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Pharmaceuticals
Special Issues
New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology
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New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmacology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 April 2024 | Viewed by 11482

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ioannis Tsinopoulos

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Guest Editor
Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: cataract; epigenetics; nanotechnology
Dr. Ioanna Mylona

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Katerini, Katerini, Greece
Interests: medical research; glaucoma; cataract; cornea
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Stylianos Kandarakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University 1st Eye Clinic, Athens Medical School, Genimatas Hospital, Head of the Resident Glaucoma Clinic, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: glaucoma surgery; optical coherence tomography; exfoliative glaucoma; epidemiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

 Ocular pharmacology is a field that has grown rapidly during the last few years, as we have witnessed several new and promising treatments becoming available for eye disorders that are not amenable to surgery, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and virus infections. The eye is an organ protected from environmental stress and obnoxious substances by various barriers, a fact that necessitates innovation in the administration route of pharmaceutical substances. Recently, several innovative technologies have been developed to directly reach the vitreous chamber or the retina. Those include intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor and direct intravitreal implants, using biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer technology. This Special Issue will summarize the state of the art, and the latest findings published in the ocular pharmacology field, as well as provide directions for future research.

Dr. Ioannis Tsinopoulos
Dr. Ioanna Mylona
Dr. Stylianos Kandarakis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceuticals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ocular pharmacology
  • pharmacodynamics
  • ophthalmology
  • drug delivery systems

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 7354 KiB  
Article
Topical Administration of a Nanoformulation of Chitosan-Hyaluronic Acid-Epoetin Beta in a Rat Model of Glaucoma
by Beatriz Silva, Lídia M. Gonçalves, Berta São Braz and Esmeralda Delgado
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020164 - 23 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1538
Abstract
The present work investigates the effects of chitosan-hyaluronic acid-epoetin beta (CS/HA-EPOβ) nanoparticles after topical ocular administration in a rat glaucoma model. Wistar Hannover rats (n = 24) were submitted to a complete ophthalmological examination and electroretinography, followed by glaucoma induction in their [...] Read more.
The present work investigates the effects of chitosan-hyaluronic acid-epoetin beta (CS/HA-EPOβ) nanoparticles after topical ocular administration in a rat glaucoma model. Wistar Hannover rats (n = 24) were submitted to a complete ophthalmological examination and electroretinography, followed by glaucoma induction in their right eye on day 1 of the study. Treatment group (T) received CS/HA-EPOβ nanocarriers (n = 12), while the control group (C) received only empty ones. Electroretinography was repeated on day 3 (n = 24) and before euthanasia on day 7 (n = 8), 14 (n = 8), and 21 (n = 8), followed by bilateral enucleation and histological assessment. The animals showed good tolerance to the nanoformulation. Maximum IOP values on the right eye occurred shortly after glaucoma induction (T = 62.6 ± 8.3 mmHg; C = 63.6 ± 7.9 mmHg). Animals from the treated group presented a tendency for faster recovery of retinal electrical activity (p > 0.05). EPOβ was detected on the retina of all treated eyes using immunofluorescence. Control animals presented with thinner retinas compared to the treated ones (p < 0.05). Therefore, topical ocular administration of CS/HA-EPOβ nanoparticles enabled EPOβ delivery to the retina of glaucomatous rats and promoted an earlier retinal recovery, confirming EPOβ’s neuroprotective effects. The encouraging results of this preclinical study pave the way for new strategies for topical ocular administration of neuroprotective compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology)
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Review

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21 pages, 759 KiB  
Review
Treatments for Ocular Diseases in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Narrative Review
by Giuseppe Demarinis, Filippo Tatti, Andrea Taloni, Antonio Valentino Giugliano, Jesse Panthagani, James Myerscough, Enrico Peiretti and Giuseppe Giannaccare
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(10), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16101433 - 09 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1556
Abstract
Pregnancy is a medical condition in which the physiological changes in the maternal body and the potential impact on the developing fetus require a cautious approach in terms of drug administration. Individual treatment, a thorough assessment of the extent of the disease, and [...] Read more.
Pregnancy is a medical condition in which the physiological changes in the maternal body and the potential impact on the developing fetus require a cautious approach in terms of drug administration. Individual treatment, a thorough assessment of the extent of the disease, and a broad knowledge of the therapeutic options and different routes of administration of ophthalmic drugs are essential to ensure the best possible results while minimizing risks. Although there are currently several routes of administration of drugs for the treatment of eye diseases, even with topical administration, there is a certain amount of systemic absorption that must be taken into account. Despite continuous developments and advances in ophthalmic drugs, no updated data are available on their safety profile in these contexts. The purpose of this review is both to summarize the current information on the safety of ophthalmic treatments during pregnancy and lactation and to provide a practical guide to the ophthalmologist for the treatment of eye diseases while minimizing harm to the developing fetus and addressing maternal health needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology)
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19 pages, 2493 KiB  
Review
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant-Based Interventional Medicine in Ophthalmology
by Claudia Honisch, Umberto Rodella, Claudio Gatto, Paolo Ruzza and Jana D’Amato Tóthová
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(8), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081146 - 12 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1301
Abstract
The different anatomical compartments of the eye are highly subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to internal factors, such as metabolic high oxygen consumption, as well as environmental factors, including UV light. An antioxidant defense system is endowed in the eye [...] Read more.
The different anatomical compartments of the eye are highly subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to internal factors, such as metabolic high oxygen consumption, as well as environmental factors, including UV light. An antioxidant defense system is endowed in the eye tissues to regulate ROS quantity and activity. When this homeostatic system is overwhelmed, oxidative stress occurs, causing cellular damage, chronic inflammation, and tissue degeneration. It also plays a significant role in the development and progression of various ocular diseases. Understanding the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in ocular conditions is thus crucial for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. To track marketed products based on antioxidant substances as active ingredients, the databases of the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration were consulted. Only a limited number of items were identified, which were either used as therapeutic treatment or during ocular surgery, including antioxidants, synthetical derivatives, or pro-drugs designed to enhance tissue permeation and activity. This review aims to provide an overview of the primary ocular pathologies associated with oxidative stress and of the available pharmacological interventions centered around antioxidant molecules. Such insights are essential for advancing the development of effective prevention and novel treatment approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology)
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35 pages, 12374 KiB  
Review
Recently Approved Drugs for Lowering and Controlling Intraocular Pressure to Reduce Vision Loss in Ocular Hypertensive and Glaucoma Patients
by Najam A. Sharif
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(6), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16060791 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4050
Abstract
Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors [...] Read more.
Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors abound and have been validated for this glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the major one is ocular hypertension (OHT), which results from the accumulation of excess aqueous humor (AQH) fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Millions around the world suffer from this asymptomatic and progressive degenerative eye disease. Since clinical evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the reduction in elevated IOP/OHT and GON progression, many drugs, devices, and surgical techniques have been developed to lower and control IOP. The constant quest for new pharmaceuticals and other modalities with superior therapeutic indices has recently yielded health authority-approved novel drugs with unique pharmacological signatures and mechanism(s) of action and AQH drainage microdevices for effectively and durably treating OHT. A unique nitric oxide-donating conjugate of latanoprost, an FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG; latanoprostene bunod), new rho kinase inhibitors (ripasudil; netarsudil), a novel non-PG EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl), and a form of FP-receptor PG in a slow-release intracameral implant (Durysta) represent the additions to the pharmaceutical toolchest to mitigate the ravages of OHT. Despite these advances, early diagnosis of OHT and glaucoma still lags behind and would benefit from further concerted effort and attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology)
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Other

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12 pages, 973 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Charoula Lymperopoulou, Stylianos A. Kandarakis, Ismini Tzanaki, Ioanna Mylona, Theodoros Xanthos and Aris P. Agouridis
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(5), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050711 - 07 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2211
Abstract
Aim: Statins have been established in the market not only due to their ability to lower plasma cholesterol levels but also due to their pleiotropic effects. In the literature, there is a controversy regarding the role of statins in ophthalmology. We aimed to [...] Read more.
Aim: Statins have been established in the market not only due to their ability to lower plasma cholesterol levels but also due to their pleiotropic effects. In the literature, there is a controversy regarding the role of statins in ophthalmology. We aimed to systematically address the possible effect of statin therapy on ocular diseases and to identify if there is a beneficial relationship. Methods: We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library databases up to 31 December 2022 for studies evaluating the effect of statins on ocular diseases. We included all relevant Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) that have been conducted in the adult population. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022364328. Results: Nineteen RCTs were finally considered eligible for this systematic review, with a total of 28,940 participants. Ten studies investigated the role of simvastatin, suggesting a lack of cataractogenic effect and a possible protective role in cataract formation, retinal vascular diseases, and especially diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular disease progression, and non-infectious uveitis. Four studies investigated lovastatin, showing no cataractogenic effect. Three studies examined atorvastatin, revealing conflicting results regarding diabetic retinopathy. Two studies examined rosuvastatin, indicating a possibly harmful effect on lenses and a significant protective effect on retinal microvasculature. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we believe that statins have no cataractogenic effect. There are indications that statins may have a protective role against cataract formation, AMD, diabetic retinopathy progression, and non-infectious uveitis. However, our results were insufficient for any robust conclusion. Future RCTs, with large sample sizes, on the current topic are therefore recommended to provide more solid evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Ocular Pharmacology)
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