Research

14 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Patients Benefit from Micronutrient Supplementation following Pancreatico-Duodenectomy?

by Mary E. Phillips, Kathryn H. Hart, Adam E. Frampton and M. Denise Robertson

Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122804 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1834

Pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD) includes resection of the duodenum and use of the proximal jejunum in a blind loop, thus reducing the absorptive capacity for vitamins and minerals. Several studies have analysed the frequency of micronutrient deficiencies, but there is a paucity of data on [...] Read more.

Pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD) includes resection of the duodenum and use of the proximal jejunum in a blind loop, thus reducing the absorptive capacity for vitamins and minerals. Several studies have analysed the frequency of micronutrient deficiencies, but there is a paucity of data on those taking routine supplements. A retrospective review of medical notes was undertaken on 548 patients under long-term follow-up following PD in a tertiary hepato-pancreatico-biliary centre. Data were available on 205 patients from 1–14 years following PD, and deficiencies were identified as follows: vitamin A (3%), vitamin D (46%), vitamin E (2%), iron (42%), iron-deficiency anaemia (21%), selenium (3%), magnesium (6%), copper (1%), and zinc (44%). Elevated parathyroid hormone was present in 11% of cases. There was no significant difference over time (p > 0.05). Routine supplementation with a vitamin and mineral supplement did appear to reduce the incidence of biochemical deficiency in vitamin A, vitamin E, and selenium compared to published data. However, iron, vitamin D, and zinc deficiencies were prevalent despite supplementation and require surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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19 pages, 2668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Obesity on the Excretion of Steroid Metabolites in Boys and Girls: A Comparison with Normal-Weight Children

by Marta Sumińska, Rafał Podgórski, Piotr Fichna, Artur Mazur and Marta Fichna

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071734 - 01 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Obesity in childhood is associated with several steroid changes, which result from excess body mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate steroid metabolism in children with obesity compared with those with normal weight, especially in relation to sex and puberty progress. [...] Read more.

Obesity in childhood is associated with several steroid changes, which result from excess body mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate steroid metabolism in children with obesity compared with those with normal weight, especially in relation to sex and puberty progress. We analyzed the clinical data of 191 children, aged between 5 and 18 years, with 115 affected (64 girls and 51 boys) and 76 unaffected (35 girls and 41 boys) by obesity. Routine clinical assessment and pubertal stage evaluation based upon Tanner’s scale were performed. In addition, to evaluate the impact of puberty, children with pre-adolescence and advanced puberty were divided into separate subgroups. Then, 24 h urine steroid excretion profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Significant differences in the excretion of steroid metabolites were found between normal weight children and children with obesity, especially in the prepubertal cohort. In this group, we observed enhanced activity in all the pathways of adrenal steroidogenesis. Raised excretion of mineralocorticoid derivatives such as tetrahydro-11-deoxycorticosterone, tetrahydrocorticosterone, and 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone supported increased activity of this track. No significant differences were detected in the excreted free forms of cortisol and cortisone, while the excretion of their characteristic tetrahydro-derivatives was different. In pre-adolescent children with obesity, α-cortol and especially α-cortolone appeared to be excreted more abundantly than β-cortol or β-cortolone. Furthermore, in children with obesity, we observed elevated androgen excretion with an enhanced backdoor pathway. As puberty progressed, remarkable reduction in the differences between adolescents with and without obesity was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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10 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction as a Significant Risk Factor for Eating Disorders among Adolescents

by Agnieszka Pelc, Monika Winiarska, Ewelina Polak-Szczybyło, Justyna Godula and Agnieszka Ewa Stępień

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071603 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3087

Abstract

Background: Eating disorders are a problem that is becoming more and more common among younger and younger age groups. Many studies examine the risk factors for EDs, however, the treatment of these diseases is very complicated and requires dietary, psychological and medical intervention. [...] Read more.

Background: Eating disorders are a problem that is becoming more and more common among younger and younger age groups. Many studies examine the risk factors for EDs, however, the treatment of these diseases is very complicated and requires dietary, psychological and medical intervention. Methods: 233 primary and secondary school students aged 12 to 19 were surveyed using the EAT-26 (Eating Attitudes Test-26) questionnaire, the self-esteem Scale SES and the Cantril scale for life satisfaction. Results: Women, when compared to men, showed lower self-esteem, satisfaction with their appearance, body weight and their lives and at the same time a higher risk of eating disorders in all three areas. Low life satisfaction is often correlated with weight loss greater than 10 kg. Low self-esteem correlated positively with significant weight loss (>10 kg) and more frequent uncontrollable binge eating and exercising (more than 60 min a day) to influence appearance. People with low self-esteem were more likely to be treated for EDs. Subjects dissatisfied with their lives binged, feeling that they could not stop. Conclusion: The younger the person, the more likely they are to develop eating disorders. This is closely correlated with low self-esteem and negative life satisfaction. Men were more likely to be satisfied with their weight, appearance, and life, and were less likely to show ED symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

16 pages, 2361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Status and Selected Adipokines in Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

by Wojciech Roczniak, Agnieszka Szymlak, Bogdan Mazur, Agata Chobot, Małgorzata Stojewska and Joanna Oświęcimska

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5282; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245282 - 11 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1699

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status and serum concentrations of adipokines in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls. We also sought to evaluate their relation to metabolic parameters. Methods: We studied 33 IBS patients [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status and serum concentrations of adipokines in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls. We also sought to evaluate their relation to metabolic parameters. Methods: We studied 33 IBS patients (11 girls, 22 boys) aged 5–17 years and 30 healthy age-matched controls (11 girls, 19 boys). The analysis included anthropometric measurements, body composition parameter measurements using bioimpedance, and biochemical tests and measurements of serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, and omentin-1. Results: The results of the anthropometric measurements were comparable between the patients and the controls. The patients had higher triglycerides, HOMA-IRs, and chemerin concentrations than the healthy subjects. The HDL cholesterol and omentin-1 levels were lower than in the controls. Leptin and adiponectin did not differ significantly between the groups. An analysis of the receiver operator curves (ROCs) showed that serum concentrations of chemerin ≥ 232.8 ng/mL had 30% sensitivity and 87% specificity when they were used to differentiate between children with IBS and healthy subjects. In the case of serum omentin-1 concentrations ≤ 279.4 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 60% and 80%, respectively. Conclusions: The nutritional status of children with IBS did not differ from that of the healthy controls. We found significant differences in serum chemerin and omentin-1 concentrations between IBS patients and healthy children. These adipokines could be used as IBS biomarkers as they demonstrate good specificity and moderate sensitivity. The serum concentrations of chemerin and omentin-1 in IBS patients were related to nutritional status and insulin resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 1770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carnitine Intake and Serum Levels Associate Positively with Postnatal Growth and Brain Size at Term in Very Preterm Infants

by Suvi Manninen, Sanna Silvennoinen, Paula Bendel, Maria Lankinen, Ursula S. Schwab and Ulla Sankilampi

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224725 - 09 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3551

Abstract

Carnitine has an essential role in energy metabolism with possible neuroprotective effects. Very preterm (VPT, <32 gestation weeks) infants may be predisposed to carnitine deficiency during hospitalization. We studied the associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with growth and brain size [...] Read more.

Carnitine has an essential role in energy metabolism with possible neuroprotective effects. Very preterm (VPT, <32 gestation weeks) infants may be predisposed to carnitine deficiency during hospitalization. We studied the associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with growth and brain size at term equivalent age (TEA) in VPT infants. This prospective cohort study included 35 VTP infants admitted to Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Daily nutrient intakes were registered at postnatal weeks (W) 1 and 5, and serum carnitine levels were determined at W1, W5, and TEA. The primary outcomes were weight, length, and head circumference Z-score change from birth to TEA, as well as brain size at TEA in magnetic resonance imaging. Carnitine intake at W1 and W5, obtained from enteral milk, correlated positively with serum carnitine levels. Both carnitine intake and serum levels at W1, W5, and TEA showed a positive correlation with weight, length, and head circumference Z-score change and with brain size at TEA. In linear models, independent positive associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with length and head circumference Z-score change and brain size at TEA were seen. In VPT infants, sufficient carnitine intake during hospitalization is necessary since it is associated with better postnatal growth and larger brain size at term age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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18 pages, 6242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects through Modulating Microbiota, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Immune Activities

by Fangfei Xiao, Xuefeng Gao, Hui Hu, Jun Le, Yongheng Chen, Xingsheng Shu, Ziwei Liang, Yang Xu, Yizhong Wang and Ting Zhang

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214463 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1954

Abstract

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) can induce remission in patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). This study aims to depict EEN’s modification of bile acid (BA) metabolism in pediatric CD and explores the effect of the EEN-enriched BA in inhibiting the inflammatory response. The [...] Read more.

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) can induce remission in patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). This study aims to depict EEN’s modification of bile acid (BA) metabolism in pediatric CD and explores the effect of the EEN-enriched BA in inhibiting the inflammatory response. The twelve enrolled pediatric CD patients showed BA dysmetabolism, represented by decreased levels of fecal secondary and unconjugated BAs as determined by UPLC–TQMS, which were accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis and reduced BA-metabolizing bacteria including Eubacterium and Ruminococcus genera, assessed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. EEN treatment induced remission in these patients at eight weeks, and nine patients remained in stable remission for longer than 48 weeks. EEN improved BA dysmetabolism, with some enriched BAs, including hyocholic acid (HCA), α-muricholic acid (αMCA), strongly associated with decreased severity of CD symptoms. These BAs were significantly correlated with the increased abundance of certain bacteria, including Clostridium innocuum and Hungatella hathewayi, which express 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5β-reductase. HCA could suppress TNF-α production by CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CD patients. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of HCA could attenuate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis. Our data suggests that BA modification may contribute to the EEN-induced remission of pediatric CD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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16 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Supplementation and Allergic Diseases during Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Qinyuan Li, Qi Zhou, Guangli Zhang, Xiaoyin Tian, Yuanyuan Li, Zhili Wang, Yan Zhao, Yaolong Chen and Zhengxiu Luo

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3947; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193947 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4562

Abstract

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of vitamin D (VitD) supplementation on children with allergic diseases. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane library, and three Chinese databases were searched up to 15 August 2022. Randomized controlled trials [...] Read more.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of vitamin D (VitD) supplementation on children with allergic diseases. MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane library, and three Chinese databases were searched up to 15 August 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a VitD supplementation versus a placebo for children with allergic diseases were included. Thirty-two RCTs with 2347 participants were included. VitD supplementation did not reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations in children compared with placebo overall (risk ratio (RR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65 to 1.08, p = 0.18), but reduced the risk of asthma exacerbation in children with baseline serum 25(OH)D of <10 ng/mL compared with placebo (RR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.83, p = 0.009). VitD supplementation significantly reduced Scoring Atopic Dermatitis or the Eczema Area and Severity Index scores in children with atopic dermatitis compared with placebo (standard mean difference = −0.5, 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.12, p = 0.009). VitD supplementation also reduced the symptom-medication score in children with allergic rhinitis compared with placebo (mean (standard deviation): 43.7 (3.3) vs. 57.8 (4.4), p = 0.001). In conclusion, VitD supplementation did not reduce asthma exacerbation risk in children overall but may reduce asthma exacerbation risk in children with serum 25(OH)D concentration < 10 ng/mL. VitD supplementation reduces the severity of atopic dermatitis and symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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10 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sodium Butyrate Effectiveness in Children and Adolescents with Newly Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—Randomized Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial

by Anna Pietrzak, Marcin Banasiuk, Mariusz Szczepanik, Agnieszka Borys-Iwanicka, Tomasz Pytrus, Jarosław Walkowiak and Aleksandra Banaszkiewicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163283 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2986

Abstract

Background: Butyric acid’s effectiveness has not yet been assessed in the pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral sodium butyrate as an add-on to standard therapy in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed IBD. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Butyric acid’s effectiveness has not yet been assessed in the pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral sodium butyrate as an add-on to standard therapy in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed IBD. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Patients aged 6–18 years with colonic Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, who received standard therapy depending on the disease’s severity, were randomized to receive 150 mg sodium butyrate twice a day (group A) or placebo (group B). The primary outcome was the difference in disease activity and fecal calprotectin concentration between the two study groups measured at 12 weeks of the study. Results: In total, 72 patients with initially active disease completed the study, 29 patients in group A and 43 in group B. At week 12 of the study, the majority of patients achieved remission. No difference in remission rate or median disease activity was found between the two groups (p = 0.37 and 0.31, respectively). None of the patients reported adverse events. Conclusions: A 12-week supplementation with sodium butyrate, as adjunctive therapy, did not show efficacy in newly diagnosed children and adolescents with IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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31 pages, 1359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnesium Status and Ca/Mg Ratios in a Series of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Diseases

by Marlene Fabiola Escobedo-Monge, Enrique Barrado, Joaquín Parodi-Román, María Antonieta Escobedo-Monge, María Carmen Torres-Hinojal and José Manuel Marugán-Miguelsanz

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2941; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142941 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3502

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential divalent cation involved in various enzymatic reactions that regulate vital biological functions. The main goal was to evaluate Mg status and its association with nutritional indicators in 78 children and adolescents with chronic diseases. We assessed anthropometric, biochemical, [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential divalent cation involved in various enzymatic reactions that regulate vital biological functions. The main goal was to evaluate Mg status and its association with nutritional indicators in 78 children and adolescents with chronic diseases. We assessed anthropometric, biochemical, diet, body composition, and bone densitometry valuations. Serum Mg and Ca levels were determined using the standardized method and diet calcium (Ca) and Mg consumption by a prospective 72 h diet survey. Mean serum Ca (9.9 mg/dL), Mg (2.08 mg/dL) dietary Ca (102% DRI: Dietary Reference Intake), and Mg intake (105% DRI) were normal. A total of 45% had hypomagnesemia, 12% had hypermagnesemia, and 26% and 24% had inadequate and high Mg intake, respectively. Only 6% of patients had poor Mg intake and hypomagnesemia, and 54% and 90% of our series had an elevated serum Ca/Mg ratio > 4.70 (mean 4.79) and a low Ca/Mg intake ratio < 1.70 (mean 1.06), respectively. Both Ca/Mg ratios were linked with the risk of developing other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, syndrome metabolic, and even several cancers. Therefore, 79% of children and adolescents with chronic diseases were at elevated risk of having abnormal Mg status and developing other chronic illnesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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11 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Number of Fungiform Papillae, Taste Sensitivity and Smell Functions of Children Aged 11–15

by Grzegorz Sobek and Paweł Jagielski

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2578; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132578 - 22 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1623

Abstract

Differences in the ability to identify and perceive tastes and smells might influence food consumption and, ultimately, chronic nutrition-related conditions such as overweightness and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity and odour function, anthropometry, and quantity of fungiform [...] Read more.

Differences in the ability to identify and perceive tastes and smells might influence food consumption and, ultimately, chronic nutrition-related conditions such as overweightness and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity and odour function, anthropometry, and quantity of fungiform papillae in children at age 11–15. Taste strips (4 base tastes), U-Sniff sticks (12 selected smells), and a filter paper strip impregnated with 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) were used. The photographic method was used to estimate the number of fungiform papillae (FP) on the tongue. The results showed that the quantity of FP was not related to anthropometry or gender. The taste test total scores were higher for girls, for whom the median score was 14 (12.0–15.0), than for boys, for whom the median score was 12 (9.0–13.0). Of the children, 13.9% had some difficulty in identifying odours. The Mann–Whitney U test showed that children who were most sensitive to bitter taste had more FP (p = 0.0001). The median score for this group (score = 4) was 34.0 (27.0–37.0). For those who had some problems with correctly assessing all bitter taste strips (score = 0–3), the median score was 24.0 (20.0–31.0). Higher numbers of FP were also observed in tasters, that is, people sensitive to PROP, than in nontasters. Only some measures of the taste function correlated with each other, but not very significantly. We concluded that there are multiple perceptual phases of taste, with no single measure able to entirely represent the sense of taste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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13 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Children with Down Syndrome in the Context of Lipid and Oxidative Stress Parameters

by Edyta Wernio, Anna Kłosowska, Agnieszka Kuchta, Agnieszka Ćwiklińska, Kornelia Sałaga-Zaleska, Maciej Jankowski, Przemysław Kłosowski, Piotr Wiśniewski, Jolanta Wierzba and Sylwia Małgorzewicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122390 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2657

Abstract

Introduction: The risk of obesity in children with Down syndrome is high. Undoubtedly, proper nutrition plays an important role in the prevention of excess body weight and is associated with a reduction of metabolic complications. The aim of the study was to [...] Read more.

Introduction: The risk of obesity in children with Down syndrome is high. Undoubtedly, proper nutrition plays an important role in the prevention of excess body weight and is associated with a reduction of metabolic complications. The aim of the study was to assess the problem of disturbances in the nutritional status and eating habits of children with DS. Methods: A total of 39 patients were included in the study. The nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric tests and Dual X-ray Absorptiometry. Eating habits were assessed using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Blood samples were taken to determine the oxidative stress and lipid parameters. Results: Obesity was recognized in 15% of subjects and 23% were overweight. Children that were overweight were characterized by higher levels of triglycerides, atherogenic index of plasma, and apoA2 and apoE levels. Fat mass, fat mass/height² index, and visceral fat mass correlated with thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and advanced oxidative protein product level. The analysis of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire showed that children struggling with being overweight were more interested in food compared to those with normal body weight. A positive correlation was identified between waist circumference and food interest categories. Insufficient consumption of dairy products, vegetables, whole grain products, as well as fruits, seeds, nuts, and fatty fish was noted. Patients were less likely to consume products that are a good source of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In children with Down syndrome and obesity, disturbances in lipid and oxidative stress parameters are observed. Abnormal eating habits in all children with Down syndrome regardless of their nutritional status were noted. Proper nutritional education, nutritional control, and management of metabolic problems are essential in this group of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

17 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Dental Caries Experience in 12-Year-Olds, Based on Data from Two Polish Provinces

by Kinga Andrysiak-Karmińska, Alicja Hoffmann-Przybylska, Piotr Przybylski, Zuzanna Witkowska, Ewa Walicka, Maria Borysewicz-Lewicka, Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga, Mansur Rahnama, Karolina Gerreth and Justyna Opydo-Szymaczek

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091948 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2695

Abstract

(1) Background: Dental caries is a chronic disease that affects a child’s dentition from the first stages of life. Several factors contribute to the development of the disease, including an improper diet. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify risk factors of dental caries [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Dental caries is a chronic disease that affects a child’s dentition from the first stages of life. Several factors contribute to the development of the disease, including an improper diet. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify risk factors of dental caries in 12-year-old adolescents from Greater Poland and Lubusz Provinces (Poland). (2) Material and methods: The research was conducted in adolescents from five primary schools. A questionnaire consisted of close-ended questions on socioeconomic characteristics on family, diet, and oral hygiene habits. An assessment of the dentition was carried out in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. In addition to cavitated carious lesions, incipient caries lesions were noted according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System, adapted for epidemiological studies (ICDASepiDMFt). (3) Results: The mean number of teeth with untreated caries; removed due to caries; and restored because of caries (DMFt) was 1.52 ± 1.90, while the ICDASepiDMFt index amounted to 2.64 ± 2.55, respectively. Children who did not brush every day had significantly higher odds of having ICDASepiDMFt > 0 than children brushing at least once daily (OR = 10.32, 95% CI = 1.36–78.32, p = 0.0240). Adolescents who drank sweet carbonated drinks every day had significantly higher ICDASepiDMTt than children who drank sweet carbonated drinks less frequently (p = 0.0477). (4) Conclusions: The research revealed that dental caries indices of 12-year-old adolescents from Greater Poland and Lubusz Provinces depend mainly on oral hygiene behaviors. The only significant nutritional factor that differentiated the caries intensity was the daily consumption of sweet carbonated drinks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

11 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Symptoms of Emotional Dysregulation in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The MADDY Study

by Irene E. Hatsu, Leanna Eiterman, Madeline Stern, Stacy Lu, Jeanette M. Johnstone, Brenda M. Y. Leung, Priya Srikanth, Lisa Robinette, Gabriella Tost, James B. Odei, Barbara L. Gracious and L. Eugene Arnold

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061306 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4610

Abstract

The association of household food insecurity with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotional dysregulation in children was examined in this study. We utilized baseline data from 134 children aged 6–12 years who were enrolled in a clinical trial investigating multinutrient [...] Read more.

The association of household food insecurity with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotional dysregulation in children was examined in this study. We utilized baseline data from 134 children aged 6–12 years who were enrolled in a clinical trial investigating multinutrient supplementation as a treatment for ADHD and emotional dysregulation. Household food security status was assessed using the 18-item US Household Food Security Survey Module. The symptoms of ADHD and emotional dysregulation disorders (oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)) were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5 and other comorbid emotional dysregulation symptoms were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Multiple linear regression determined associations between household food security status and symptoms of ADHD, ODD and DMDD, emotional symptoms and conduct problems. Household food insecurity was associated with more severe emotional symptoms (β = 2.30; 95% CI = 0.87–3.73; p = 0.002), conduct problems (β = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.01–2.30; p = 0.049) and total difficulties scores (β = 4.59; 95% CI = 1.82–7.37; p = 0.001) after adjusting for covariates (child’s sex, parent marital status, household income, parental anxiety and other parental psychopathology). In unadjusted analyses, household food insecurity was also associated with increased ODD (β = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.21–0.95; p = 0.003) and DMDD symptoms (β = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.20–1.19; p = 0.006), but these associations attenuated to non-significance after adjusting for all covariates. Household food insecurity was associated with more severe emotional dysregulation symptoms. Discussing and addressing food insecurity may be appropriate initial steps for youths with ADHD and emotional dysregulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

12 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Using Liposomes, Cyclodextrins, or Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Jan K. Nowak, Paulina Sobkowiak, Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż, Patrycja Krzyżanowska-Jankowska, Ewa Sapiejka, Wojciech Skorupa, Andrzej Pogorzelski, Agata Nowicka, Irena Wojsyk-Banaszak, Szymon Kurek, Barbara Zielińska-Psuja, Aleksandra Lisowska and Jarosław Walkowiak

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124554 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4478

Abstract

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency remains a challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic pancreatitis, and biliary atresia. Liposomes and cyclodextrins can enhance their bioavailability, thus this multi-center randomized placebo-controlled trial compared three-month supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins in the form of liposomes or cyclodextrins to medium-chain [...] Read more.

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency remains a challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic pancreatitis, and biliary atresia. Liposomes and cyclodextrins can enhance their bioavailability, thus this multi-center randomized placebo-controlled trial compared three-month supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins in the form of liposomes or cyclodextrins to medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in pancreatic-insufficient CF patients. The daily doses were as follows: 2000 IU of retinyl palmitate, 4000 IU of vitamin D3, 200 IU of RRR-α-tocopherol, and 200 µg of vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7, with vitamin E given in soybean oil instead of liposomes. All participants received 4 mg of β-carotene and 1.07 mg of vitamin K1 to ensure compliance with the guidelines. The primary outcome was the change from the baseline of all-trans-retinol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Out of 75 randomized patients (n = 28 liposomes, n = 22 cyclodextrins, and n = 25 MCT), 67 completed the trial (89%; n = 26 liposomes, n = 18 cyclodextrins, and n = 23 MCT) and had a median age of 22 years (IQR 19–28), body mass index of 20.6 kg/m² [18.4–22.0], and forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 65% (44–84%). The liposomal formulation of vitamin A was associated with the improved evolution of serum all-trans-retinol compared to the control (median +1.7 ng/mL (IQR −44.3–86.1) vs. −38.8 ng/mL (−71.2–6.8), p = 0.028). Cyclodextrins enhanced the bioavailability of vitamin D3 (+9.0 ng/mL (1.0–17.0) vs. +3.0 ng/mL (−4.0–7.0), p = 0.012) and vitamin E (+4.34 µg/mL (0.33–6.52) vs. −0.34 µg/mL (−1.71–2.15), p = 0.010). Liposomes may augment the bioavailability of vitamin A and cyclodextrins may strengthen the supplementation of vitamins D3 and E relative to MCT in pancreatic-insufficient CF but further studies are required to assess liposomal vitamin E (German Clinical Trial Register number DRKS00014295, funded from EU and Norsa Pharma). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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Review

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41 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessReview

Obesity in Adults: Position Statement of Polish Association for the Study on Obesity, Polish Association of Endocrinology, Polish Association of Cardiodiabetology, Polish Psychiatric Association, Section of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery of the Association of Polish Surgeons, and the College of Family Physicians in Poland

by Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, Artur Mazur, Jerzy Chudek, Beata Kos-Kudła, Leszek Markuszewski, Dominika Dudek, Piotr Major, Piotr Małczak, Wiesław Tarnowski, Paweł Jaworski and Elżbieta Tomiak

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071641 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3820

Abstract

Obesity in adults and its complications are among the most important problems of public health. The search was conducted by using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO databases from January 2010 to December 2022 for English language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized [...] Read more.

Obesity in adults and its complications are among the most important problems of public health. The search was conducted by using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO databases from January 2010 to December 2022 for English language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies from all over the world. Six main topics were defined in the joint consensus statement of the Polish Association for the Study on Obesity, the Polish Association of Endocrinology, the Polish Association of Cardio-diabetology, the Polish Psychiatric Association, the Section of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery of the Society of Polish Surgeons, and the College of Family Physicians in Poland: (1) the definition, causes and diagnosis of obesity; (2) treatment of obesity; (3) treatment of main complications of obesity; (4) bariatric surgery and its limitations; (5) the role of primary care in diagnostics and treatment of obesity and barriers; and (6) recommendations for general practitioners, regional authorities and the Ministry of Health. This statement outlines the role of an individual and the adequate approach to the treatment of obesity: overcoming obstacles in the treatment of obesity by primary health care. The approach to the treatment of obesity in patients with its most common complications is also discussed. Attention was drawn to the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and considering the needs of patients in increasing the long-term effectiveness of obesity management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

18 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Programming: History, Hypotheses, and the Role of Prenatal Factors in the Prevention of Metabolic Diseases—A Narrative Review

by Izabela Michońska, Edyta Łuszczki, Magdalena Zielińska, Łukasz Oleksy, Artur Stolarczyk and Katarzyna Dereń

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204422 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2554

Abstract

Childhood obesity and the numerous lifestyle diseases associated with it are undoubtedly among the key problems in modern medicine and public health. However, this problem concerns not only the present or immediate future, but also the longer term. Adult health is fundamentally shaped [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity and the numerous lifestyle diseases associated with it are undoubtedly among the key problems in modern medicine and public health. However, this problem concerns not only the present or immediate future, but also the longer term. Adult health is fundamentally shaped in the first years of life and in the fetal period. The preconceptual period, which is responsible for the proper preparation of the internal environment for the life and development of the fetus during pregnancy, is also significant. A special role in describing the phenomenon of conditioning the metabolism of the new human being is now attributed to the theory of nutritional programming. Research in this area was pioneered by David Barker, who put forward the theory of the “stunted phenotype” and described the relationship between a child’s birth weight, which is largely a consequence of the mother’s feeding behaviour, and diseases such as ischaemic heart disease, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, or high blood pressure. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the history, theory, and prenatal mechanisms involved in nutritional programming and its relationship to childhood obesity and other metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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17 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D as a Nutri-Epigenetic Factor in Autoimmunity—A Review of Current Research and Reports on Vitamin D Deficiency in Autoimmune Diseases

by Artur Mazur, Paulina Frączek and Jacek Tabarkiewicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4286; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204286 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3652

Abstract

Epigenetics is a series of alterations regulating gene expression without disrupting the DNA sequence of bases. These regulatory mechanisms can result in embryogenesis, cellular differentiation, X-chromosome inactivation, and DNA-protein interactions. The main epigenetic mechanisms considered to play a major role in both health [...] Read more.

Epigenetics is a series of alterations regulating gene expression without disrupting the DNA sequence of bases. These regulatory mechanisms can result in embryogenesis, cellular differentiation, X-chromosome inactivation, and DNA-protein interactions. The main epigenetic mechanisms considered to play a major role in both health and disease are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and profiling of non-coding RNA. When the fragile balance between these simultaneously occurring phenomena is disrupted, the risk of pathology increases. Thus, the factors that determine proper epigenetic modeling are defined and those with disruptive influence are sought. Several such factors with proven negative effects have already been described. Diet and nutritional substances have recently been one of the most interesting targets of exploration for epigenetic modeling in disease states, including autoimmunity. The preventive role of proper nutrition and maintaining sufficient vitamin D concentration in maternal blood during pregnancy, as well as in the early years of life, is emphasized. Opportunities are also being investigated for affecting the course of the disease by exploring nutriepigenetics. The authors aim to review the literature presenting vitamin D as one of the important nutrients potentially modeling the course of disease in selected autoimmune disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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41 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessReview

Childhood Obesity: Position Statement of Polish Society of Pediatrics, Polish Society for Pediatric Obesity, Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, the College of Family Physicians in Poland and Polish Association for Study on Obesity

by Artur Mazur, Agnieszka Zachurzok, Joanna Baran, Katarzyna Dereń, Edyta Łuszczki, Aneta Weres, Justyna Wyszyńska, Justyna Dylczyk, Ewa Szczudlik, Dorota Drożdż, Paulina Metelska, Michał Brzeziński, Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska, Paweł Matusik, Piotr Socha, Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, Teresa Jackowska, Mieczysław Walczak, Jarosław Peregud-Pogorzelski, Elżbieta Tomiak and Małgorzata Wójcik Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183806 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6324

Abstract

Childhood obesity is one of the most important problems of public health. Searching was conducted by using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO databases, from January 2022 to June 2022, for English language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and observational [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity is one of the most important problems of public health. Searching was conducted by using PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and EBSCO databases, from January 2022 to June 2022, for English language meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and observational studies from all over the world. Five main topics were defined in a consensus join statement of the Polish Society of Pediatrics, Polish Society for Pediatric Obesity, Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and Polish Association for the Study on Obesity: (1) definition, causes, consequences of obesity; (2) treatment of obesity; (3) obesity prevention; (4) the role of primary care in the prevention of obesity; (5) Recommendations for general practitioners, parents, teachers, and regional authorities. The statement outlines the role of diet, physical activity in the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity, and gives appropriate recommendations for interventions by schools, parents, and primary health care. A multisite approach to weight control in children is recommended, taking into account the age, the severity of obesity, and the presence of obesity-related diseases. Combined interventions consisting of dietary modification, physical activity, behavioral therapy, and education are effective in improving metabolic and anthropometric indices. More actions are needed to strengthen the role of primary care in the effective prevention and treatment of obesity because a comprehensive, multi-component intervention appears to yield the best results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

9 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessReview

Early Enteral Nutrition in Paediatric Acute Pancreatitis—A Review of Published Studies

by Jan Stanisław Bukowski, Łukasz Dembiński, Marcin Dziekiewicz and Aleksandra Banaszkiewicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163441 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

Nowadays, nutrition is said to be an integral aspect of acute pancreatitis (AP) treatment. Early enteral nutrition (EEN) is safe and beneficial for patients. This was confirmed by clinical experience and can be found in guidelines on managing adults with AP. Furthermore, paediatric [...] Read more.

Nowadays, nutrition is said to be an integral aspect of acute pancreatitis (AP) treatment. Early enteral nutrition (EEN) is safe and beneficial for patients. This was confirmed by clinical experience and can be found in guidelines on managing adults with AP. Furthermore, paediatric recommendations encourage EEN use in AP. However, paediatric guidelines are based exclusively on studies in adults. Therefore, we present a review of published studies on the time of nutritional interventions in children with AP. A search was independently conducted in April 2022 by two of the authors. Only full-text papers published in English involving children between 0–21 were considered. Only four papers met our inclusion criteria: one randomised-control trial (RCT), one prospective study with retrospective chart review, and two retrospective chart reviews. All studies supported EEN and there was no recommendation of any delay in its initiation. The results of all four papers suggested EEN with a regular, normal-fat diet. EEN is safe in children with mild or moderately severe AP and may decrease the length of hospitalisation. Unfortunately, all the conclusions are based on a small amount of heterogeneous data that are mostly retrospective. Future prospective RCTs are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

14 pages, 3319 KiB

Open AccessReview

Milk Intake in Early Life and Later Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis

by Hyeonmin Gil, Qiao-Yi Chen, Jaewon Khil, Jihyun Park, Gyumi Na, Donghoon Lee and Nana Keum

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061233 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5230

Abstract

Dairy consumption in adulthood has been demonstrated to influence cancer risk. Although childhood and adolescence represent critical periods of rapid growth, the relationship between milk intake in early life and later cancer risk is unclear. Thus, we examined this relationship by conducting a [...] Read more.

Dairy consumption in adulthood has been demonstrated to influence cancer risk. Although childhood and adolescence represent critical periods of rapid growth, the relationship between milk intake in early life and later cancer risk is unclear. Thus, we examined this relationship by conducting a meta-analysis of the observational studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles that were published throughout December 2021. The summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The summary RR for the highest vs. lowest milk intake was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.69–1.00; p = 0.05; I² = 60%; seven studies) for breast cancer, 0.98 (95% CI = 0.72–1.32; p = 0.88; I² = 51%; four studies) for prostate cancer, and 0.90 (95% CI = 0.42–1.93; p = 0.78; I² = 83%; three studies) for colorectal cancer. No evidence of an association emerged in subgroup analyses of menopausal status, cancer stage, fat content of milk, life stage of milk intake, or study design. Consistent results were observed in the meta-analyses using total dairy intake. In conclusion, milk intake during childhood and adolescence might not be associated with risks of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer later in life. Given the small number of studies that were included in our meta-analysis, and the high heterogeneity, more studies are warranted for a definitive conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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7 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Reduced Carbohydrate Diet Influence on Postprandial Glycemia—Results of a Short, CGM-Based, Interventional Study in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

by Agnieszka Lejk, Jędrzej Chrzanowski, Adrianna Cieślak, Wojciech Fendler and Małgorzata Myśliwiec

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214689 - 05 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

Therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1DM) focuses on maintaining optimal blood glucose levels, achieved with intensive insulin treatment, proper nutrition, and physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate postprandial glycemic changes under low (30%) and standard (50%) carbohydrate diets in [...] Read more.

Therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1DM) focuses on maintaining optimal blood glucose levels, achieved with intensive insulin treatment, proper nutrition, and physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate postprandial glycemic changes under low (30%) and standard (50%) carbohydrate diets in adolescents with T1DM. A single-center cross-over nutritional study was conducted, during which 26 adolescent patients provided 220 continuous glucose-monitored (CGM) meals data from the two consecutive 3-day nutritional plans. Overall, the 50% carbohydrate diet was associated with higher postprandial glucose variability in the small meals (afternoon snacks, second breakfast) and greater postprandial peaks for other meals (breakfast, dinner, supper). Nevertheless, after the adjustment of a patient’s individual clinical variables (age, Tanner classification, glucose disposal rate), we observed that mean postprandial glucose was higher for afternoon snacks and lower for suppers in the 30% carbohydrate diet. Although a 30% carbohydrate diet seems to offer better postprandial glycemia, it requires additional attention from the physician and patient when it comes to modifying daily carbohydrate intake. Increased fat/protein content and size of the main meal lead to a prolonged postprandial glycemic response, which may affect the insulin treatment and result in suboptimal glycemic control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Nutritional Intervention in Chronic Diseases)

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