targeted delivery to cell or specific tissue; (f) transcytosis of drugs across tight epithelial and endothelial barriers; (g) controlled release of the therapeutic agent; and (h) enhancing therapeutic in vivo efficacy. Considering the importance and urgency, the current Special Issue of Pharmaceutics is proposed an exciting field topic entitled “Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations”. This Special Issue will address diverse areas of medical therapeutic nanoformulations beginning from proof-of-concept to successful delivery of therapeutic molecules, such as drugs, proteins, gene, and nucleic acids for clinical translation and clinical use. For this, we invite original research papers, communications, notes and research news, and review articles on any of these aspects.

Dr. Murali Mohan Yallapu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Medical nanoparticles
  • Drug delivery
  • Drug targeting
  • Infectious disease
  • Cancer therapeutics
  • Nanoparticles
  • Nanotechnology
  • Targeted therapies
  • HIV

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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6297 KiB  
Article
Surface-Modification of Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticles Enhances Delivery and Cytotoxicity of Gemcitabine and Anastrozole in Breast Cancer Cells
by Fitya Syarifa Mozar and Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
Pharmaceutics 2017, 9(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9020021 - 07 Jun 2017
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6252
Abstract
pH sensitive nanoparticles of carbonate apatite (CA) have been proven to be effective delivery vehicles for DNA, siRNAs and proteins. More recently, conventional anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide have been successfully incorporated into CA for intracellular delivery to breast cancer [...] Read more.
pH sensitive nanoparticles of carbonate apatite (CA) have been proven to be effective delivery vehicles for DNA, siRNAs and proteins. More recently, conventional anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide have been successfully incorporated into CA for intracellular delivery to breast cancer cells. However, physical and chemical properties of drug molecules appeared to affect their interactions with CA, with hydrophillic drug so far exhibiting better binding affinity and cellular uptakes compared to hydrophobic drugs. In this study, anastrozole, a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor which is largely hydrophobic, and gemcitabine, a hydrophilic nucleoside inhibitor were used as solubility models of chemotherapy drug. Aggregation tendency of poorly soluble drugs resulting in larger particle-drug complex size might be the main factor hindering their delivery effectiveness. For the first time, surface modification of CA with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has shown promising result to drastically reduce anastrozole- loaded CA particle size, from approximately 1000 to 500 nm based on zeta sizer analysis. Besides PEG, a cell specific ligand, in this case fibronectin, was attached to the particles in order to facilitate receptor mediated endocytosis based on fibronectin–integrin interaction. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to measure uptake of the drugs by breast cancer cells, revealing that surface modification increased the drug uptake, especially for the hydrophobic drug, compared to the uncoated particles and the free drug. In vitro chemosensitivity assay and in vivo tumor regression study also showed that coated apatite/drug nanoparticle complexes presented higher cytotoxicity and tumor regression effects than uncoated apatite/drug nanoparticles and free drugs, indicating that surface modification successfully created optimum particles size with the consequence of more effective uptake along with favorable pharmacokinetics of the particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations)
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2914 KiB  
Article
Blend Hydrogel Microspheres of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Gelatin for the Controlled Release of 5-Fluorouracil
by Vanarchi Rajini Kanth, Praveen B. Kajjari, Priya M. Madalageri, Sakey Ravindra, Lata S. Manjeshwar and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi
Pharmaceutics 2017, 9(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9020013 - 27 Mar 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6619
Abstract
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was synthesized and blended with gelatin (GE) to prepare hydrogel microspheres by w/o emulsion cross-linking in the presence of glutaraldehyde (GA), which acted as a cross-linker. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was encapsulated to investigate its controlled release (CR) characteristics in acidic (pH [...] Read more.
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was synthesized and blended with gelatin (GE) to prepare hydrogel microspheres by w/o emulsion cross-linking in the presence of glutaraldehyde (GA), which acted as a cross-linker. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was encapsulated to investigate its controlled release (CR) characteristics in acidic (pH 1.2) and alkaline (pH 7.4) buffer media. The microspheres which formed were spherical in nature, with smooth surfaces, as judged by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the carboxymethylation of CS and the chemical stability of 5-FU in the formulations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the physical state and molecular level dispersion of 5-FU. Equilibrium swelling of microspheres was performed in water, in order to understand the water uptake properties. The in vitro release of 5-FU was extended up to 12 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, revealing an encapsulation efficiency of 72%. The effects of blend composition, the extent of cross-linking, and initial drug loading on the in vitro release properties, were investigated. When analyzed through empirical equations, the release data suggested a non-Fickian transport mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations)
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7379 KiB  
Article
Doxorubicin Delivery Using pH and Redox Dual-Responsive Hollow Nanocapsules with a Cationic Electrostatic Barrier
by Ryoma Teranishi, Ryota Matsuki, Eiji Yuba, Atsushi Harada and Kenji Kono
Pharmaceutics 2017, 9(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9010004 - 30 Dec 2016
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6242
Abstract
For the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), pH and redox dual responsive hollow nanocapsules were prepared through the stabilization of polymer vesicles, which spontaneously formed from polyamidoamine dendron-poly(l-lysine) (PAMAM dendron-PLL), by the introduction of disulfide (SS) bonds between PLLs. The SS-bonded nanocapsules [...] Read more.
For the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), pH and redox dual responsive hollow nanocapsules were prepared through the stabilization of polymer vesicles, which spontaneously formed from polyamidoamine dendron-poly(l-lysine) (PAMAM dendron-PLL), by the introduction of disulfide (SS) bonds between PLLs. The SS-bonded nanocapsules exhibited a very slow release of DOX under an extracellular environment because the cationic PLL membrane acted as an electrostatic barrier against the protonated DOX molecules. However, increasing the glutathione concentration to the intracellular level facilitated the immediate release of DOX through the collapse of nanocapsules by the spontaneous cleavage of SS bonds. SS-bonded nanocapsules also escaped from the endosome by the buffering effect of PAMAM dendrons, and DOX delivery into the cytoplasm was achieved. Furthermore, DOX molecules delivered by SS-bonded nanocapsules exhibited an effective in vitro anticancer effect to HeLa cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations)
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2093 KiB  
Article
Chitosan-Based Nano-Embedded Microparticles: Impact of Nanogel Composition on Physicochemical Properties
by Paromita Islam, Jorrit J. Water, Adam Bohr and Jukka Rantanen
Pharmaceutics 2017, 9(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9010001 - 22 Dec 2016
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8437
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanogels have been widely applied as drug delivery vehicles. Spray-drying of said nanogels allows for the preparation of dry powder nano-embedded microparticles. In this work, chitosan-based nanogels composed of chitosan, alginate, and/or sodium tri-penta phosphate were investigated, particularly with respect to the [...] Read more.
Chitosan-based nanogels have been widely applied as drug delivery vehicles. Spray-drying of said nanogels allows for the preparation of dry powder nano-embedded microparticles. In this work, chitosan-based nanogels composed of chitosan, alginate, and/or sodium tri-penta phosphate were investigated, particularly with respect to the impact of composition on the resulting physicochemical properties. Different compositions were obtained as nanogels with sizes ranging from 203 to 561 nm. The addition of alginate and exclusion of sodium tri-penta phosphate led to an increase in nanogel size. The nanogels were subsequently spray-dried to form nano-embedded microparticles with trehalose or mannitol as matrix excipient. The microparticles of different composition were mostly spherical with a smooth surface and a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 6–10 µm. Superior redispersibility was observed for microparticles containing amorphous trehalose. This study demonstrates the potential of nano-embedded microparticles for stabilization and delivery of nanogel-based delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations)
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Review

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2339 KiB  
Review
Liposomal Formulations in Clinical Use: An Updated Review
by Upendra Bulbake, Sindhu Doppalapudi, Nagavendra Kommineni and Wahid Khan
Pharmaceutics 2017, 9(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9020012 - 27 Mar 2017
Cited by 1449 | Viewed by 40283
Abstract
Liposomes are the first nano drug delivery systems that have been successfully translated into real-time clinical applications. These closed bilayer phospholipid vesicles have witnessed many technical advances in recent years since their first development in 1965. Delivery of therapeutics by liposomes alters their [...] Read more.
Liposomes are the first nano drug delivery systems that have been successfully translated into real-time clinical applications. These closed bilayer phospholipid vesicles have witnessed many technical advances in recent years since their first development in 1965. Delivery of therapeutics by liposomes alters their biodistribution profile, which further enhances the therapeutic index of various drugs. Extensive research is being carried out using these nano drug delivery systems in diverse areas including the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory drugs and therapeutic genes. The significant contribution of liposomes as drug delivery systems in the healthcare sector is known by many clinical products, e.g., Doxil®, Ambisome®, DepoDur™, etc. This review provides a detailed update on liposomal technologies e.g., DepoFoam™ Technology, Stealth technology, etc., the formulation aspects of clinically used products and ongoing clinical trials on liposomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations)
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1556 KiB  
Review
Design and Biological Evaluation of Delivery Systems Containing Bisphosphonates
by Blessing Aderibigbe, Isiaka Aderibigbe and Patricia Popoola
Pharmaceutics 2017, 9(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics9010002 - 26 Dec 2016
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7144
Abstract
Bisphosphonates have found application in the treatment of reoccurrence of bone diseases, breast cancer, etc. They have also been found to exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer and antimalarial activities. However, they suffer from pharmacological deficiencies such as toxicity, poor bioavailability and low intestinal adsorption. These [...] Read more.
Bisphosphonates have found application in the treatment of reoccurrence of bone diseases, breast cancer, etc. They have also been found to exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer and antimalarial activities. However, they suffer from pharmacological deficiencies such as toxicity, poor bioavailability and low intestinal adsorption. These shortcomings have resulted in several researchers developing delivery systems that can enhance their overall therapeutic effectiveness. This review provides a detailed overview of the published studies on delivery systems designed for the delivery of bisphosphonates and the corresponding in vitro/in vivo results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology in Medical Therapeutic Formulations)
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