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Pharmaceutics
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Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications
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Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2022) | Viewed by 77348

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kwang-sun Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
RNA/Nano-Biochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Interests: ribonuclease; small noncoding RNA; pathogen; 2D nanomaterials; antibiotic resistance; synergistic antibiotics; gene expression; biofilm; extracellular vesicles; proteomics; transcriptomics; vaccine platform
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hansoo Park

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
Interests: cell engineering; surface modification; biomimetic materials; tissue engineering; hydrogels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Won-Gun Koh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
Interests: hydrogel; micro/nano patterning; biosensor; tissue engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past few decades, various biomaterials including organic molecules, synthetic polymers, metals, ceramics, proteins, and cell-derived materials have been developed for the delivery of bioactive molecules, surface coating of medical device, sensors for biomedical applications, engineered platform of cell engineering, and 3D bioprintings. They were often designed and employed for the improvement of biocompatibility and biological functions in medical sciences.

In many cases, those biomaterials possess functional properties such as control of biological response, self-assembled structure, effective sensing ability, and smart responses to chemical and physical stimuli due to their advanced nanostructures.

Therefore, in this Special Issue titled “Advanced nanoscience of biomaterials for biomedical applications,” we encourage researchers to present the most recent studies regarding various developments of nanotechnologies in the design, fabrication, and application of biomaterials. The manuscripts may include research articles and reviews for all nanoscience areas of biomaterials.

Prof. Dr. Kwang-sun Kim
Prof. Dr. Hansoo Park
Prof. Dr. Won-Gun Koh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomaterials
  • nanoscience
  • stimuli responsive
  • delivery system
  • sensor
  • self-assemble
  • surface modification

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6865 KiB  
Article
Cyclodextrin Stabilized Freeze-Dried Silica/Chitosan Nanoparticles for Improved Terconazole Ocular Bioavailability
by Nada Zaghloul, Nada M. El Hoffy, Azza A. Mahmoud and Nermeen A. Elkasabgy
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030470 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
This research assesses the beneficial effects of loading terconazole, a poorly water-soluble antifungal drug in silica/chitosan nanoparticles (SCNs) for ocular delivery. Nanoparticles were fabricated by the simple mixing of tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) and chitosan HCl as sources of silica and nitrogen, respectively, [...] Read more.
This research assesses the beneficial effects of loading terconazole, a poorly water-soluble antifungal drug in silica/chitosan nanoparticles (SCNs) for ocular delivery. Nanoparticles were fabricated by the simple mixing of tetraethyl ortho silicate (TEOS) and chitosan HCl as sources of silica and nitrogen, respectively, along with alcoholic drug solution in different concentrations. Freeze-dried nanoparticles were fabricated using cyclodextrins as cryoprotectants. SCNs were assessed for their particle size, PDI, yield, drug loading and in vitro release studies. A 23.31 full factorial experimental design was constructed to optimize the prepared SCNs. DSC, XRD, FTIR, in addition to morphological scanning were performed on the optimized nanoparticles followed by an investigation of their pharmacokinetic parameters after topical ocular application in male Albino rabbits. The results reveal that increasing the water content in the preparations causes an increase in the yield and size of nanoparticles. On the other hand, increasing the TEOS content in the preparations, caused a decrease in the yield and size of nanoparticles. The optimized formulation possessed excellent mucoadhesive properties with potential safety concerning the investigated rabbit eye tissues. The higher Cmax and AUC0–24 values coupled with a longer tmax value compared to the drug suspension in the rabbits’ eyes indicated the potential of SCNs as promising ocular carriers for poorly water-soluble drugs, such as terconazole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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18 pages, 4000 KiB  
Article
Chitin Nanofibril Application in Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds to Modulate Inflammatory and Immune Response
by Serena Danti, Shivesh Anand, Bahareh Azimi, Mario Milazzo, Alessandra Fusco, Claudio Ricci, Lorenzo Zavagna, Stefano Linari, Giovanna Donnarumma, Andrea Lazzeri, Lorenzo Moroni, Carlos Mota and Stefano Berrettini
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(9), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091440 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
Chitin nanofibrils (CNs) are an emerging bio-based nanomaterial. Due to nanometric size and high crystallinity, CNs lose the allergenic features of chitin and interestingly acquire anti-inflammatory activity. Here we investigate the possible advantageous use of CNs in tympanic membrane (TM) scaffolds, as they [...] Read more.
Chitin nanofibrils (CNs) are an emerging bio-based nanomaterial. Due to nanometric size and high crystallinity, CNs lose the allergenic features of chitin and interestingly acquire anti-inflammatory activity. Here we investigate the possible advantageous use of CNs in tympanic membrane (TM) scaffolds, as they are usually implanted inside highly inflamed tissue environment due to underlying infectious pathologies. In this study, the applications of CNs in TM scaffolds were twofold. A nanocomposite was used, consisting of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer loaded with CN/polyethylene glycol (PEG) pre-composite at 50/50 (w/w %) weight ratio, and electrospun into fiber scaffolds, which were coated by CNs from crustacean or fungal sources via electrospray. The degradation behavior of the scaffolds was investigated during 4 months at 37 °C in an otitis-simulating fluid. In vitro tests were performed using cell types to mimic the eardrum, i.e., human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for connective, and human dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) for epithelial tissues. HMSCs were able to colonize the scaffolds and produce collagen type I. The inflammatory response of HaCaT cells in contact with the CN-coated scaffolds was investigated, revealing a marked downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CN-coated PEOT/PBT/(CN/PEG 50:50) scaffolds showed a significant indirect antimicrobial activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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19 pages, 3483 KiB  
Article
Diacerein-Loaded Hyaluosomes as a Dual-Function Platform for Osteoarthritis Management via Intra-Articular Injection: In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Assessment in a Rat Model
by Nouran O. Eladawy, Nadia M. Morsi and Rehab N. Shamma
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(6), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060765 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2873
Abstract
The application of intra-articular injections in osteoarthritis management has gained great attention lately. In this work, novel intra-articular injectable hyaluronic acid gel-core vesicles (hyaluosomes) loaded with diacerein (DCN), a structural modifying osteoarthritis drug, were developed. A full factorial design was employed to study [...] Read more.
The application of intra-articular injections in osteoarthritis management has gained great attention lately. In this work, novel intra-articular injectable hyaluronic acid gel-core vesicles (hyaluosomes) loaded with diacerein (DCN), a structural modifying osteoarthritis drug, were developed. A full factorial design was employed to study the effect of different formulation parameters on the drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. Results showed that the prepared optimized DCN- loaded hyaluosomes were able to achieve high entrapment (90.7%) with a small size (310 nm). The morphology of the optimized hyaluosomes was further examined using TEM, and revealed spherical shaped vesicles with hyaluronic acid in the core. Furthermore, the ability of the prepared DCN-loaded hyaluosomes to improve the in vivo inflammatory condition, and deterioration of cartilage in rats (injected with antigen to induce arthritis) following intra-articular injection was assessed, and revealed superior function on preventing cartilage damage, and inflammation. The inflammatory activity assessed by measuring the rat’s plasma TNF-α and IL-1b levels, revealed significant elevation in the untreated group as compared to the treated groups. The obtained results show that the prepared DCN-loaded hyaluosomes would represent a step forward in the design of novel intra articular injection for management of osteoarthritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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21 pages, 5287 KiB  
Article
Surface Coating with Hyaluronic Acid-Gelatin-Crosslinked Hydrogel on Gelatin-Conjugated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Implantable Medical Device-Induced Fibrosis
by Haejin Joo, Jonghyun Park, Chanutchamon Sutthiwanjampa, Hankoo Kim, Taehui Bae, Wooseob Kim, Jinhwa Choi, Mikyung Kim, Shinhyuk Kang and Hansoo Park
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020269 - 17 Feb 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4094
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a biocompatible polymer that has been applied in many fields. However, the surface hydrophobicity of PDMS can limit successful implementation, and this must be reduced by surface modification to improve biocompatibility. In this study, we modified the PDMS surface with [...] Read more.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a biocompatible polymer that has been applied in many fields. However, the surface hydrophobicity of PDMS can limit successful implementation, and this must be reduced by surface modification to improve biocompatibility. In this study, we modified the PDMS surface with a hydrogel and investigated the effect of this on hydrophilicity, bacterial adhesion, cell viability, immune response, and biocompatibility of PDMS. Hydrogels were created from hyaluronic acid and gelatin using a Schiff-base reaction. The PDMS surface and hydrogel were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilicity of the surface was confirmed via a decrease in the water contact angle. Bacterial anti-adhesion was demonstrated for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ralstonia pickettii, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and viability and improved distribution of human-derived adipose stem cells were also confirmed. Decreased capsular tissue responses were observed in vivo with looser collagen distribution and reduced cytokine expression on the hydrogel-coated surface. Hydrogel coating on treated PDMS is a promising method to improve the surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility for surface modification of biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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14 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
A New Surface Charge Neutralizing Nano-Adjuvant to Potentiate Polymyxins in Killing Mcr-1 Mediated Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli
by Hyejin Cho, Atanu Naskar, Sohee Lee, Semi Kim and Kwang-Sun Kim
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(2), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020250 - 11 Feb 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2861
Abstract
Resistance to polymyxins when treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections limit therapeutic options. Here, we report the synthesis of a nickel (Ni) doped Zinc oxide (NZO) combined with black phosphorus (BP) (NZB) nanocomposite and its synergistic action with polymyxin B (PolB) against polymyxin-resistant [...] Read more.
Resistance to polymyxins when treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections limit therapeutic options. Here, we report the synthesis of a nickel (Ni) doped Zinc oxide (NZO) combined with black phosphorus (BP) (NZB) nanocomposite and its synergistic action with polymyxin B (PolB) against polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli harboring mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene. NZB and PolB combination therapy expressed a specific and strong synergy against Mcr-1 expressing E. coli cells. The underlying mechanism of the synergy is the charge neutralization of the E. coli cell surface by NZB, resulting in a more feasible incorporation of PolB to E. coli. The synergistic concentration of NZB with PolB was proved biocompatible. Thus, the NZB is the first biocompatible nano-adjuvant to polymyxins against polymyxin-resistant E. coli cells, recognizing the physical status of bacteria instead of known adjuvants targeting cellular gene products. Therefore, NZB has the potential to revive polymyxins as leading last-resort antibiotics to combat polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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20 pages, 6807 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Biocompatible and Environmentally Nanofibrous Mats Loaded with Moxifloxacin as a Model Drug for Biomedical Applications
by Mahmoud H. Teaima, Fatma A. Abdelnaby, Maha Fadel, Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi and Kamel R. Shoueir
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(11), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111029 - 28 Oct 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2509
Abstract
Biopolymeric chitosan structure (Cs) is rationally investigated owing to its potentiality in pharmaceutical applications. The synthetic routes of biomimetic Cs-based blend electrospun nanofibers were studied. Herein, biocompatible crosslinked electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Cs-reduced gold nanoparticles (Cs(Rg))/β-CD (beta-cyclodextrin) in pure water were fabricated. To this [...] Read more.
Biopolymeric chitosan structure (Cs) is rationally investigated owing to its potentiality in pharmaceutical applications. The synthetic routes of biomimetic Cs-based blend electrospun nanofibers were studied. Herein, biocompatible crosslinked electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Cs-reduced gold nanoparticles (Cs(Rg))/β-CD (beta-cyclodextrin) in pure water were fabricated. To this end, supportive PVA as a carrier, Cs bio modifier, and gold reductant and β-CD as smoother, inclusion guest molecule, and capping agent exhibit efficient entrapment of moxifloxacin (Mox) and consequently accelerate release. Besides, PVA/Cs(Rg)/β-CD paves towards controlled drug encapsulation-release affinity, antimicrobial, and for wound dressing. Without losing the nanofiber structure, the webs prolonged stability for particle size and release content up to 96.4%. The synergistic effect of the nanoformulation PVA/Cs(Rg)/β-CD against pathogenic bacteria, fungus, and yeast, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, posed clear zones up to 53 φmm. Furthermore, a certain combination of PVA/Cs (Rg)/β-CD showed a total antioxidant capacity of 311.10 ± 2.86 mg AAE/g sample. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of HePG2 and MCF-7 NF6 can eradicate 34.8 and 29.3 µg/mL against selected cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 5261 KiB  
Article
Composite Hydrogel of Methacrylated Hyaluronic Acid and Fragmented Polycaprolactone Nanofiber for Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
by Madhumita Patel and Won-Gun Koh
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(9), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090902 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3380
Abstract
Composite hydrogels with electrospun nanofibers (NFs) have recently been used to mimic the native extracellular matrix. In this study, composite hydrogels of methacrylated hyaluronic acid containing fragmented polycaprolactone NFs were used for bone tissue engineering. The composite (NF/hydrogel) was crosslinked under ultraviolet (UV) [...] Read more.
Composite hydrogels with electrospun nanofibers (NFs) have recently been used to mimic the native extracellular matrix. In this study, composite hydrogels of methacrylated hyaluronic acid containing fragmented polycaprolactone NFs were used for bone tissue engineering. The composite (NF/hydrogel) was crosslinked under ultraviolet (UV) light. The incorporation of fragmented polycaprolactone NFs increased the compression modulus from 1762.5 to 3122.5 Pa. Subsequently, adipose-derived stem cells incorporated into the composite hydrogel exhibited a more stretched and elongated morphology and osteogenic differentiation in the absence of external factors. The mRNA expressions of osteogenic biomarkers, including collagen 1 (Col1), alkaline phosphatase, and runt-related transcription factor 2, were 3–5-fold higher in the composite hydrogel than in the hydrogel alone. In addition, results of the protein expression of Col1 and alizarin red staining confirmed osteogenic differentiation. These findings suggest that our composite hydrogel provides a suitable microenvironment for bone tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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Review

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23 pages, 5202 KiB  
Review
Carbohydrates Used in Polymeric Systems for Drug Delivery: From Structures to Applications
by Xiangjie Di, Xiao Liang, Chao Shen, Yuwen Pei, Bin Wu and Zhiyao He
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040739 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8475
Abstract
Carbohydrates, one of the most important compounds in living organisms, perform numerous roles, including those associated with the extracellular matrix, energy-related compounds, and information. Of these, polymeric carbohydrates are a class of substance with a long history in drug delivery that have attracted [...] Read more.
Carbohydrates, one of the most important compounds in living organisms, perform numerous roles, including those associated with the extracellular matrix, energy-related compounds, and information. Of these, polymeric carbohydrates are a class of substance with a long history in drug delivery that have attracted more attention in recent years. Because polymeric carbohydrates have the advantages of nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, they can be used in drug targeting, sustained drug release, immune antigens and adjuvants. In this review, various carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-modified drug delivery systems and their applications in disease therapy have been surveyed. Specifically, this review focuses on the fundamental understanding of carbohydrate-based drug delivery systems, strategies for application, and the evaluation of biological activity. Future perspectives, including opportunities and challenges in this field, are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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48 pages, 3023 KiB  
Review
Advances in Use of Nanomaterials for Musculoskeletal Regeneration
by Josef Jampilek and Daniela Placha
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(12), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13121994 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2667
Abstract
Since the worldwide incidence of bone disorders and cartilage damage has been increasing and traditional therapy has reached its limits, nanomaterials can provide a new strategy in the regeneration of bones and cartilage. The nanoscale modifies the properties of materials, and many of [...] Read more.
Since the worldwide incidence of bone disorders and cartilage damage has been increasing and traditional therapy has reached its limits, nanomaterials can provide a new strategy in the regeneration of bones and cartilage. The nanoscale modifies the properties of materials, and many of the recently prepared nanocomposites can be used in tissue engineering as scaffolds for the development of biomimetic materials involved in the repair and healing of damaged tissues and organs. In addition, some nanomaterials represent a noteworthy alternative for treatment and alleviating inflammation or infections caused by microbial pathogens. On the other hand, some nanomaterials induce inflammation processes, especially by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, it is necessary to know and understand their effects in living systems and use surface modifications to prevent these negative effects. This contribution is focused on nanostructured scaffolds, providing a closer structural support approximation to native tissue architecture for cells and regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, which results in cartilage and bone healing and regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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27 pages, 2500 KiB  
Review
Biomimetic Nanoparticles Coated with Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles as a New-Generation Platform for Biomedical Applications
by Atanu Naskar, Hyejin Cho, Sohee Lee and Kwang-sun Kim
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(11), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111887 - 07 Nov 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4243
Abstract
The biomedical field is currently reaping the benefits of research on biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs), which are synthetic nanoparticles fabricated with natural cellular materials for nature-inspired biomedical applications. These camouflage NPs are capable of retaining not only the physiochemical properties of synthetic nanoparticles but [...] Read more.
The biomedical field is currently reaping the benefits of research on biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs), which are synthetic nanoparticles fabricated with natural cellular materials for nature-inspired biomedical applications. These camouflage NPs are capable of retaining not only the physiochemical properties of synthetic nanoparticles but also the original biological functions of the cellular materials. Accordingly, NPs coated with cell-derived membrane components have achieved remarkable growth as prospective biomedical materials. Particularly, bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV), which is a cell membrane coating material for NPs, is regarded as an important molecule that can be employed in several biomedical applications, including immune response activation, cancer therapeutics, and treatment for bacterial infections with photothermal activity. The currently available cell membrane-coated NPs are summarized in this review. Furthermore, the general features of bacterial OMVs and several multifunctional NPs that could serve as inner core materials in the coating strategy are presented, and several methods that can be used to prepare OMV-coated NPs (OMV-NPs) and their characterization are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives of OMV-NPs in various biomedical applications for future potential breakthrough are discussed. This in-depth review, which includes potential challenges, will encourage researchers to fabricate innovative and improvised, new-generation biomimetic materials through future biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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44 pages, 41641 KiB  
Review
Plant-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Advances in the New Millennium towards Understanding Their Therapeutic Role in Biomedical Applications
by Mahadevamurthy Murali, Nataraj Kalegowda, Hittanahallikoppal G. Gowtham, Mohammad Azam Ansari, Mohammad N. Alomary, Saad Alghamdi, Natarajamurthy Shilpa, Sudarshana B. Singh, M. C. Thriveni, Mohammed Aiyaz, Nataraju Angaswamy, Nanjaiah Lakshmidevi, Syed F. Adil, Mohammad R. Hatshan and Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(10), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101662 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6012
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have become one of the most popular metal oxide nanoparticles and recently emerged as a promising potential candidate in the fields of optical, electrical, food packaging, and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low cost. They have [...] Read more.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have become one of the most popular metal oxide nanoparticles and recently emerged as a promising potential candidate in the fields of optical, electrical, food packaging, and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low cost. They have a role in cell apoptosis, as they trigger excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and release zinc ions (Zn2+) that induce cell death. The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the plant extracts appear to be simple, safer, sustainable, and more environmentally friendly compared to the physical and chemical routes. These biosynthesized nanoparticles possess strong biological activities and are in use for various biological applications in several industries. Initially, the present review discusses the synthesis and recent advances of zinc oxide nanoparticles from plant sources (such as leaves, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes, fruits, flowers, and seeds) and their biomedical applications (such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, photocatalytic, wound healing, and drug delivery), followed by their mechanisms of action involved in detail. This review also covers the drug delivery application of plant-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles, focusing on the drug-loading mechanism, stimuli-responsive controlled release, and therapeutic effect. Finally, the future direction of these synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles’ research and applications are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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23 pages, 1764 KiB  
Review
Functional Duality of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy and Biomedical Application Trends in Osteoarthritis
by Sunghyun Park, Alvin Bello, Yoshie Arai, Jinsung Ahn, Dohyun Kim, Kyung-Yup Cha, Inho Baek, Hansoo Park and Soo-Hong Lee
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(8), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081139 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3409
Abstract
Chondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key indicators in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, compared with other OA indications, such as cartilage collapse, sclerosis, inflammation, and protease activation, the mechanisms by which chondrocyte hypertrophy contributes to OA remain elusive. As the pathological [...] Read more.
Chondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key indicators in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, compared with other OA indications, such as cartilage collapse, sclerosis, inflammation, and protease activation, the mechanisms by which chondrocyte hypertrophy contributes to OA remain elusive. As the pathological processes in the OA cartilage microenvironment, such as the alterations in the extracellular matrix, are initiated and dictated by the physiological state of the chondrocytes, in-depth knowledge of chondrocyte hypertrophy is necessary to enhance our understanding of the disease pathology and develop therapeutic agents. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a factor that induces OA progression; it is also a crucial factor in the endochondral ossification. This review elaborates on this dual functionality of chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression and endochondral ossification through a description of the characteristics of various genes and signaling, their mechanism, and their distinguishable physiological effects. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in OA progression leads to a decrease in chondrogenic genes and destruction of cartilage tissue. However, in endochondral ossification, it represents an intermediate stage at the process of differentiation of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells. In addition, this review describes the current therapeutic strategies and their mechanisms, involving genes, proteins, cytokines, small molecules, three-dimensional environments, or exosomes, against the OA induced by chondrocyte hypertrophy. Finally, this review proposes that the contrasting roles of chondrocyte hypertrophy are essential for both OA progression and endochondral ossification, and that this cellular process may be targeted to develop OA therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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26 pages, 4159 KiB  
Review
Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine: Past, Present, and Future Trends
by Deanna D. Stueber, Jake Villanova, Itzel Aponte, Zhen Xiao and Vicki L. Colvin
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(7), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070943 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 97 | Viewed by 9555
Abstract
The use of magnetism in medicine has changed dramatically since its first application by the ancient Greeks in 624 BC. Now, by leveraging magnetic nanoparticles, investigators have developed a range of modern applications that use external magnetic fields to manipulate biological systems. Drug [...] Read more.
The use of magnetism in medicine has changed dramatically since its first application by the ancient Greeks in 624 BC. Now, by leveraging magnetic nanoparticles, investigators have developed a range of modern applications that use external magnetic fields to manipulate biological systems. Drug delivery systems that incorporate these particles can target therapeutics to specific tissues without the need for biological or chemical cues. Once precisely located within an organism, magnetic nanoparticles can be heated by oscillating magnetic fields, which results in localized inductive heating that can be used for thermal ablation or more subtle cellular manipulation. Biological imaging can also be improved using magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agents; several types of iron oxide nanoparticles are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as contrast agents that can improve image resolution and information content. New imaging modalities, such as magnetic particle imaging (MPI), directly detect magnetic nanoparticles within organisms, allowing for background-free imaging of magnetic particle transport and collection. “Lab-on-a-chip” technology benefits from the increased control that magnetic nanoparticles provide over separation, leading to improved cellular separation. Magnetic separation is also becoming important in next-generation immunoassays, in which particles are used to both increase sensitivity and enable multiple analyte detection. More recently, the ability to manipulate material motion with external fields has been applied in magnetically actuated soft robotics that are designed for biomedical interventions. In this review article, the origins of these various areas are introduced, followed by a discussion of current clinical applications, as well as emerging trends in the study and application of these materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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36 pages, 2575 KiB  
Review
Recent Biomedical Approaches for Chitosan Based Materials as Drug Delivery Nanocarriers
by Andreea Teodora Iacob, Florentina Geanina Lupascu, Maria Apotrosoaei, Ioana Mirela Vasincu, Roxana Georgiana Tauser, Dan Lupascu, Simona Eliza Giusca, Irina-Draga Caruntu and Lenuta Profire
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040587 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 7704
Abstract
In recent decades, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have been attracting substantial interest in the pharmaceutical field, especially those developed based on natural polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, collagen, gelatin, alginate and elastin. Nanomaterials based on chitosan (CS) or chitosan [...] Read more.
In recent decades, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have been attracting substantial interest in the pharmaceutical field, especially those developed based on natural polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, collagen, gelatin, alginate and elastin. Nanomaterials based on chitosan (CS) or chitosan derivatives are broadly investigated as promising nanocarriers due to their biodegradability, good biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low immunogenicity, great versatility and beneficial biological effects. CS, either alone or as composites, are suitable substrates in the fabrication of different types of products like hydrogels, membranes, beads, porous foams, nanoparticles, in-situ gel, microparticles, sponges and nanofibers/scaffolds. Currently, the CS based nanocarriers are intensely studied as controlled and targeted drug release systems for different drugs (anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anticancer etc.) as well as for proteins/peptides, growth factors, vaccines, small DNA (DNAs) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). This review targets the latest biomedical approaches for CS based nanocarriers such as nanoparticles (NPs) nanofibers (NFs), nanogels (NGs) and chitosan coated liposomes (LPs) and their potential applications for medical and pharmaceutical fields. The advantages and challenges of reviewed CS based nanocarriers for different routes of administration (oral, transmucosal, pulmonary and transdermal) with reference to classical formulations are also emphasized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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23 pages, 4624 KiB  
Review
Scaffolds and Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Approach for Cardiac Regeneration after Myocardial Infarction
by Melody Riaud, M. Carmen Martinez and Claudia N. Montero-Menei
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(12), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121195 - 09 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2787
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated the regenerative potential of stem cells for cardiac repair over the past decades, but their widespread use is limited by the poor tissue integration and survival obtained. Natural or synthetic hydrogels or microcarriers, used as cell carriers, contribute to [...] Read more.
Clinical studies have demonstrated the regenerative potential of stem cells for cardiac repair over the past decades, but their widespread use is limited by the poor tissue integration and survival obtained. Natural or synthetic hydrogels or microcarriers, used as cell carriers, contribute to resolving, in part, the problems encountered by providing mechanical support for the cells allowing cell retention, survival and tissue integration. Moreover, hydrogels alone also possess mechanical protective properties for the ischemic heart. The combined effect of growth factors with cells and an appropriate scaffold allow a therapeutic effect on myocardial repair. Despite this, the effects obtained with cell therapy remain limited and seem to be equivalent to the effects obtained with extracellular vesicles, key actors in intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles have cardioprotective effects which, when combined proangiogenic properties with antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions, make it possible to act on all the damages caused by ischemia. The evolution of biomaterial engineering allows us to envisage their association with new major players in cardiac therapy, extracellular vesicles, in order to limit undesirable effects and to envisage a transfer to the clinic. This new therapeutic approach could be associated with the release of growth factors to potentialized the beneficial effect obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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12 pages, 1238 KiB  
Review
Stability of Engineered Micro or Nanobubbles for Biomedical Applications
by Beomjin Park, Semi Yoon, Yonghyun Choi, Jaehee Jang, Soomin Park and Jonghoon Choi
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(11), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111089 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
A micro/nanobubble (MNB) refers to a bubble structure sized in a micrometer or nanometer scale, in which the core is separated from the external environment and is normally made of gas. Recently, it has been confirmed that MNBs can be widely used in [...] Read more.
A micro/nanobubble (MNB) refers to a bubble structure sized in a micrometer or nanometer scale, in which the core is separated from the external environment and is normally made of gas. Recently, it has been confirmed that MNBs can be widely used in angiography, drug delivery, and treatment. Thus, MNBs are attracting attention as they are capable of constructing a new contrast agent or drug delivery system. Additionally, in order to effectively use an MNB, the method of securing its stability is also being studied. This review highlights the factors affecting the stability of an MNB and the stability of the MNB within the ultrasonic field. It also discusses the relationship between the stability of the bubble and its applicability in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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Graphical abstract

23 pages, 1040 KiB  
Review
Curcumin, Curcumin Nanoparticles and Curcumin Nanospheres: A Review on Their Pharmacodynamics Based on Monogastric Farm Animal, Poultry and Fish Nutrition
by Mohammad Moniruzzaman and Taesun Min
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(5), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050447 - 11 May 2020
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 6793
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that is widely used in medical sciences. However, it has limited uses in monogastric farm animal as well as fish and poultry nutrition. There are some works that have been done on curcumin and curcumin nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that is widely used in medical sciences. However, it has limited uses in monogastric farm animal as well as fish and poultry nutrition. There are some works that have been done on curcumin and curcumin nanoparticles as pharmaceutics in animal nutrition. However, studies have shown that ingestion of curcumin or curcumin nanoparticles does not benefit the animal health much due to their lower bioavailability, which may result because of low absorption, quick metabolism and speedy elimination of curcumin from the animal body. For these reasons, advanced formulations of curcumin are needed. Curcumin nanospheres is a newly evolved field of nanobiotechnology which may have beneficial effects in terms of growth increment, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects on animal and fish health by means of nanosphere forms that are biodegradable and biocompatible. Thus, this review aims to highlight the potential application of curcumin, curcumin nanoparticles and curcumin nanospheres in the field of monogastric farm animal, poultry and fish nutrition. We do believe that the review provides the perceptual vision for the future development of curcumin, curcumin nanoparticles and curcumin nanospheres and their applications in monogastric farm animal, poultry and fish nutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscience of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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