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27 pages, 4624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Mapping, Candidate Gene Identification and Marker Validation for Host Plant Resistance to the Race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Using Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis

by Andrew Chen, Jiaman Sun, Altus Viljoen, Diane Mostert, Yucong Xie, Leroy Mangila, Sheryl Bothma, Rebecca Lyons, Eva Hřibová, Pavla Christelová, Brigitte Uwimana, Delphine Amah, Stephen Pearce, Ning Chen, Jacqueline Batley, David Edwards, Jaroslav Doležel, Peter Crisp, Allan F. Brown, Guillaume Martin, Nabila Yahiaoui, Angelique D’Hont, Lachlan Coin, Rony Swennen and Elizabeth A. B. Aitken Show full author list Hide full author list

Pathogens 2023, 12(6), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060820 - 09 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1769

Abstract

Fusarium wilt of banana is a devastating disease that has decimated banana production worldwide. Host resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (Foc), the causal agent of this disease, is genetically dissected in this study using two Musa acuminata ssp. Malaccensis [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt of banana is a devastating disease that has decimated banana production worldwide. Host resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense (Foc), the causal agent of this disease, is genetically dissected in this study using two Musa acuminata ssp. Malaccensis segregating populations, segregating for Foc Tropical (TR4) and Subtropical (STR4) race 4 resistance. Marker loci and trait association using 11 SNP-based PCR markers allowed the candidate region to be delimited to a 12.9 cM genetic interval corresponding to a 959 kb region on chromosome 3 of ‘DH-Pahang’ reference assembly v4. Within this region, there was a cluster of pattern recognition receptors, namely leucine-rich repeat ectodomain containing receptor-like protein kinases, cysteine-rich cell-wall-associated protein kinases, and leaf rust 10 disease-resistance locus receptor-like proteins, positioned in an interspersed arrangement. Their transcript levels were rapidly upregulated in the resistant progenies but not in the susceptible F₂ progenies at the onset of infection. This suggests that one or several of these genes may control resistance at this locus. To confirm the segregation of single-gene resistance, we generated an inter-cross between the resistant parent ‘Ma850’ and a susceptible line ‘Ma848’, to show that the STR4 resistance co-segregated with marker ‘28820’ at this locus. Finally, an informative SNP marker 29730 allowed the locus-specific resistance to be assessed in a collection of diploid and polyploid banana plants. Of the 60 lines screened, 22 lines were predicted to carry resistance at this locus, including lines known to be TR4-resistant, such as ‘Pahang’, ‘SH-3362’, ‘SH-3217’, ‘Ma-ITC0250’, and ‘DH-Pahang/CIRAD 930’. Additional screening in the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture’s collection suggests that the dominant allele is common among the elite ‘Matooke’ NARITA hybrids, as well as in other triploid or tetraploid hybrids derived from East African highland bananas. Fine mapping and candidate gene identification will allow characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying the TR4 resistance. The markers developed in this study can now aid the marker-assisted selection of TR4 resistance in breeding programs around the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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17 pages, 5685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of the Fusarium oxysporum FTF2 Transcription Factor in Host Colonization and Virulence in Common Bean Plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

by Virginia Casado-del Castillo, Ernesto P. Benito and José María Díaz-Mínguez

Pathogens 2023, 12(3), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030380 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

The FTF (Fusarium Transcription Factor) gene family is composed of two members (FTF1 and FTF2) with high-sequence homology that encode transcription factors involved in the modulation of virulence in the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). While FTF1 is a [...] Read more.

The FTF (Fusarium Transcription Factor) gene family is composed of two members (FTF1 and FTF2) with high-sequence homology that encode transcription factors involved in the modulation of virulence in the F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). While FTF1 is a multicopy gene exclusive of highly virulent strains of FOSC and is located in the accessory genome, FTF2 is a single-copy gene, located in the core genome, and well-conserved in all filamentous ascomycete fungi, except yeast. The involvement of FTF1 in the colonization of the vascular system and regulation of the expression of SIX effectors has been stablished. To address the role of FTF2, we generated and characterized mutants defective in FTF2 in a F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli weakly virulent strain and analyzed them together with the equivalent mutants formerly obtained in a highly virulent strain. The results obtained highlight a role for FTF2 as a negative regulator of the production of macroconidia and demonstrate that it is required for full virulence and the positive regulation of SIX effectors. In addition, gene expression analyses provided compelling evidence that FTF2 is involved in the regulation of hydrophobins likely required for plant colonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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8 pages, 1895 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Screening of Fungicides and Comparison of Selective Media for Isolation of Fusarium graminearum from Soil and Plant Material

by Samina Ashiq, Matthew Back, Andrew Watson and Simon G. Edwards

Pathogens 2023, 12(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020197 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2904

Abstract

The culture media recommended for the isolation and enumeration of the Fusarium spp. lack selectivity for Fusarium graminearum. Five fungicides—Amistar^® (250 g·L⁻¹ azoxystrobin), Filan^® (500 g·kg⁻¹ boscalid), Comet^® 200 (200 g·L⁻¹ pyraclostrobin), Imtrex^® (62.5 g·L [...] Read more.

The culture media recommended for the isolation and enumeration of the Fusarium spp. lack selectivity for Fusarium graminearum. Five fungicides—Amistar^® (250 g·L⁻¹ azoxystrobin), Filan^® (500 g·kg⁻¹ boscalid), Comet^® 200 (200 g·L⁻¹ pyraclostrobin), Imtrex^® (62.5 g·L⁻¹ fluxapyroxad), Poraz^® (450 g·L⁻¹ prochloraz)—were investigated for their potential as selective inhibitors in culture media for the isolation of F. graminearum from soil and plant material. Based on the screening, fluxapyroxad was further tested for selective inhibition for the isolation of F. graminearum from soil. Additionally, selective media were compared for the isolation of F. graminearum from plant material. The fungicides tested did not prove to be effective inhibitors for the development of selective media. For the detection of F. graminearum in plant material, Czapek Dox propiconazole dichloran agar was found to be a better medium than Komada’s media, as the former resulted in colonies with darker pigmentation over a shorter incubation time and appeared to have a less inhibitory effect on F. graminearum growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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20 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fusarium Yellows of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi Is Associated with Cultivar-Specific Expression of Defense-Responsive Genes

by Duraisamy Prasath, Andrea Matthews, Wayne T. O’Neill, Elizabeth A. B. Aitken and Andrew Chen

Pathogens 2023, 12(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010141 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important horticultural crop, valued for its culinary and medicinal properties. Fusarium yellows of ginger, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (Foz), is a devastating disease that has significantly reduced the quality and crop [...] Read more.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important horticultural crop, valued for its culinary and medicinal properties. Fusarium yellows of ginger, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (Foz), is a devastating disease that has significantly reduced the quality and crop yield of ginger worldwide. The compatible interaction between ginger and Foz leading to susceptibility is dissected here. The pathogenicity of two Foz isolates on ginger was confirmed by their ability to colonise ginger and in turn induce both internal and external plant symptoms typical of Fusarium yellows. To shed light on Foz susceptibility at the molecular level, a set of defense-responsive genes was analysed for expression in the roots of ginger cultivars challenged with Foz. These include nucleotide-binding site (NBS) type of resistant (R) genes with a functional role in pathogen recognition, transcription factors associated with systemic acquired resistance, and enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis and cell wall modifications. Among three R genes, the transcripts of ZoNBS1 and ZoNBS3 were rapidly induced by Foz at the onset of infection, and the expression magnitude was cultivar-dependent. These expression characteristics extend to the other genes. This study is the first step in understanding the mechanisms of compatible host–pathogen interactions in ginger. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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15 pages, 1507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surveillance, Diversity and Vegetative Compatibility Groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Collected in Cotton Fields in Australia (2017 to 2022)

by Duy P. Le, Chi P. T. Nguyen, Dinesh Kafle, Linda Scheikowski, Janelle Montgomery, Emma Lambeth, Amanda Thomas, Kieran O’Keeffe, Beth Shakeshaft, Alison Young, Andrew Mckay, Annabel Twine, Elsie Hudson, Rodney Jackson and Linda J. Smith

Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121537 - 14 Dec 2022

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Abstract

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a billion-dollar crop in regional New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland, Australia. Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) is an economically important disease. Initial disease losses of up to 90% when the disease [...] Read more.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a billion-dollar crop in regional New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland, Australia. Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) is an economically important disease. Initial disease losses of up to 90% when the disease was first detected resulted in fields being taken out of cotton production. The disease is now well-managed due to the adoption of highly resistant varieties. However, annual disease surveys recently revealed that the disease dynamic has changed in the past few seasons. With relatively mild and wet weather conditions during the 2021/22 growing season, FW was detected in eight surveyed valleys in NSW and Queensland, with the disease incidence as high as 44.5% and 98.5% in individual fields in early and late seasons, respectively. Fov is genetically distinct and evolved from local Fusarium oxysporum strains. Additionally, the pathogen was reported to evolve rapidly under continuous cotton cropping pressure. However, our knowledge of the genetic composition of the prevailing population is limited. Sequences of the translation elongation factor alpha 1 (TEF1) revealed that 94% of Fusarium isolates recovered from FW-infected cotton were clustered together with known Australian Fov and relatively distant related to overseas Fov races. All these isolates, except for nine, were further confirmed positive with a specific marker based on the Secreted in Xylem 6 (SIX6) effector gene. Vegetative compatibility group (VCG) analyses of 166 arbitrarily selected isolates revealed a predominance of VCG01111. There was only one detection of VCG01112 in the Border Rivers valley where it was first described. In this study, the exotic Californian Fov race 4 strain was not detected using a specific marker based on the unique Tfo1 insertion in the phosphate (PHO) gene. This study indicated that the prevalence and abundance of Fov across NSW and Queensland in the past five seasons was probably independent of its genetic diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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18 pages, 3998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathogenicity of Asymptomatically Residing Fusarium Species in Non-Gramineous Plants and Weeds to Spring Wheat under Greenhouse Conditions

by Evelina Zavtrikovienė, Andrii Gorash, Gražina Kadžienė, Neringa Matelionienė and Skaidrė Supronienė

Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121467 - 04 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Despite significant efforts in recent decades to combat Fusarium head blight (FHB), this disease remains one of the most important and widely studied diseases of wheat and other cereal plants. To date, studies have focused on small grain cereals as hostplants for these [...] Read more.

Despite significant efforts in recent decades to combat Fusarium head blight (FHB), this disease remains one of the most important and widely studied diseases of wheat and other cereal plants. To date, studies have focused on small grain cereals as hostplants for these pathogens, but it was recently discovered that asymptomatic non-gramineous plants and weeds can serve as alternative sources of fungi associated with FHB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. sporotrichioides isolated from non-gramineous plants and weed species to spring wheat under greenhouse conditions. A total of 91 Fusarium isolates, including 45 from weeds and 46 from non-gramineous plants were floret inoculated at mid anthesis. The FHB incidence and severity (%) of inoculated heads and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were calculated. To determine yield losses, the weight of 1000 grains (TGW) was evaluated. Results of the research showed that FHB severity (%) values in Fusarium spp.-inoculated heads from non-gramineous plants varied from 9.3% to 69.6% and AUDPC values ranged from 161.5% to 1044.6%. TGW was most significantly reduced by the F. culmorum isolates BN26r and BN39fl from Brassica napus and isolates BV15.1l and BV142.1pe from Beta vulgaris (37%, 30%, 28.8% and 31.8% respectively, compared to the water control). In Fusarium-inoculated heads from weeds, FHB severity values ranged from 6.2% to 81.0% and AUDPC values varied from 134.2% to 1206.6%. TGW was most significantly decreased by CBP1401r isolate from Capsella bursa-pastoris (52%). The study results suggest that the pathogenicity of Fusarium species isolated from different hosts to wheat more strongly depends on the Fusarium species and strain than the hostplant. Under greenhouse conditions, F. culmorum strain groups obtained from weeds, non-gramineous plants and Triticum were more pathogenic to wheat than the water control and other Fusarium species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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15 pages, 1982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of DNA of Fusarium culmorum and Trichothecene Genotypes 3ADON and NIV in the Grain of Winter Wheat

by Tomasz Góral, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Piotr Ochodzki, Barbara Wiewióra and Halina Wiśniewska

Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121449 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1113

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a wheat disease caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. The aim of the study was to find relationships between the weather conditions in the experimental years and the locations and the amount of F. culmorum DNA [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a wheat disease caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. The aim of the study was to find relationships between the weather conditions in the experimental years and the locations and the amount of F. culmorum DNA and trichothecene genotypes, as well as the proportions between them. A three-year field experiment (2017, 2018 and 2019) was established in two locations (Poznań, Radzików). The DNA of F. culmorum was detected in all grain samples in an average amount of 20,124 pg per 1 μg of wheat DNA. The average amount of DNA from the 3ADON genotype was 4879 pg/μg and the amount of DNA from the NIV genotype was 3330 pg/μg. Weather conditions strongly affected the amount of DNA of F. culmorum and trichothecene genotypes detected in the grain. In the three experimental years, a high variability was observed in the coefficients of correlation between DNA concentrations and the FHB index, FDK, ergosterol and the corresponding toxins. There were significant correlations between disease incidence, fungal biomass (quantified as the total amount of fungal DNA or DNA trichothecene genotypes) and toxins (DON, 3AcDON and NIV) concentrations. The 3ADON trichothecene genotype dominated over the NIV genotype (ratio 1.5); however, this varied greatly depending on environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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11 pages, 1858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FoMC69 Gene in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Is Essential for Pathogenicity by Involving Normal Function of Chlamydospores

by Kazunori Sasaki, Yumi Ito, Yuki Hamada, Ayano Dowaki, Sudisha Jogaiah and Shin-ichi Ito

Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121433 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1953

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) causes crown and root rot disease in tomato, effecting severe economic losses. However, research on the pathogenicity genes and infection strategy of Forl is limited compared to that on F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). In this [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) causes crown and root rot disease in tomato, effecting severe economic losses. However, research on the pathogenicity genes and infection strategy of Forl is limited compared to that on F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). In this study, we characterized FoMC69 gene in Forl as a homolog of MC69 required for pathogenicity in rice blast pathogen—Magnaporthe oryzae. Gene expression analysis revealed that FoMC69 expressionin Forl is higher than that in Folin planta. FoMC69-knockout mutant of Forl had significantly reduced root rot symptoms compared to the wild-type strain, and full pathogenicity was restored by complementation. By contrast, ΔFoMC69 mutant of Fol presented the same symptoms as the wild type, suggesting that FoMC69 of Forl, but not of Fol, was essential for full virulence in tomato plants. Morphological differences between the Forl and ΔFoMC69 in the roots were observed by fluorescent labeling using WGA-FITC. Chlamydospores of the ΔFoMC69 mutant of Forlcontinuously increased during infection and were three times higher than that of the wild type at 21 days post-inoculation. These observations suggest that FoMC69 of Forl is required for virulence to tomato plants by involving the normal development and germination of chlamydospores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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16 pages, 3306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biofumigation for the Management of Fusarium graminearum in a Wheat-Maize Rotation

by Samina Ashiq, Simon Edwards, Andrew Watson and Matthew Back

Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121427 - 27 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1922

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum is the most important causal agent of head blight in wheat, and stalk and ear rot in maize. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of incorporation of Brassicaceae cover crops on Fusarium graminearum in a wheat-maize rotation. Five [...] Read more.

Fusarium graminearum is the most important causal agent of head blight in wheat, and stalk and ear rot in maize. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of incorporation of Brassicaceae cover crops on Fusarium graminearum in a wheat-maize rotation. Five species belonging to Brassicaceae (Brassica juncea, Eruca sativa, Raphanus sativus, B. carinata, B. oleracea var. caulorapa L.) were used in the field experiment to investigate their potential to suppress F. graminearum inoculum in soil, disease incidence in maize and to reduce subsequent mycotoxin contamination in maize. Brassica juncea was found to contain the highest glucosinolate concentration in shoots (31 µmol g⁻¹). Severity of ear rot and stalk rot in maize was not significantly reduced in the amended plots. Incorporation of R. sativus ‘Terranova’ significantly decreased the amount of F. graminearum DNA by 58% compared with the cultivated fallow treatment, however the DNA concentration was not significantly different to fallow uncultivated. Fusarium graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol in maize was 50% lower after incorporation of B. oleracea var. caulorapa L. compared to after fallow treatment but the difference was not significant. The brassica crops used in the present field experiment were not effective in suppressing F. graminearum, therefore further studies to optimise the current approach are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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15 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity

by Ingerd Skow Hofgaard, Heidi Udnes Aamot, Till Seehusen, Børge Magne Holen, Hugh Riley, Ruth Dill-Macky, Simon G. Edwards and Guro Brodal

Pathogens 2022, 11(11), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111288 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1403

Abstract

Frequent occurrences of high levels of Fusarium mycotoxins have been recorded in Norwegian oat grain. To elucidate the influence of tillage operations on the development of Fusarium and mycotoxins in oat grain, we conducted tillage trials with continuous oats at two locations in [...] Read more.

Frequent occurrences of high levels of Fusarium mycotoxins have been recorded in Norwegian oat grain. To elucidate the influence of tillage operations on the development of Fusarium and mycotoxins in oat grain, we conducted tillage trials with continuous oats at two locations in southeast Norway. We have previously presented the content of Fusarium DNA detected in straw residues and air samples from these fields. Grain harvested from ploughed plots had lower levels of Fusarium langsethiae DNA and HT-2 and T-2 toxins (HT2 + T2) compared to grain from harrowed plots. Our results indicate that the risk of F. langsethiae and HT2 + T2 contamination of oats is reduced with increasing tillage intensity. No distinct influence of tillage on the DNA concentration of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum in the harvested grain was observed. In contrast to F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, only limited contents of F. langsethiae DNA were observed in straw residues and air samples. Still, considerable concentrations of F. langsethiae DNA and HT2 + T2 were recorded in oat grain harvested from these fields. We speculate that the life cycle of F. langsethiae differs from those of F. graminearum and F. avenaceum with regard to survival, inoculum production and dispersal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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8 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for Fusarium Wilt Race 4 Resistance in a Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Pima Cotton (Gossypium Barbadense)

by Abdelraheem Abdelraheem, Yi Zhu and Jinfa Zhang

Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101143 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1656

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) race 4 (FOV4) causes seedling death immediately after emergence, in addition to leaf chlorosis and necrosis, vascular discoloration, plant wilting, defoliation, and plant death at late stages. Breeding for FOV4 resistance is the most cost effective management [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) race 4 (FOV4) causes seedling death immediately after emergence, in addition to leaf chlorosis and necrosis, vascular discoloration, plant wilting, defoliation, and plant death at late stages. Breeding for FOV4 resistance is the most cost effective management method. In this study, 163 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of FOV4-resistant Pima S-6 × susceptible 89590, together with the two parents (Gossypium barbadense), were artificially inoculated with FOV4 and assayed for resistance based on foliar disease severity ratings (DSR) at 30 days post inoculation (dpi) in two replicated tests in the greenhouse or controlled conditions. Significant genotypic variations were detected for FOV4 resistance in a combined analysis of variance. Although a significant genotype × test interaction was detected for DSR, the 10 most resistant RILs had significantly and consistently lower DSR than the susceptible parent in both tests. The heritability estimate for DSR was 0.65, indicating that two-thirds of the phenotypic variation for FOV4 resistance in this Pima RIL population was due to genetic factors. Based on 404 polymorphic SSR markers, five and four quantitative trait loci (QTL) on six chromosomes (c14, c17, c19, c21, c24, and c25) were detected in Tests 1 and 2, respectively, and each explained 15 to 29% of the phenotypic variation. Three QTL on c17, c24, and c25 were in common between the two tests, accounting for 60% and 75% of the QTL detected in Tests 1 and 2, respectively. The three QTL were also reported in previous studies and will be useful for marker-assisted selection for FOV4 resistance in Pima cotton. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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22 pages, 6578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Exploration of Endophytic Bacilli for the Management of Head Scab (Fusarium graminearum) of Wheat

by Noyonika Kaul, Prem Lal Kashyap, Sudheer Kumar, Deepti Singh and Gyanendra Pratap Singh

Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101088 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2004

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum causing head scab (HS) or head blight (HB) disease in wheat is one of the nasty fungi reported to cause significant grain quality and yield loss. Biological control using endophytic bacteria has emerged as a prospective option for containing fungal diseases [...] Read more.

Fusarium graminearum causing head scab (HS) or head blight (HB) disease in wheat is one of the nasty fungi reported to cause significant grain quality and yield loss. Biological control using endophytic bacteria has emerged as a prospective option for containing fungal diseases in an environmentally benevolent, durable, and sustainable manner. In this regard, 112 endophytic bacilli were isolated from the anthesis stage (Zadok’s growth stage 65) from five different wheat genotypes with an aim to identify prospective antagonistic strains against F. graminearum. The molecular identity of the strains was confirmed by matching 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial strains with the gene sequences of type strains available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and reported 38 different species of Bacillus in all the five wheat cultivars. Further, it has been observed that only fourteen strains (B. clarus NOK09, B. mojavensis NOK16, B. subtilis NOK33, B. rugosus NOK47, B. mojavensis NOK52, B. clarus NOK59, B. coahuilensis NOK72, B. cabrialesii NOK78, B. cabrialesii NOK82, B. rugosus NOK85, B. amyloliquefaciens NOK89, B. australimaris NOK95, B. pumilus NOK103, and B. amyloliquefaciens NOK109) displayed in-vitro antagonistic effect against Fusarium graminearum fungus. Furthermore, the three endophytic Bacillus strains showing the strongest antagonistic effect (>70% of growth inhibition of fungal mycelium) under in-vitro antagonistic assay were selected for field experiments. In a two-year consecutive field study, a combination of three strains (B. clarus NOK09 + B. subtilis NOK33 + B. amyloliquefaciens NOK109) displayed a remarkable reduction in HS disease index by 81.47% and 77.85%, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction assay detected three genes (ituD, bmyC, and srfA) involved in antibiotic biosynthesis pathways. Additional attributes such as potassium solubilization, siderophore release, and hydrolytic enzyme (protease, lipase, amylase, chitinase, and pectinase) synthesis have been observed in these strains. Overall, the present study was successful in profiling endophytic bacilli and selecting the combination of effective antagonistic endophytic Bacillus strains that could be the best alternative for the sustainable and ecological sound management of HS disease in wheat under field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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12 pages, 2748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Causal Agent of Brown Leaf Spot on Kiwifruit and Its Sensitivity to Different Active Ingredients of Biological Fungicides

by Jia Chen, Fei Ran, Jinqiao Shi, Tingting Chen, Zhibo Zhao, Zhuzhu Zhang, Linan He, Wenzhi Li, Bingce Wang, Xuetang Chen, Weizhen Wang and Youhua Long

Pathogens 2022, 11(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060673 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2425 | Correction

Abstract

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is an important commercial crop in China, and the occurrence of diseases may cause significant economic loss in its production. In the present study, a new pathogen that causes brown leaf spot disease on kiwifruit was reported. The [...] Read more.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is an important commercial crop in China, and the occurrence of diseases may cause significant economic loss in its production. In the present study, a new pathogen that causes brown leaf spot disease on kiwifruit was reported. The fungus was isolated from an infected sample and identified as Fusarium graminearum based on morphological and molecular evaluation. Koch’s postulates were confirmed when the pathogen was re-isolated from plants with artificially induced symptoms and identified as F. graminearum. Based on the biological characteristics of the pathogen, it was determined that: its optimal growth temperature was 25 °C; optimal pH was 7; most suitable carbon source was soluble starch; most suitable nitrogen source was yeast powder; and best photoperiod was 12 h light/12 h dark. Further investigations were conducted by determining 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀) of several active ingredients of biological fungicides against F. graminearum. The results showed that among the studied fungicides, tetramycin and honokiol had the highest antifungal activity against this pathogen. Our findings provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of brown leaf spot disease on kiwifruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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2 pages, 1211 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Chen et al. Identification of the Causal Agent of Brown Leaf Spot on Kiwifruit and Its Sensitivity to Different Active Ingredients of Biological Fungicides. Pathogens 2022, 11, 673

by Jia Chen, Fei Ran, Jinqiao Shi, Tingting Chen, Zhibo Zhao, Zhuzhu Zhang, Linan He, Wenzhi Li, Bingce Wang, Xuetang Chen, Weizhen Wang and Youhua Long

Pathogens 2023, 12(11), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111327 - 08 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 488

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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13 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Identification of a Major QTL-Controlling Resistance to the Subtropical Race 4 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis

by Andrew Chen, Jiaman Sun, Guillaume Martin, Lesley-Ann Gray, Eva Hřibová, Pavla Christelová, Nabila Yahiaoui, Steve Rounsley, Rebecca Lyons, Jacqueline Batley, Ning Chen, Sharon Hamill, Subash K. Rai, Lachlan Coin, Brigitte Uwimana, Angelique D’Hont, Jaroslav Doležel, David Edwards, Rony Swennen and Elizabeth A. B. Aitken

Pathogens 2023, 12(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020289 - 09 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

Vascular wilt caused by the ascomycete fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a major constraint of banana production around the world. The virulent race, namely Tropical Race 4, can infect all Cavendish-type banana plants and is now widespread [...] Read more.

Vascular wilt caused by the ascomycete fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a major constraint of banana production around the world. The virulent race, namely Tropical Race 4, can infect all Cavendish-type banana plants and is now widespread across the globe, causing devastating losses to global banana production. In this study, we characterized Foc Subtropical Race 4 (STR4) resistance in a wild banana relative which, through estimated genome size and ancestry analysis, was confirmed to be Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis. Using a self-derived F₂ population segregating for STR4 resistance, quantitative trait loci sequencing (QTL-seq) was performed on bulks consisting of resistant and susceptible individuals. Changes in SNP index between the bulks revealed a major QTL located on the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 3. Multiple resistance genes are present in this region. Identification of chromosome regions conferring resistance to Foc can facilitate marker assisted selection in breeding programs and paves the way towards identifying genes underpinning resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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Open AccessPerspective

The Advance of Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race 4 in Musaceae of Latin America and the Caribbean: Current Situation

by Gustavo Martínez, Barlin O. Olivares, Juan Carlos Rey, Juan Rojas, Jaime Cardenas, Carlos Muentes and Carolina Dawson

Pathogens 2023, 12(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020277 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (syn. Fusarium odoratissimum) (Foc TR4) causes vascular wilt in Musaceae plants and is considered the most lethal for these crops. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), it was reported for [...] Read more.

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (syn. Fusarium odoratissimum) (Foc TR4) causes vascular wilt in Musaceae plants and is considered the most lethal for these crops. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), it was reported for the first time in Colombia (2019), later in Peru (2021), and recently declared in Venezuela (2023). This work aimed to analyze the evolution of Foc TR4 in Musaceae in LAC between 2018 and 2022. This perspective contains a selection of topics related to Foc TR4 in LAC that address and describe (i) the threat of Foc TR4 in LAC, (ii) a bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of Foc TR4 in LAC, (iii) the current situation of Foc TR4 in Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, (iv) medium-term prospects in LAC member countries, and (v) export trade and local food security. In this study, the presence of Foc TR4 in Venezuela and the possible consequences of the production of Musaceae in the long term were reported for the first time. In conclusion, TR4 is a major threat to banana production in Latin America and the world, and it is important to take measures to control the spread of the fungus and minimize its impact on the banana industry. It is important to keep working on the control of Foc TR4, which requires the participation of the local and international industry, researchers, and consumers, among others, to prevent the disappearance of bananas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium)

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