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Pharmaceutics
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Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases
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Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Pharmaceutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 31118

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ionut Tudorancea

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. 1st Medical Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
2. Cardiology Department, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Iasi, Romania
Interests: cardiac arrhythmias; pacemakers; heart rate variability; electrocardiography; cardiovascular pharmacology; experimental medicine; blood pressure; heart failure; hypertension; acute coronary syndromes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Radu Iliescu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
Interests: physiology; pharmacology; baroreflex; blood pressure; hypertension; heart rate; cardiovascular
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Observational studies have shown that cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the world, and it is estimated that disturbances such as ischemic heart disease and stroke account for approximately 80% of cardiovascular disease mortality. Although various non-pharmaceutical strategies addressed to the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases such as tobacco control policies, reducing the consumption of harmful food, and increasing physical activity still represent a key strategy, often they are not sufficient. Moreover, despite the availability of a plethora of pharmaceutic approaches specifically targeting mechanisms involved in cardiovascular diseases over recent years, the burden of these pathologies has only been marginally alleviated. Therefore, new pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical strategies are necessary for both primary and secondary prevention to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases.

 It is well known that recent advances in pharmaceutics made the development of new drugs for cardiovascular diseases, which are able to significantly improve the short- and long-term prognosis and to prevent premature deaths, possible. Thus, we are pleased to invite you to submit your original articles and/or review papers to this Special Issue which aims to highlight the advances in the development of modern pharmaceutics for cardiovascular diseases in recent years.

In this Special Issue “Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases”, original research articles and reviews from both experimental and clinical studies are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: modern pharmaceutics for heart failure, arterial hypertension, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart rhythm disturbances, ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, deep venous thrombosis, cardiomyopathies, and atherosclerosis.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ionut Tudorancea
Dr. Radu Iliescu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • heart failure
  • pulmonary embolism
  • arterial hypertension
  • ischemic heart disease
  • deep venous thrombosis
  • cardiomyopathies
  • atherosclerosis

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1006 KiB  
Article
Cardiac Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger (NHE11) as a Novel Potential Target for SGLT2i in Heart Failure: A Preliminary Study
by Lorena Pérez-Carrillo, Alana Aragón-Herrera, Isaac Giménez-Escamilla, Marta Delgado-Arija, María García-Manzanares, Laura Anido-Varela, Francisca Lago, Luis Martínez-Dolz, Manuel Portolés, Estefanía Tarazón and Esther Roselló-Lletí
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(10), 1996; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14101996 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1800
Abstract
Despite the reduction of cardiovascular events, including the risk of death, associated with sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), their basic action remains unclear. Sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) has been proposed as the mechanism of action, but there are controversies related to its function and [...] Read more.
Despite the reduction of cardiovascular events, including the risk of death, associated with sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), their basic action remains unclear. Sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) has been proposed as the mechanism of action, but there are controversies related to its function and expression in heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that sodium transported-related molecules could be altered in HF and modulated through SGLT2i. Transcriptome alterations in genes involved in sodium transport in HF were investigated in human heart samples by RNA-sequencing. NHE11 and NHE1 protein levels were determined by ELISA; the effect of empagliflozin on NHE11 and NHE1 mRNA levels in rats’ left ventricular tissues was studied through RT-qPCR. We highlighted the overexpression of SLC9C2 and SCL9A1 sodium transport genes and the increase of the proteins that encode them (NHE11 and NHE1). NHE11 levels were correlated with left ventricular diameters, so we studied the effect of SGLT2i on its expression, observing that NHE11 mRNA levels were reduced in treated rats. We showed alterations in several sodium transports and reinforced the importance of these channels in HF progression. We described upregulation in NHE11 and NHE1, but only NHE11 correlated with human cardiac dysfunction, and its levels were reduced after treatment with empagliflozin. These results propose NHE11 as a potential target of SGLT2i in cardiac tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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20 pages, 5397 KiB  
Article
Paracrine Factors of Stressed Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Activate Proangiogenic and Anti-Proteolytic Processes in Whole Blood Cells and Protect the Endothelial Barrier
by Dragan Copic, Martin Direder, Klaudia Schossleitner, Maria Laggner, Katharina Klas, Daniel Bormann, Hendrik Jan Ankersmit and Michael Mildner
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(8), 1600; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081600 - 30 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
Tissue-regenerative properties have been attributed to secreted paracrine factors derived from stem cells and other cell types. In particular, the secretome of γ-irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCsec) has been shown to possess high tissue-regenerative and proangiogenic capacities in a variety of preclinical [...] Read more.
Tissue-regenerative properties have been attributed to secreted paracrine factors derived from stem cells and other cell types. In particular, the secretome of γ-irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCsec) has been shown to possess high tissue-regenerative and proangiogenic capacities in a variety of preclinical studies. In light of future therapeutic intravenous applications of PBMCsec, we investigated the possible effects of PBMCsec on white blood cells and endothelial cells lining the vasculature. To identify changes in the transcriptional profile, whole blood was drawn from healthy individuals and stimulated with PBMCsec for 8 h ex vivo before further processing for single-cell RNA sequencing. PBMCsec significantly altered the gene signature of granulocytes (17 genes), T-cells (45 genes), B-cells (72 genes), and, most prominently, monocytes (322 genes). We detected a strong upregulation of several tissue-regenerative and proangiogenic cyto- and chemokines in monocytes, including VEGFA, CXCL1, and CXCL5. Intriguingly, inhibitors of endopeptidase activity, such as SERPINB2, were also strongly induced. Measurement of the trans-endothelial electrical resistance of primary human microvascular endothelial cells revealed a strong barrier-protective effect of PBMCsec after barrier disruption. Together, we show that PBMCsec induces angiogenic and proteolytic processes in the blood and is able to attenuate endothelial barrier damage. These regenerative properties suggest that systemic application of PBMCsec might be a promising novel strategy to restore damaged organs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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17 pages, 1706 KiB  
Article
HDAC Inhibition Regulates Cardiac Function by Increasing Myofilament Calcium Sensitivity and Decreasing Diastolic Tension
by Deborah M. Eaton, Thomas G. Martin, Michael Kasa, Natasa Djalinac, Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer, Dirk Von Lewinski, Maria Pöttler, Theerachat Kampaengsri, Andreas Krumphuber, Katharina Scharer, Heinrich Maechler, Andreas Zirlik, Timothy A. McKinsey, Jonathan A. Kirk, Steven R. Houser, Peter P. Rainer and Markus Wallner
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(7), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071509 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2214
Abstract
We recently established a large animal model that recapitulates key clinical features of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and tested the effects of the pan-HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). SAHA reversed and prevented the development of cardiopulmonary impairment. This study [...] Read more.
We recently established a large animal model that recapitulates key clinical features of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and tested the effects of the pan-HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). SAHA reversed and prevented the development of cardiopulmonary impairment. This study evaluated the effects of SAHA at the level of cardiomyocyte and contractile protein function to understand how it modulates cardiac function. Both isolated adult feline ventricular cardiomyocytes (AFVM) and left ventricle (LV) trabeculae isolated from non-failing donors were treated with SAHA or vehicle before recording functional data. Skinned myocytes were isolated from AFVM and human trabeculae to assess myofilament function. SAHA-treated AFVM had increased contractility and improved relaxation kinetics but no difference in peak calcium transients, with increased calcium sensitivity and decreased passive stiffness of myofilaments. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed increased acetylation of the myosin regulatory light chain with SAHA treatment. SAHA-treated human trabeculae had decreased diastolic tension and increased developed force. Myofilaments isolated from human trabeculae had increased calcium sensitivity and decreased passive stiffness. These findings suggest that SAHA has an important role in the direct control of cardiac function at the level of the cardiomyocyte and myofilament by increasing myofilament calcium sensitivity and reducing diastolic tension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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11 pages, 725 KiB  
Article
Efficacy and Safety of Novel Aspirin Formulations: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
by Rocco Mollace, Micaela Gliozzi, Roberta Macrì, Annamaria Tavernese, Vincenzo Musolino, Cristina Carresi, Jessica Maiuolo, Carolina Muscoli, Carlo Tomino, Giuseppe Maria Rosano, Massimo Fini, Maurizio Volterrani, Bruno Silvestrini and Vincenzo Mollace
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(1), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010187 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2106
Abstract
Low-dose aspirin represents the best option in the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, but its extensive use in primary prevention is limited by the occurrence of gastric mucosal lesions and increased risk of bleeding. We investigated the safety profile of a novel [...] Read more.
Low-dose aspirin represents the best option in the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, but its extensive use in primary prevention is limited by the occurrence of gastric mucosal lesions and increased risk of bleeding. We investigated the safety profile of a novel sublingual aspirin formulation in 200 healthy volunteers, randomly assigned to ten (n = 20 each) different 7-day once-daily treatment regimens. Gastric mucosal injury based on the modified Lanza score (MLS), the histopathology of gastric mucosa and the serum determination of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and urinary 11-dehydro-TXB2 levels were evaluated at basal as well as after 7 days of each placebo or aspirin treatment regimen. In Groups A and B (placebo—oral and sublingual, respectively), no changes in MLS and in gastric mucosal micro-vessel diameter were found at day 7. In contrast, in Groups C and D (oral standard aspirin—100 and 50 mg daily, respectively), the median MLS was significantly increased. Very few changes were found in Groups E and F (standard sublingual aspirin—100 and 50 mg, respectively). Groups G and H (oral administration of micronized collagen-cogrinded aspirin) showed gastric protection compared to Groups C and D. Moreover, Groups I and L (sublingual collagen-cogrinded aspirin—100 and 50 mg, respectively) showed a significant reduction (Group I) or total abolition (Group L) of gastric mucosal lesions and no difference compared to the standard one in serum TXB2 and urinary 11-dehydro-TXB2 levels. In conclusion, our data show that the new formulation leads to a better safety profile compared to standard aspirin, representing a better therapeutic option for extended use in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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Review

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26 pages, 442 KiB  
Review
Modern Approaches for the Treatment of Heart Failure: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
by Irene Paula Popa, Mihai Ștefan Cristian Haba, Minela Aida Mărănducă, Daniela Maria Tănase, Dragomir N. Șerban, Lăcrămioara Ionela Șerban, Radu Iliescu and Ionuț Tudorancea
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(9), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091964 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3903
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a progressively deteriorating medical condition that significantly reduces both the patients’ life expectancy and quality of life. Even though real progress was made in the past decades in the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments for HF, the prevention of [...] Read more.
Heart failure (HF) is a progressively deteriorating medical condition that significantly reduces both the patients’ life expectancy and quality of life. Even though real progress was made in the past decades in the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments for HF, the prevention of premature deaths has only been marginally alleviated. Despite the availability of a plethora of pharmaceutical approaches, proper management of HF is still challenging. Thus, a myriad of experimental and clinical studies focusing on the discovery of new and provocative underlying mechanisms of HF physiopathology pave the way for the development of novel HF therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, recent technological advances made possible the development of various interventional techniques and device-based approaches for the treatment of HF. Since many of these modern approaches interfere with various well-known pathological mechanisms in HF, they have a real ability to complement and or increase the efficiency of existing medications and thus improve the prognosis and survival rate of HF patients. Their promising and encouraging results reported to date compel the extension of heart failure treatment beyond the classical view. The aim of this review was to summarize modern approaches, new perspectives, and future directions for the treatment of HF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
25 pages, 2122 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2/Angiotensin 1-7 Axis in Establishing Severe COVID-19 Consequences
by Minela Aida Maranduca, Daniela Maria Tanase, Cristian Tudor Cozma, Nicoleta Dima, Andreea Clim, Alin Constantin Pinzariu, Dragomir Nicolae Serban and Ionela Lacramioara Serban
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(9), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091906 - 08 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2027
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a tremendous stress on the medical community over the last two years. Managing the infection proved a lot more difficult after several research communities started to recognize the long-term effects of this disease. The cellular receptor for the [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has put a tremendous stress on the medical community over the last two years. Managing the infection proved a lot more difficult after several research communities started to recognize the long-term effects of this disease. The cellular receptor for the virus was identified as angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), a molecule responsible for a wide array of processes, broadly variable amongst different organs. Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 is the product of Ang II, a decaying reaction catalysed by ACE2. The effects observed after altering the level of ACE2 are essentially related to the variation of Ang 1-7. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is comprised of two main branches, with ACE2 representing a crucial component of the protective part of the complex. The ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis is well represented in the testis, heart, brain, kidney, and intestine. Infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus determines downregulation of ACE2 and interrupts the equilibrium between ACE and ACE2 in these organs. In this review, we highlight the link between the local effects of RAAS and the consequences of COVID-19 infection as they arise from observational studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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25 pages, 956 KiB  
Review
Targeting Myocardial Fibrosis—A Magic Pill in Cardiovascular Medicine?
by Alina Scridon and Alkora Ioana Balan
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(8), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081599 - 30 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, has long been seen as an adaptive process that contributes to tissue healing and regeneration. More recently, however, cardiac fibrosis has been shown to be a central element in many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contributing [...] Read more.
Fibrosis, characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, has long been seen as an adaptive process that contributes to tissue healing and regeneration. More recently, however, cardiac fibrosis has been shown to be a central element in many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contributing to the alteration of cardiac electrical and mechanical functions in a wide range of clinical settings. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of cardiac fibrosis, with a focus on the main pathophysiological pathways involved in its onset and progression, its role in various cardiovascular conditions, and on the potential of currently available and emerging therapeutic strategies to counteract the development and/or progression of fibrosis in CVDs. We also emphasize a number of questions that remain to be answered, and we identify hotspots for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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22 pages, 1297 KiB  
Review
The Role of Colchicine in Atherosclerosis: From Bench to Bedside
by Leticia González, Juan Francisco Bulnes, María Paz Orellana, Paula Muñoz Venturelli and Gonzalo Martínez Rodriguez
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(7), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071395 - 01 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3447
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature of atherosclerosis. The inflammatory process is involved in all stages of disease progression, from the early formation of plaque to its instability and disruption, leading to clinical events. This strongly suggests that the use of anti-inflammatory agents might [...] Read more.
Inflammation is a key feature of atherosclerosis. The inflammatory process is involved in all stages of disease progression, from the early formation of plaque to its instability and disruption, leading to clinical events. This strongly suggests that the use of anti-inflammatory agents might improve both atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular outcomes. Colchicine, an alkaloid derived from the flower Colchicum autumnale, has been used for years in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies, including Gout, Mediterranean Fever, and Pericarditis. Colchicine is known to act over microtubules, inducing depolymerization, and over the NLRP3 inflammasome, which might explain its known anti-inflammatory properties. Recent evidence has shown the therapeutic potential of colchicine in the management of atherosclerosis and its complications, with limited adverse effects. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding colchicine mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics, as well as the available evidence on the use of colchicine for the treatment of coronary artery disease, covering basic, translational, and clinical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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17 pages, 663 KiB  
Review
Novel Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical-Based Approaches for Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Targeting Atherogenic Small Dense LDL
by Jelena Vekic, Aleksandra Zeljkovic, Aleksandra Stefanovic, Natasa Bogavac-Stanojevic, Ioannis Ilias, José Silva-Nunes, Anca Pantea Stoian, Andrej Janez and Manfredi Rizzo
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040825 - 09 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2641
Abstract
Compelling evidence supports the causative link between increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. For that reason, the principal aim of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention is to reach and sustain recommended LDL-C goals. Although there is [...] Read more.
Compelling evidence supports the causative link between increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. For that reason, the principal aim of primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention is to reach and sustain recommended LDL-C goals. Although there is a considerable body of evidence that shows that lowering LDL-C levels is directly associated with CVD risk reduction, recent data shows that the majority of patients across Europe cannot achieve their LDL-C targets. In attempting to address this matter, a new overarching concept of a lipid-lowering approach, comprising of even more intensive, much earlier and longer intervention to reduce LDL-C level, was recently proposed for high-risk patients. Another important concern is the residual risk for recurrent cardiovascular events despite optimal LDL-C reduction, suggesting that novel lipid biomarkers should also be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Among them, small dense LDL particles (sdLDL) seem to have the most significant potential for therapeutic modulation. This paper discusses the potential of traditional and emerging lipid-lowering approaches for cardiovascular prevention by targeting sdLDL particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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23 pages, 643 KiB  
Review
Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?
by Ana Clara Aprotosoaie, Alexandru-Dan Costache and Irina-Iuliana Costache
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040722 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3778
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the development of effective therapeutic strategies is a challenging task that requires more research to attain its full potential. This review discusses current pharmacotherapy in atherosclerosis and explores the potential of some important emerging therapies [...] Read more.
Despite progress in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the development of effective therapeutic strategies is a challenging task that requires more research to attain its full potential. This review discusses current pharmacotherapy in atherosclerosis and explores the potential of some important emerging therapies (antibody-based therapeutics, cytokine-targeting therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, photodynamic therapy and theranostics) in terms of clinical translation. A chemopreventive approach based on modern research of plant-derived products is also presented. Future perspectives on preventive and therapeutic management of atherosclerosis and the design of tailored treatments are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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18 pages, 793 KiB  
Review
Oxidative Stress in Arterial Hypertension (HTN): The Nuclear Factor Erythroid Factor 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Pathway, Implications and Future Perspectives
by Daniela Maria Tanase, Alina Georgiana Apostol, Claudia Florida Costea, Claudia Cristina Tarniceriu, Ionut Tudorancea, Minela Aida Maranduca, Mariana Floria and Ionela Lacramioara Serban
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030534 - 27 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3296
Abstract
Arterial hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent entities globally, characterized by increased incidence and heterogeneous pathophysiology. Among possible etiologies, oxidative stress (OS) is currently extensively studied, with emerging evidence showing its involvement in endothelial dysfunction and in different cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [...] Read more.
Arterial hypertension (HTN) is one of the most prevalent entities globally, characterized by increased incidence and heterogeneous pathophysiology. Among possible etiologies, oxidative stress (OS) is currently extensively studied, with emerging evidence showing its involvement in endothelial dysfunction and in different cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as HTN, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. While there is a clear physiological equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants essential for many cellular functions, excessive levels of ROS lead to vascular cell impairment with decreased nitric oxide (NO) availability and vasoconstriction, which promotes HTN. On the other hand, transcription factors such as nuclear factor erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mediate antioxidant response pathways and maintain cellular reduction–oxidation homeostasis, exerting protective effects. In this review, we describe the relationship between OS and hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction and the involvement and therapeutic potential of Nrf2 in HTN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Pharmaceutics for Cardiovascular Diseases)
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