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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases
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Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2023) | Viewed by 15185

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Daniel J. Touw

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Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
Interests: analytical method development; pharmacokinetics; therapeutic drug monitoring; toxicology
Dr. Paola Mian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
Interests: perinatal pharmacology; paediatric pharmacology; pharmacometrics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In inflammatory diseases (ID) such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), pharmacotherapy should be personalized. ID treatment is complex, with highly different treatment modalities ranging from small-molecular anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids to important developments such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In the case of mAbs, an extra dimension is caused by the production of anti-drug antibodies, complicating the choice and dose of the drug. Evidence is emerging that drug choice and especially drug dosing should be personalized and target concentration is driven. Detailed pharmacological knowledge including pharmacogenetics, pharmacodynamics and concentration-effect relationships is essential for choosing the right drug, in the right dose, in the right administration form, at the right time, for each individual patient. We are pleased to invite you to make a contribution to this Special Issue that is devoted to the personalization of inflammatory disease management.

This Special Issue aims to give an overview of the clinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic considerations needed for tailoring treatment with the most common anti-inflammatory drugs for various classes of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Special interest is for the treatment of women with inflammatory diseases of reproductive age and for the emergence of concentration-targeted therapy using therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory diseases.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: clinical pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of non-steroid and non-antibody classes of anti-inflammatory drugs, clinical pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibody anti-inflammatory drugs and the role of anti-drug antibodies, the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory diseases, treatment of pregnant women with inflammatory diseases, treatment of inflammatory diseases in lactating women, treatment of children with inflammatory diseases.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Daniel J. Touw
Dr. Paola Mian
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • inflammation
  • monoclonal antibody
  • therapeutic drug monitoring
  • anti-drug antibody
  • anti-inflammatory drugs
  • thiopurines

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1247 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Inflammation on the In Vivo Activity of the Renal Transporters OAT1/3 in Pregnant Women Diagnosed with Acute Pyelonephritis
by Jhohann Richard de Lima Benzi, Patrícia Pereira dos Santos Melli, Geraldo Duarte, Jashvant D. Unadkat and Vera Lucia Lanchote
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(10), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102427 - 05 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 951
Abstract
Inflammation can regulate hepatic drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. The impact of inflammation on renal drug transporters remains to be elucidated. We aimed to quantify the effect of inflammation (caused by acute pyelonephritis) on the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3, using the [...] Read more.
Inflammation can regulate hepatic drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. The impact of inflammation on renal drug transporters remains to be elucidated. We aimed to quantify the effect of inflammation (caused by acute pyelonephritis) on the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3, using the probe drug furosemide. Pregnant women (second or third trimester) received a single oral dose of furosemide 40 mg during acute pyelonephritis (Phase 1; n = 7) and after its resolution (Phase 2; n = 7; by treatment with intravenous cefuroxime 750 mg TID for 3–7 days), separated by 10 to 14 days. The IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations were higher in Phase I vs. Phase II. The pregnant women had a lower geometric mean [CV%] furosemide CLsecretion (3.9 [43.4] vs. 6.7 [43.8] L/h) and formation clearance to the glucuronide (1.1 [85.9] vs. 2.3 [64.1] L/h) in Phase 1 vs. Phase 2. Inflammation reduced the in vivo activity of renal OAT1/3 (mediating furosemide CLsecretion) and UGT1A9/1A1 (mediating the formation of furosemide glucuronide) by approximately 40% and 54%, respectively, presumably by elevating the plasma cytokine concentrations. The dosing regimens of narrow therapeutic window OAT drug substrates may need to be adjusted during inflammatory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
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15 pages, 2515 KiB  
Article
The Combination of Predictive Factors of Pharmacokinetic Origin Associates with Enhanced Disease Control during Treatment of Pediatric Crohn’s Disease with Infliximab
by Marla C. Dubinsky, Shervin Rabizadeh, John C. Panetta, Elizabeth A. Spencer, Annelie Everts-van der Wind and Thierry Dervieux
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(10), 2408; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102408 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 772
Abstract
Infliximab (IFX) concentrations are a predictive factor (PF) of pharmacokinetic (PK) origin in the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD). We evaluated Clearance, another PF of PK origin, either alone or in combination with concentrations. They were evaluated from two cohorts, the first designed [...] Read more.
Infliximab (IFX) concentrations are a predictive factor (PF) of pharmacokinetic (PK) origin in the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD). We evaluated Clearance, another PF of PK origin, either alone or in combination with concentrations. They were evaluated from two cohorts, the first designed to receive standard dosing (n = 37), and the second designed to proactively target therapeutic IFX concentrations (n = 108). Concentrations were measured using homogeneous mobility shift assay. Clearance was estimated using the nonlinear mixed effects methods with Bayesian priors. C-reactive protein-based clinical remission (<3 mg/L in the absence of symptoms) was used for the disease control outcome measure. Longitudinal changes in disease control due to factors including time, IFX concentration, and Clearance were analyzed using repeated event analysis. Change in objective function value (∆OFV) was calculated to compare concentration and Clearance. The results indicated that lower baseline Clearance and proactive dosing associated with enhanced disease control during induction (p < 0.01). Higher IFX concentrations and lower Clearance measured at the second, third, and fourth infusion yielded improved disease control during maintenance (p < 0.032). During maintenance, the association with disease control was better with Clearance than with concentrations (∆OFV = −19.2; p < 0.001), and the combination of both further minimized OFV (p < 0.001) with markedly improved clinical yield in the presence of both PF of PK origin. We conclude that the combination of IFX concentration and Clearance are better predictors of therapeutic outcome compared with either one alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
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11 pages, 1088 KiB  
Article
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anti-TNFα Inhibitors: A Matter of Cut-Off Ranges
by Stefania Cheli, Diego Savino, Francesca Penagini, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Giovanna Zuin, Emilio Clementi and Dario Cattaneo
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(7), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15071834 - 27 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 993
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a useful tool for optimising the use of anti-TNFα inhibitors in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Recently, point-of-care methods for the quantification of drug levels and anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) have been developed to overcome the limitations of [...] Read more.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a useful tool for optimising the use of anti-TNFα inhibitors in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Recently, point-of-care methods for the quantification of drug levels and anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISAs). Here, we evaluated the performance, interchangeability, and agreement between an automated ELISA-based immunoassay (CHORUS Promonitor) and the lateral flow assay (RIDA®QUICK) for the quantification of infliximab (IFX, n = 65) and adalimumab (ADM, n = 58) plasma levels in IBD patients. Thirty-two samples for IFX and twenty-three samples for ADM that tested positively for the presence of ADAs were also used. Overall, data analysis showed a good agreement of ADM trough concentrations (R2 = 0.75) between the two assays as well as for ADA measurement (K > 0.8). However, IFX levels highlighted a weak correlation (R2 = 0.58) between the two kits, with the RIDA®QUICK assay overestimating IFX plasma values by 30% when compared to the CHORUS Promonitor kit. Results from this study show that the two assays are not quantitatively and qualitatively interchangeable due to substantial discrepancies in some results. Accordingly, the same assay should be used for the longitudinal follow-up of IBD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
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14 pages, 1765 KiB  
Article
Optimization of a Quantitative Anti-Drug Antibodies against Infliximab Assay with the Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Method Validation Study and Future Perspectives
by Erin H. Smeijsters, Kim C. M. van der Elst, Amy Visch, Camiel Göbel, Floris C. Loeff, Theo Rispens, Alwin D. R. Huitema, Matthijs van Luin and Mohsin El Amrani
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(5), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051477 - 12 May 2023
Viewed by 1946
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as infliximab, are important treatment options for different diseases. Immunogenicity is a major risk, resulting in anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), being associated with adverse events and loss of response, influencing long-term outcomes. The development of ADAs against infliximab is primarily [...] Read more.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as infliximab, are important treatment options for different diseases. Immunogenicity is a major risk, resulting in anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), being associated with adverse events and loss of response, influencing long-term outcomes. The development of ADAs against infliximab is primarily measured by immunoassays like radioimmunoassay (RIA). Although liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is increasingly utilized across different fields, this technique is currently not used for ADAs against infliximab measurements. Therefore, we developed the first LC-MS/MS method. Stable isotopically labeled infliximab antigen-binding fragments (SIL IFX F(ab’)2) were used to bind and measure ADAs indirectly. Protein A magnetic beads were used to capture IgG, including ADAs, whereafter SIL IFX F(ab’)2 was added for labeling. After washing, internal standard addition, elution, denaturation and digestion samples were measured by LC-MS/MS. Internal validation showed good linearity between 0.1 and 16 mg/L (R2 > 0.998). Sixty samples were used for cross-validation with RIA, and no significant difference between ADA concentrations was found. The methods had high correlation (R = 0.94, p < 0.001) and excellent agreement, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.912 (95% confidence interval 0.858–0.947, p < 0.001). We present the first ADA against the infliximab LC-MS/MS method. The method is amendable for quantifying other ADAs, making it applicable as a template for future ADA methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
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11 pages, 1781 KiB  
Article
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vedolizumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients during Maintenance Treatment—TUMMY Study
by Merve Sivridaş, Rob H. Creemers, Dennis R. Wong, Paul J. Boekema, Tessa E. H. Römkens, Lennard P. L. Gilissen, Adriaan A. van Bodegraven, Floris C. Loeff, Theo Rispens and Luc J. J. Derijks
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(3), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030972 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1552
Abstract
There are limited data on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with vedolizumab (VDZ). Although an exposure–response relation has been demonstrated in the post-induction phase, this relationship is more uncertain in the maintenance phase of treatment. The aim [...] Read more.
There are limited data on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with vedolizumab (VDZ). Although an exposure–response relation has been demonstrated in the post-induction phase, this relationship is more uncertain in the maintenance phase of treatment. The aim of our study was to determine whether there is an association between VDZ trough concentration and clinical and biochemical remission in the maintenance phase. A prospective, observational multicenter study has been performed on patients with IBD on VDZ in the maintenance treatment (≥14 weeks). Patient demographics, biomarkers, and VDZ serum trough concentrations were collected. Clinical disease activity was scored by the Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI) for Crohn’s disease (CD) and the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) for ulcerative colitis (UC). Clinical remission was determined as HBI < 5 and SCCAI < 3. Biochemical remission was defined as fecal calprotectin <250 mg/kg and serum CRP <5 mg/L. A total of 159 patients (59 CD, 100 UC) were included. In none of the patient groups, a statistically significant correlation between trough VDZ concentration and clinical remission was observed. Patients in biochemical remission had higher VDZ trough concentrations (p = 0.019). In this population, higher trough VDZ concentrations were associated with biochemical remission but not with clinical remission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
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Review

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24 pages, 372 KiB  
Review
Personalized Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis
by Chi-Yan Lee and Koon-Ho Chan
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16010120 - 17 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1089
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an important neurological disease affecting millions of young patients globally. It is encouraging that more than ten disease-modifying drugs became available for use in the past two decades. These disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have different levels of efficacy, routes of administration, [...] Read more.
Multiple sclerosis is an important neurological disease affecting millions of young patients globally. It is encouraging that more than ten disease-modifying drugs became available for use in the past two decades. These disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have different levels of efficacy, routes of administration, adverse effect profiles and concerns for pregnancy. Much knowledge and caution are needed for their appropriate use in MS patients who are heterogeneous in clinical features and severity, lesion load on magnetic resonance imaging and response to DMT. We aim for an updated review of the concept of personalization in the use of DMT for relapsing MS patients. Shared decision making with consideration for the preference and expectation of patients who understand the potential efficacy/benefits and risks of DMT is advocated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
17 pages, 678 KiB  
Review
Interpreting the Benefit and Risk Data in Between-Drug Comparisons: Illustration of the Challenges Using the Example of Mefenamic Acid versus Ibuprofen
by André Farkouh, Margit Hemetsberger, Christian R. Noe and Christoph Baumgärtel
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(10), 2240; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102240 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6912
Abstract
Evidence-based pain therapy should rely on precisely defined and personalized criteria. This includes balancing the benefits and risks not only of single drugs but often requires complex between-drug comparisons. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been available for several decades and their use is [...] Read more.
Evidence-based pain therapy should rely on precisely defined and personalized criteria. This includes balancing the benefits and risks not only of single drugs but often requires complex between-drug comparisons. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been available for several decades and their use is described in an abundance of guidelines. Most of these guidelines recommend that ‘the selection of a particular NSAID should be based on the benefit-risk balance for each patient’. However, head-to-head studies are often lacking or of poor quality, reflecting the lower standards for clinical research and regulatory approval at the time. The inconsistency of approved indications between countries due to national applications adds to the complexity. Finally, a fading research interest once drugs become generic points to a general deficit in the post-marketing evaluation of medicines. Far from claiming completeness, this narrative review aimed to illustrate the challenges that physicians encounter when trying to balance benefits and risks in a situation of incomplete and inconsistent data on longstanding treatment concepts. Ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, the most frequently sold NSAIDs in Austria, serve as examples. The illustrated principles are, however, not specific to these drugs and are generalizable to any comparison of older drugs in daily clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalisation the Management of Inflammatory Diseases)
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