Epidemiology and Surveillance of Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 6133

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
Interests: zoonotic bacteria; epidemic characteristics; drug resistance; pathogenic mechanism; vaccine
China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
Interests: epidemiology; Mycobacterium bovis; brucellosis; bacterial drug resistance

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Guest Editor
School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
Interests: bacterial infection; epidemiology; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; multidrug resistance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bacterial pathogens, as one of the main groups of microorganisms, are involved in many infectious diseases. On the one hand, bacteria can spread among human beings various ways, such as via contact, the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, etc. On the other hand, bacterial infection can transfer between animals and humans, causing huge economic losses to human society and the livestock and poultry industries every year. To defend against bacterial infection, as early as the early 20th century, penicillin was first discovered, demonstrating good therapeutic effects in the clinical setting. In recent decades, an increasing number of antibiotics have been discovered by scientists and applied in many fields. However, the emergence of bacterial resistance has brought great difficulties to public health worldwide. Due to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, the resistance mechanism of drug-resistant bacteria has gradually diversified and become more complicated. Many countries and regions have started to ban and reduce the use of some antibiotics. Increasing attention has been paid to the characteristics and mechanisms of resistance in bacteria while conducting epidemiological surveillance of bacteria, with animal-derived, human-derived, food-derived, and environmental bacteria often being studied as a unified whole. A number of biological techniques and breakthrough discoveries have emerged in the study of bacterial infection and drug resistance, moving towards the goal of “one health one world”. 

For this Special Issue of Pathogens, we invite you to submit a review or research article related to epidemic characteristics, drug resistance, or the pathogenic mechanism of bacterial infections. We look forward to receiving your contributions.  

Dr. Fangkun Wang
Dr. Mengda Liu
Dr. Xiangkai Zhuge
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • bacterial infections
  • epidemic characteristics
  • drug resistance
  • pathogenic mechanism

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1169 KiB  
Article
The Emergence of Carbapenem- and Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteria in Senegal
by Habibou Sarr, Aissatou Ahmet Niang, Amadou Diop, Oleg Mediannikov, Hanane Zerrouki, Seydina M. Diene, Seynabou Lo, Mouhamadou Lamine Dia, Ahmad Iyane Sow, Florence Fenollar, Jean-Marc Rolain and Linda Hadjadj
Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12080974 - 26 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1083
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem. The emergence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) infections is a concern, particularly in Senegal. (1) Methods: Between January 2019 and July 2022, 240 isolates of enterobacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and imipenem from biological samples from Fann [...] Read more.
Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem. The emergence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) infections is a concern, particularly in Senegal. (1) Methods: Between January 2019 and July 2022, 240 isolates of enterobacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and imipenem from biological samples from Fann Hospital (Dakar) and Hôpital Paix (Ziguinchor) were selected. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic-resistance genes for class A beta-lactamases, carbapenemases, and plasmid resistance to colistin resistance (mcr-1–8) were screened by RT-PCR. (2) Results: The 240 enterobacteria were composed of: Escherichia coli (60.83%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.67%), Enterobacter cloacae (13.75%), Citrobacter freundii (2.08%), Serratia marcescens (0.83%), Klebsiella aerogenes (0.42%), and Proteus mirabilis (0.42%). Class A beta-lactamase genes were found in 229 isolates (70.41% blaTEM, 37.5% blaSHV, 83.75% blaCTX-A, and 0.42% blaCTX-B). The carbapenemase genes blaOXA-48 and blaNDM were found in 25 isolates, including 14 isolates with blaOXA-48, 13 isolates with blaNDM, and 2 isolates with both genes simultaneously. The mcr-8 gene was found in one isolate of E. cloacae. (3) Conclusions: The epidemiology of antibiotic-resistance genes in enterobacteria in Senegal shows the emergence of CPEs. This phenomenon is worrying, and rigorous surveillance is necessary to avoid further spread. Full article
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10 pages, 492 KiB  
Article
Genetic Determinants of Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium and Their Prevalence in Moscow, Russia
by Inna Alexandrovna Edelstein, Alexandr Evgenjevich Guschin, Andrew Vyacheslavovich Romanov, Ekaterina Sergeevna Negasheva and Roman Sergeevich Kozlov
Pathogens 2023, 12(3), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030496 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Macrolide (MLR) and fluoroquinolone (FQR) resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) has recently become a major problem worldwide. The available data on the prevalence of MLR and FQR in MG in Russia are limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and [...] Read more.
Macrolide (MLR) and fluoroquinolone (FQR) resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) has recently become a major problem worldwide. The available data on the prevalence of MLR and FQR in MG in Russia are limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of mutations in 213 MG-positive urogenital swabs from patients in Moscow between March 2021 and March 2022. MLR- and FQR-associated mutations were searched in 23S rRNA as well as in the parC and gyrA genes using Sanger sequencing. The prevalence of MLR was 55/213 (26%), with A2059G and A2058G substitutions being the two most common variants (36/55, 65%, and 19/55, 35%, respectively). FQR detection showed 17% (37/213); two major variants were D84N (20/37, 54%) and S80I (12/37, 32.4%) and three minor variants were S80N (3/37, 8.1%), D84G (1/37, 2.7%), and D84Y (1/37, 2.7%). Fifteen of the fifty-five MLR cases (27%) simultaneously harbored FQR. This study revealed the high frequency of MLR and FQR. We conclude that the improvement of patient examination algorithms and therapeutic approaches should be combined with the routine monitoring of antibiotic resistance based on the sensitivity profiles presented. Such a complex approach will be essential for restraining the development of treatment resistance in MG. Full article
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22 pages, 9016 KiB  
Article
Genomics Analysis to Identify Multiple Genetic Determinants That Drive the Global Transmission of the Pandemic ST95 Lineage of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC)
by Fufang Xia, Jinlong Cheng, Min Jiang, Zhongxing Wang, Zhe Wen, Min Wang, Jianluan Ren and Xiangkai Zhuge
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121489 - 07 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1330
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a pathogen that causes host extraintestinal diseases. The ST95 E. coli lineage is one of the dominant ExPEC lineages in humans and poultry. In this study, we took advantage of extensive E. coli genomes available through public [...] Read more.
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a pathogen that causes host extraintestinal diseases. The ST95 E. coli lineage is one of the dominant ExPEC lineages in humans and poultry. In this study, we took advantage of extensive E. coli genomes available through public open-access databases to construct a detailed understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of ST95. We used a high variability of accessory genomes to highlight the diversity and dynamic traits of ST95. Isolates from diverse hosts and geographic sources were randomly located on the phylogenetic tree, which suggested that there is no host specificity for ST95. The time-scaled phylogeny showed that ST95 is an ancient and long-lasting lineage. The virulence genes, resistance genes, and pathogenicity islands (PAIs) were characterized in ST95 pan-genomes to provide novel insights into the pathogenicity and multidrug resistance (MDR) genotypes. We found that a pool of large plasmids drives virulence and MDR. Based on the unique genes in the ST95 pan-genome, we designed a novel multiplex PCR reaction to rapidly detect ST95. Overall, our study addressed a gap in the current understanding of ST95 ExPEC genomes, with significant implications for recognizing the success and spread of ST95. Full article
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13 pages, 1476 KiB  
Article
Serotype Distribution, Virulence Determinants and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Young Infants
by Zhengjiang Jin, Juan Li, Haijian Zhou, Zhenhui Wang, Lu Yi, Nian Liu, Jiaxi Du, Chien-Yi Chang and Wenjing Ji
Pathogens 2022, 11(11), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111355 - 15 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1568
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is the most common cause of serious infections in the first 3 months of life worldwide. The pathogenicity of GBS is closely related to serotypes, surface proteins and virulence factors, and the distribution of them may [...] Read more.
Background: Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is the most common cause of serious infections in the first 3 months of life worldwide. The pathogenicity of GBS is closely related to serotypes, surface proteins and virulence factors, and the distribution of them may vary temporally and geographically. However, data related to GBS surface proteins and virulence determinants in China are very few. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic characteristics of clinical GBS isolates from infected infants. Methods: We recovered GBS isolates from infected infants younger than 3 months during 2017–2021 at Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province in China. We assessed the GBS serotypes, surface proteins, virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance genes distribution, by Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole-genome sequencing analysis. Results: Among 97 isolates (81 EOD and 16 LOD), 5 serotypes were detected. Serotype III was the most represented (49.5%), followed by type Ib (20.6%). The isolates belonged to 17 different sequence types (STs) that grouped into the 8 clonal complexes (CCs). The most frequently identified ST was ST17 (23.7%). The most predominant surface protein of alpha-protein-like (alp) family (one of the protein components of the GBS surface antigen, resistant to trypsin) present was Rib (41.2%), which was mainly detected in serotype III. The srr1, which encodes Srr1 protein, was identified in 54.6% of isolates. The hvgA encoding for hypervirulent GBS adhesin can be detected in all 24 serotype III GBS. Among the pilus islands genes, 50% and 58.8% of the isolates were positive for pi-1 and pi-2a genes, respectively. The presence of pi-2b was mainly associated with serotype III/CC17 strains; 56.7% of isolates carried tetM, tetO/tetL, ermB antibiotic resistant genes. Among all the virulence genes detected, the cfb-cylE-lmb-pavA pattern was the main virulence gene profile (81.4%), mainly in serotype III/CC17. Conclusions: The whole genomic sequencing data revealed the high variation in surface proteins, determining virulence and antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates from 97 GBS infected infants. These data provide insightful characteristics of genetic features of GBS. Constant epidemiological surveillance is warranted to provide information on the GBS pathogenic dynamics and antibiotic resistance profiles in the surveyed areas for improving therapeutic outcomes. Full article
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