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Pathogens
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Chlamydia trachomatis: Innate Immunity, Vaccines and Behaviour
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Chlamydia trachomatis: Innate Immunity, Vaccines and Behaviour

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Therapeutic Developments".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 2697

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Gallenga Pier Enrico

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Past Vice-President, Italian Ophthalmological Society, 00136 Roma, Italy
2. Chair, Ophthalmology G., D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Interests: vision; cataract surgery; cataract eye diseases; visual fields; biofeedback; glaucoma; ophthalmology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although it has accompanied the history of humanity as an obligatory intracellular host in epithelial cells, often in silent hibernation for a long time, Chlamydia trachomatis still reserves dark sides and requires further investigations with new weapons to overcome its defense and replication strategies.

Due recognition must be given to the efforts and results of Ligue International against the Trachome and of the WHO / SAFE strategy for scientific results, the identification of sensitive drugs and for the socio-environmental improvement of depressed areas together with non-profit organizations and private organizations also in collaboration with Rotary Club for the purification of water, Christian Blind Missions and other Onlus or annual missions from international hospital centers and voluntary work, to quote the tip of the iceberg of health support.

New data and new laboratory methodologies, new attempts in pharmacotherapy and vaccinotherapy to overcome “the invisibility cloak, such as Harry Potter’s mantle” which isolates and protects the intracellular reticular bodies and eradicating the host, are emerging and are the target of Researchers who on-site or in at-home facilities are moving the frontier of knowledge forward. Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817; IF 4.531 / Q2, 2021) intends to dedicate a Special Issue to Chlamydia trachomatis: Innate Immunity, Vaccines and Behaviour. This is an invitation letter to Researchers from all over the world - with a holistic approach: not only Infectious Diseases, Pathologists and Neglected Transmitted Diseases, but also Ophthalmologists, Urologists, Gynecologists, Pediatricians / Neonatologists, Pharmaceutical Industry R&D Laboratories and Medical Officers of supranational organizations to participate in this initiative, submitting an original manuscript research article to the Editorial Board.

Prof. Dr. Gallenga Pier Enrico
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • antigen vaccines
  • immune response
  • infectious diseases
  • trachoma
  • inclusion conjunctivitis

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1942 KiB  
Article
Role of D(−)-Lactic Acid in Prevention of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in an In Vitro Model of HeLa Cells
by Chiara Zalambani, Nicola Rizzardi, Giacomo Marziali, Claudio Foschi, Sara Morselli, Marielle Ezekielle Djusse, Marina Naldi, Romana Fato, Natalia Calonghi and Antonella Marangoni
Pathogens 2023, 12(7), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070883 - 28 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1232
Abstract
A vaginal microbiota dominated by certain Lactobacillus species may have a protective effect against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. One of the key antimicrobial compounds produced is lactic acid, which is believed to play a central role in host defense. Lactobacillus strains producing the D(−)-lactic [...] Read more.
A vaginal microbiota dominated by certain Lactobacillus species may have a protective effect against Chlamydia trachomatis infection. One of the key antimicrobial compounds produced is lactic acid, which is believed to play a central role in host defense. Lactobacillus strains producing the D(−)-lactic acid isomer are known to exert stronger protection. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this antimicrobial action are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of D(−)-lactic acid isomer in the prevention of C. trachomatis infection in an in vitro HeLa cell model. We selected two strains of lactobacilli belonging to different species: a vaginal isolate of Lactobacillus crispatus that releases both D(−) and L(+) isomers and a strain of Lactobacillus reuteri that produces only the L(+) isomer. Initially, we demonstrated that L. crispatus was significantly more effective than L. reuteri in reducing C. trachomatis infectivity. A different pattern of histone acetylation and lactylation was observed when HeLa cells were pretreated for 24 h with supernatants of Lactobacillus crispatus or L. reuteri, resulting in different transcription of genes such as CCND1, CDKN1A, ITAG5 and HER-1. Similarly, distinct transcription patterns were found in HeLa cells treated with 10 mM D(−)- or L(+)-lactic acid isomers. Our findings suggest that D(−) lactic acid significantly affects two non-exclusive mechanisms involved in C. trachomatis infection: regulation of the cell cycle and expression of EGFR and α5β1-integrin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chlamydia trachomatis: Innate Immunity, Vaccines and Behaviour)
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Review

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12 pages, 2080 KiB  
Review
Why the SAFE—S Strategy for Trachoma? Are Musca sorbens or Scatophaga stercoraria Really the Culprit?—A Brief Historical Review from an Italian Point of View
by Carla Enrica Gallenga, Martina Maritati, Marco Del Boccio, Rossella D’Aloisio, Pio Conti, Marco Mura, Carlo Contini and Pier Enrico Gallenga
Pathogens 2023, 12(12), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121419 - 04 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1063
Abstract
The biological history of Chlamydia trachomatis is intertwined with the evolution of the man. Infecting Elemental Bodies (EBs), having penetrated mucosal epithelial cells, wrap themselves in a cloak (ĸλαμις) of glycogen that ensures their obligatory intracellular survival and protects this differentiation into Reticulate [...] Read more.
The biological history of Chlamydia trachomatis is intertwined with the evolution of the man. Infecting Elemental Bodies (EBs), having penetrated mucosal epithelial cells, wrap themselves in a cloak (ĸλαμις) of glycogen that ensures their obligatory intracellular survival and protects this differentiation into Reticulate Bodies (RBs) that feed on cellular ATP. Multiple chemokines and cytokines are involved under the direction of IL-6 in the florid phase and IL-17A in the scar phase. The WHO has successfully identified the SAFE strategy against trachoma (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleansing, Environment) as the blueprint to eliminate the disease by 2020. Recently, interest has been increasingly focused on changing sexual attitudes in different areas of the world, leaving Musca sorbens, Scatophaga stercoraria, and stepsisters fairly blameless, but extolling the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in apparently “sterile” chronic prostatitis or conjunctivitis or, less frequently, in oropharyngitis and proctitis. The addition of an S (SAFE-S) standing for “sexual behavior” was then proposed to also attract the interest and attention not only of Ophthalmologists and Obstetricians/Gynecologists, Urologists/Andrologists, and the School Authorities for information on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, but also of Social Physicians and Pediatricians. This means that sexually transmitted infections should be screened in asymptomatic patients with risky sexual behavior or sexual contact with people diagnosed with a transmitted infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chlamydia trachomatis: Innate Immunity, Vaccines and Behaviour)
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