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Pathogens
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Ecology and Pathogenicity of Nocardiae
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Ecology and Pathogenicity of Nocardiae

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Bacterial Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 9739

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ipek Kurtboke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
Interests: microbial ecology and diversity; microbial systematics; biodiscovery; microbial biotechnology applied; environmental and industrial microbiology; marine microbiology; biological control; actinomycetology; bacteriophages
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nocardiae are Gram-positive soil inhabitants of the phylum Actinobacteria. Since their discovery by Nocard in 1889, they have been implicated in diseases in humans, plants, and animals, as well as possessing environmental pollutant degrading properties. In humans, disease-causing species are mostly Nocardia asteroids, N. brasiliensis, and N. caviae. Nocardiosis is one of the pulmonary diseases caused by nocardiae such as N. asteriodes, N. farcinica, and N. nova, whereas Mycetomas and sporotrichoid nocardiosis are mostly caused by N. brasiliensis. It is my pleasure to invite scientists who work in the field of specialization to contribute to this Special Issue titled “Ecology and Pathogenicity of Nocardiae” with their work on this special cluster of actinobacteria.

Dr. Ipek Kurtboke
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nocardia
  • nocardiosis
  • mycetoma
  • sporotrichoid nocardiosis
  • corynebacteriales
  • nocardiaceae

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2377 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Characterization of Nocardiae Associated with Foaming Coastal Marine Waters
by Luke Wright, Mohammad Katouli and D. İpek Kurtböke
Pathogens 2021, 10(5), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050579 - 10 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3723
Abstract
Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia species that occurs worldwide, albeit more prevalently in tropical/subtropical regions. It can appear as either acute, subacute or as a chronic infection mostly with those with a compromised/weakened immune system. Inhalation of spores and or [...] Read more.
Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia species that occurs worldwide, albeit more prevalently in tropical/subtropical regions. It can appear as either acute, subacute or as a chronic infection mostly with those with a compromised/weakened immune system. Inhalation of spores and or mycelium fragments is the main transmission route for developing pulmonary nocardiosis. In contrast, cutaneous nocardiosis usually occurs via direct contact. In the subtropical region of the Sunshine Coast in Australia foaming events with thick and persistent and orange-brown color foam have been observed during summer seasons in the near shore marine environments. This study reports the existence of nocardiae in these near shore marine environments by the use of a novel isolation method which used the gas requirements of nocardiae as a selective battery. A total of 32 nocardiae were isolated with the use of this novel method and subsequently conducted molecular identification methods confirmed that the isolates belonged to the genus Nocardia. Twenty-one isolates out of the 32 were closely related to N. nova strains MGA115 and one was related to CBU 09/875, in addition when compared with human pathogenic nocardiae twenty of the isolates were found to be related to N. nova strain JCM 6044. Isolates displayed varied resistance against some of the antibiotics tested when interpretation threshold recommended the Comite de L’Antibiogramme de la Societe Francaise de Microbiologie were used. The highest level of resistance against cefotaxime (n = 27) and ceftriaxone (n = 24). Some of the isolates (n = 6) that displayed resistance to selected antibiotics also possessed potential human pathogenic characteristics such as adherence and translocation through human long epithelial cells as well as displaying phage resistance (n = 26). They might thus present a potential public health risk if frequently encountered through exposure to aerosols generated by the foam as well as direct contact through a wound. Preventative measures to control the growth of nocardiae in such environments such as the control of pollutants, might prevent potential infections that might be caused by these bacteria in humans as well as in marine animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Pathogenicity of Nocardiae)
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Review

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22 pages, 2970 KiB  
Review
Responses to Ecopollutants and Pathogenization Risks of Saprotrophic Rhodococcus Species
by Irina B. Ivshina, Maria S. Kuyukina, Anastasiia V. Krivoruchko and Elena A. Tyumina
Pathogens 2021, 10(8), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080974 - 02 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2880
Abstract
Under conditions of increasing environmental pollution, true saprophytes are capable of changing their survival strategies and demonstrating certain pathogenicity factors. Actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus, typical soil and aquatic biotope inhabitants, are characterized by high ecological plasticity and a wide range of [...] Read more.
Under conditions of increasing environmental pollution, true saprophytes are capable of changing their survival strategies and demonstrating certain pathogenicity factors. Actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus, typical soil and aquatic biotope inhabitants, are characterized by high ecological plasticity and a wide range of oxidized organic substrates, including hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Their cell adaptations, such as the ability of adhering and colonizing surfaces, a complex life cycle, formation of resting cells and capsule-like structures, diauxotrophy, and a rigid cell wall, developed against the negative effects of anthropogenic pollutants are discussed and the risks of possible pathogenization of free-living saprotrophic Rhodococcus species are proposed. Due to universal adaptation features, Rhodococcus species are among the candidates, if further anthropogenic pressure increases, to move into the group of potentially pathogenic organisms with “unprofessional” parasitism, and to join an expanding list of infectious agents as facultative or occasional parasites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Pathogenicity of Nocardiae)
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Other

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9 pages, 1083 KiB  
Case Report
Nodular Cutaneous Lesions in Immune-Compromised Hosts as a Clue for the Diagnosis of Disseminated Nocardiosis: From Bedside to Microbiological Identification
by Ilaria De Benedetto, Antonio Curtoni, Tommaso Lupia, Simone Mornese Pinna, Silvia Scabini, Guido Ricciardelli, Marco Iannaccone, Luigi Biancone, Massimo Boffini, Mauro Mangiapia, Rossana Cavallo, Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa and Silvia Corcione
Pathogens 2023, 12(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010068 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1436
Abstract
Background. Nocardia is a group of ubiquitous bacteria known to cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts, including those affected by malignancies and solid-organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Pulmonary involvement, occurring in two-thirds of cases, is the most frequent presentation. Diagnosis might be [...] Read more.
Background. Nocardia is a group of ubiquitous bacteria known to cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts, including those affected by malignancies and solid-organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Pulmonary involvement, occurring in two-thirds of cases, is the most frequent presentation. Diagnosis might be challenging both because of microbiological technical issues, but also because of the variability of organ involvement and mimicry. Methods. We describe four cases of disseminated nocardiosis caused by N. farcinica observed between September 2021 and November 2021 in immune-compromised hosts presenting with nodular cutaneous lesions that had raised a high degree of clinical suspect and led to microbiological identification through MALDI-TOF MS. Results. Cutaneous involvement is typically reported in immunocompetent hosts with primary cutaneous nocardiosis with multiple forms of manifestation; nonetheless, disseminated nocardiosis rarely involves the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and this occurs as a result of metastatic spread. Our cases were disseminated nocardiosis in which the metastatic cutaneous involvement, even if rare, provided a clue for the diagnosis. Conclusions. The pathomorphosis of disseminated nocardiosis may have changed in the current years with more rapid spread due to advanced immunosuppression. For this reason, after clinical suspicion, the prompt start of an active targeted therapy based on rapid microbiological identification might potentially open the way to hopeful results, even in the most immune-compromised patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Pathogenicity of Nocardiae)
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