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Pathogens
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Reviews from Section "Human Pathogens"
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Reviews from Section "Human Pathogens"

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 December 2020) | Viewed by 25773

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Anna Honko

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Apriori Bio, Cambridge, MA, USA
Interests: filoviruses; emerging viruses; aerobiology; animal model development; medical countermeasures to hazard group 4 viruses; survival and inactivation of hazard group 4 viruses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

The "Human Pathogens" section of the journal was established in 2019. So far, we are proud to inform you that 82 Editorial Board members have been recruited and 297 papers have been published in this section. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many scholars have experienced significant delays in their research works. Despite the current situation, many researchers have devoted their time to conducting research and submitting their original papers on COVID-19 to Pathogens in the hope that these published papers could assist each other in combating the virus. To acknowledge scholars’ works and bypass the inconveniences brought about by the pandemic, we are establishing this Special Issue specifically dedicated to Review Papers. We sincerely solicit reviews, editorials, and commentaries on contemporary and hot topics from our esteemed Editorial Board members as well as from all scholars in the field for consideration of publication.

Dr. Anna Honko
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

18 pages, 1146 KiB  
Review
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections: Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development
by Zhulin Jiang, Shuihong Li, Cuiming Zhu, Runjie Zhou and Polly H. M. Leung
Pathogens 2021, 10(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020119 - 25 Jan 2021
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 11849
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia which can lead to both acute upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation, and extrapulmonary syndromes. Refractory pneumonia caused by M. pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially in infants and the elderly. Here, based on [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia which can lead to both acute upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation, and extrapulmonary syndromes. Refractory pneumonia caused by M. pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially in infants and the elderly. Here, based on a comprehensive review of the scientific literature related to the respective area, we summarize the virulence factors of M. pneumoniae and the major pathogenic mechanisms mediated by the pathogen: adhesion to host cells, direct cytotoxicity against host cells, inflammatory response-induced immune injury, and immune evasion. The increasing rate of macrolide-resistant strains and the harmful side effects of other sensitive antibiotics (e.g., respiratory quinolones and tetracyclines) in young children make it difficult to treat, and increase the health risk or re-infections. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of an effective vaccine to prevent M. pneumoniae infections in children. Various types of M. pneumoniae vaccines have been reported, including whole-cell vaccines (inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines), subunit vaccines (involving M. pneumoniae protein P1, protein P30, protein P116 and CARDS toxin) and DNA vaccines. This narrative review summarizes the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying M. pneumoniae infection and highlights the relevant vaccines that have been developed and their reported effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews from Section "Human Pathogens")
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26 pages, 1016 KiB  
Review
Balance between Retroviral Latency and Transcription: Based on HIV Model
by Aneta Pluta, Juan P. Jaworski and César N. Cortés-Rubio
Pathogens 2021, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010016 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3440
Abstract
The representative of the Lentivirus genus is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To date, there is no cure for AIDS because of the existence of the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection can persist for [...] Read more.
The representative of the Lentivirus genus is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To date, there is no cure for AIDS because of the existence of the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection can persist for decades despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the persistence of infectious latent viruses in long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells, macrophages, monocytes, microglial cells, and other cell types. However, the biology of HIV-1 latency remains incompletely understood. Retroviral long terminal repeat region (LTR) plays an indispensable role in controlling viral gene expression. Regulation of the transcription initiation plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining a retrovirus latency. Whether and how retroviruses establish latency and reactivate remains unclear. In this article, we describe what is known about the regulation of LTR-driven transcription in HIV-1, that is, the cis-elements present in the LTR, the role of LTR transcription factor binding sites in LTR-driven transcription, the role of HIV-1-encoded transactivator protein, hormonal effects on virus transcription, impact of LTR variability on transcription, and epigenetic control of retrovirus LTR. Finally, we focus on a novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/dCas9)-based strategy for HIV-1 reservoir purging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews from Section "Human Pathogens")
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10 pages, 1995 KiB  
Review
Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in African Countries: A Comprehensive Overview
by Marta Giovanetti, Massimo Ciccozzi, Cristina Parolin and Alessandra Borsetti
Pathogens 2020, 9(12), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121072 - 21 Dec 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5340
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa and continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed almost 33 million lives so far. In Africa, it is estimated that more than 20 million people [...] Read more.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa and continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed almost 33 million lives so far. In Africa, it is estimated that more than 20 million people are living with HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and that more than 730,000 new HIV-1 infections still occur each year, likely due to low access to testing. The high genetic variability of HIV-1, due to a fast replication cycle and high mutation rate, may cause the generation of many viral variants in a single infected patient during a single day. Therefore, the active monitoring and characterization of the HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant forms circulating through African countries poses a significant challenge to more specific diagnoses, treatments, care, and intervention strategies. In this review, a concise characterization of all the subtypes and recombinant forms circulating in Africa is presented to highlight the magnitude of the HIV-1 threat among the African countries and to understand virus genetic diversity and dispersion dynamics better. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews from Section "Human Pathogens")
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19 pages, 363 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Pursuit of an Effective Acinetobacter baumannii Vaccine
by Patrick S. Gellings, Ashley A. Wilkins and Lisa A. Morici
Pathogens 2020, 9(12), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121066 - 19 Dec 2020
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4482
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has been a major cause of nosocomial infections for decades. The absence of an available vaccine coupled with emerging multidrug resistance has prevented the medical community from effectively controlling this human pathogen. Furthermore, the ongoing pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has increased [...] Read more.
Acinetobacter baumannii has been a major cause of nosocomial infections for decades. The absence of an available vaccine coupled with emerging multidrug resistance has prevented the medical community from effectively controlling this human pathogen. Furthermore, the ongoing pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has increased the risk of hospitalized patients developing ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by bacterial opportunists including A. baumannii. The shortage of antibiotics in the development pipeline prompted the World Health Organization to designate A. baumannii a top priority for the development of new medical countermeasures, such as a vaccine. There are a number of important considerations associated with the development of an A. baumannii vaccine, including strain characteristics, diverse disease manifestations, and target population. In the past decade, research efforts have revealed a number of promising new immunization strategies that could culminate in a safe and protective vaccine against A. baumannii. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in the development of A. baumannii vaccines, discuss potential challenges, and propose future directions to achieve an effective intervention against this human pathogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews from Section "Human Pathogens")
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