Research

14 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Several Garlic Forms

by Zeinab Farhat, Tyler Scheving, Diana S. Aga, Pamela A. Hershberger, Jo L. Freudenheim, Rachael Hageman Blair, Manoj J. Mammen and Lina Mu

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4099; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194099 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

It is hypothesized that garlic, Allium sativum, might protect against oxidative stress that causes damage to cells and tissues leading to the development of various health conditions including cancer. However, it is not known whether garlic’s potential anticancer benefits differ by form [...] Read more.

It is hypothesized that garlic, Allium sativum, might protect against oxidative stress that causes damage to cells and tissues leading to the development of various health conditions including cancer. However, it is not known whether garlic’s potential anticancer benefits differ by form of garlic consumed. This study aimed to quantify and compare the in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of several garlic forms in water and alcohol extracts including fresh garlic, fresh garlic set aside, heated garlic, heated garlic set aside, garlic powder, black garlic, two commercially available garlic supplements. Antioxidant activity of different garlic forms were measured using three assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay, superoxide assay, and hydroxyl assay. In vitro effects of garlic extracts were investigated against the most common lung cancer subtypes: H520, H1975, and A549 cell lines using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Among free radical scavenging assays, Garlicin^®, a commercially available supplement, displayed high antioxidant activity in water and alcohol extracts (DPPH assay: 2.02 mg AAE (mg ascorbic acid equivalent)/g garlic and 3.53 mg AAE/g garlic, respectively; superoxide assay: 6.73 mg AAE/g garlic and 7.13 mg AAE/g garlic, respectively). In the hydroxyl assay, water extract of fresh garlic crushed and set aside for 10 min showed the highest antioxidant activity. Garlicin^® alcohol extract and fresh garlic water extracts strongly inhibited the proliferation of H1975, A549 and H520 cells. Other forms of garlic including garlic powder and black garlic exhibited low antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Our results demonstrate that the preparation and processing methods of garlic may lead to different antioxidant benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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19 pages, 19008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic OMNi-BiOTiC^® 10 AAD Reduces Cyclophosphamide-Induced Inflammation and Adipose Tissue Wasting in Mice

by Beate Obermüller, Georg Singer, Bernhard Kienesberger, Barbara Mittl, Vanessa Stadlbauer, Angela Horvath, Wolfram Miekisch, Patricia Fuchs, Martina Schweiger, Laura Pajed, Holger Till and Christoph Castellani

Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3655; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163655 - 20 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1560

Abstract

Cancer therapy is often associated with severe side effects such as drug induced weight loss, also known as chemotherapy-induced cachexia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a multispecies probiotic (OMNi-BiOTiC^® 10 AAD) in a chemotherapy mouse model. [...] Read more.

Cancer therapy is often associated with severe side effects such as drug induced weight loss, also known as chemotherapy-induced cachexia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a multispecies probiotic (OMNi-BiOTiC^® 10 AAD) in a chemotherapy mouse model. A total of 24 male BALB/c mice were gavage-fed with the probiotic formulation or water, once a day for 3 weeks. In the third week, the mice received intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide. At euthanasia, the organs were dissected, and serum was sampled for cytokine analysis. Tight junction components, myosin light chain kinase, mucins, and apoptosis markers were detected in the ileum and colon using histological analyses and qRT-PCR. Lipolysis was analyzed by enzymatic activity assay, Western blotting analyses, and qRT-PCR in WAT. The fecal microbiome was measured with 16S-rRNA gene sequencing from stool samples, and fecal volatile organic compounds analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The probiotic-fed mice exhibited significantly less body weight loss and adipose tissue wasting associated with a reduced CGI58 mediated lipolysis. They showed significantly fewer pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower gut permeability compared to animals fed without the probiotic. The colons of the probiotic-fed animals showed lower inflammation scores and less goblet cell loss. qRT-PCR revealed no differences in regards to tight junction components, mucins, or apoptosis markers. No differences in microbiome alpha diversity, but differences in beta diversity, were observed between the treatment groups. Taxonomic analysis showed that the probiotic group had a lower relative abundance of Odoribacter and Ruminococcus-UCG014 and a higher abundance of Desulfovibrio. VOC analysis yielded no significant differences. The results of this study indicate that oral administration of the multispecies probiotic OMNi-BiOTiC^® 10 AAD could mitigate cyclophosphamide-induced chemotherapy side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prevalence and Impact of Nutritional Risk and Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Patients: A Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, and Exploratory Study

by Manuel Durán Poveda, Alejandro Suárez-de-la-Rica, Emilia Cancer Minchot, Julia Ocón Bretón, Andrés Sánchez Pernaute and Gil Rodríguez Caravaca

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143283 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1509

Abstract

A prospective, observational, multicenter, and exploratory study was conducted in 469 gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were used to assess nutritional risk. On admission, 17.9% and 21.1% [...] Read more.

A prospective, observational, multicenter, and exploratory study was conducted in 469 gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were used to assess nutritional risk. On admission, 17.9% and 21.1% of patients were at moderate (MUST score 1) and severe (MUST score ≥ 2) nutritional risk, respectively. The GLIM criteria used in patients with a MUST score ≥ 2 showed moderate malnutrition in 35.3% of patients and severe in 64.6%. Forty-seven percent of patients with a MUST score ≥ 2 on admission had the same score at discharge, and 20.7% with a MUST score 0 had moderate/severe risk at discharge. Small bowel, esophageal, and gastric cancer and diabetes were predictors of malnutrition on admission. Complications were significantly higher among patients with a MUST score 1 or ≥2 either on admission (p = 0.001) or at discharge (p < 0.0001). In patients who received nutritional therapy (n = 231), 43% continued to have moderate/severe nutritional risk on discharge, and 54% of those with MUST ≥ 2 on admission maintained this score at discharge. In gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery, there is an urgent need for improving nutritional risk screening before and after surgery, as well as improving nutritional therapy during hospitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

10 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevention of Taste Alterations in Patients with Cancer Receiving Paclitaxel- or Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy—A Pilot Trial of Cannabidiol

by Helena S. H. Dominiak, Simone D. Hasselsteen, Sebastian W. Nielsen, Jens Rikardt Andersen and Jørn Herrstedt

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 3014; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133014 - 01 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1657

Abstract

Introduction: Taste alteration is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on Lean Body Mass (LBM), and taste alterations during oxaliplatin- or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Methods: LBM was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Taste alteration is a common adverse effect of chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on Lean Body Mass (LBM), and taste alterations during oxaliplatin- or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Methods: LBM was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and taste perception was evaluated by a randomized sensory test of six samples: sweet, salt, and umami, all in weak and strong concentrations. Taste perceptions were scored on visual analog scales. Patients in the intervention group received oral CBD 300 mg/day for 8 days; patients in the control group did not. Patients were followed for three cycles of chemotherapy. Results: Twenty-two/ten patients (intervention/control group) were eligible. No effects on LBM were demonstrated. At baseline, the control group was able to differentiate between weak and strong saltiness and weak and strong sweetness but lost this ability after three cycles of chemotherapy. At baseline, the intervention group was unable to differentiate between the concentrations but gained the ability to significantly differentiate between weak and strong sweetness (p = 0.03) and weak and strong saltiness (p = 0.04) after three cycles of chemotherapy and treatment with CBD. Conclusions: CBD may improve patients’ ability to differentiate taste strengths during chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

12 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Fiber, Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Risk of Death in Tumor Survivors: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2018

by Zongbiao Tan, Yang Meng, Lu Li, Yanrui Wu, Chuan Liu, Weiguo Dong and Changzheng Chen

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132968 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

Background: Dietary fiber is a functional substance with strong antioxidant activity that plays an important role in human health. Dietary fiber has been shown to reduce the risks of many types of cancers, but whether it can reduce the risk of death in [...] Read more.

Background: Dietary fiber is a functional substance with strong antioxidant activity that plays an important role in human health. Dietary fiber has been shown to reduce the risks of many types of cancers, but whether it can reduce the risk of death in cancer survivors remains undetermined. Methods: This study included the dietary data of cancer survivors who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2001 to 2018. Firstly, the relationship between fiber intake and composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) was explored by weighted multiple regression and smooth curve. Subsequently, multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to explore the effects of dietary fiber intake and CDAI level on the risks of all-cause, tumor, and cardiovascular death among cancer survivors. Results: A total of 2077 participants were included in the study, representing approximately 11,854,509 cancer survivors in the United States. The dietary fiber intake of tumor survivors had a nonlinear positive relationship with CDAI levels (β = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08–0.40, p = 0.004). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models showed that high dietary fiber intake and CDAI levels were associated with reduced risks of all-cause and tumor death in tumor survivors, but were not associated with the risk of cardiovascular death. Conclusion: An increased dietary fiber intake can enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity. A higher dietary fiber intake and CDAI level may reduce the risk of all-cause and tumor death in tumor survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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12 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Essential Elements and Survival after Cancer Diagnosis

by Jan Lubiński, Marcin R. Lener, Wojciech Marciniak, Sandra Pietrzak, Róża Derkacz, Cezary Cybulski, Jacek Gronwald, Tadeusz Dębniak, Anna Jakubowska, Tomasz Huzarski, Milena Matuszczak, Katherine Pullella, Ping Sun and Steven A. Narod

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2611; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112611 - 02 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

In a prospective study, we measured the associations between three serum elements (Se, Zn and Cu) and the prognosis of 1475 patients with four different types of cancer (breast, prostate, lung and larynx) from University Hospitals in Szczecin, Poland. The elements were measured [...] Read more.

In a prospective study, we measured the associations between three serum elements (Se, Zn and Cu) and the prognosis of 1475 patients with four different types of cancer (breast, prostate, lung and larynx) from University Hospitals in Szczecin, Poland. The elements were measured in serum taken after diagnosis and prior to treatment. Patients were followed from the date of diagnosis until death from any cause or until the last follow-up date (mean years of follow-up: 6.0–9.8 years, according to site). Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed for all cancers combined and for each cancer separately. Age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression. The outcome was all-cause mortality. A Se level in the highest quartile was also associated with a reduced mortality (HR = 0.66; 95%CI 0.49–0.88; p = 0.005) in all-cause mortality for all cancers combined. Zn level in the highest quartile was also associated with reduced mortality (HR = 0.55; 95%CI 0.41–0.75; p = 0.0001). In contrast, a Cu level in the highest quartile was associated with an increase in mortality (HR = 1.91; 95%CI 1.56–2.08; p = 0.0001). Three serum elements—selenium, zinc and copper—are associated with the prognosis of different types of cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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11 pages, 525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Chemotherapy Regimens on Body Composition of Breast Cancer Women: A Multicenter Study across Four Brazilian Regions

by Jordana Carolina Marques Godinho-Mota, Larissa Vaz-Gonçalves, Isis Danyelle Dias Custódio, Jaqueline Schroeder de Souza, João Felipe Mota, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, Priscylla Rodrigues Vilella, Karine Anusca Martins, Yara Cristina de Paiva Maia, Sara Maria Moreira Lima Verde, Aline Porciúncula Frenzel, Patricia Faria Di Pietro, Eduarda da Costa Marinho and Ruffo Freitas-Junior

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071689 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemotherapy (CT) and its different types of regimens on the anthropometry and body composition of women with breast cancer. Three-hundred-and-four women with breast cancer were enrolled in this multicenter study. The participants were evaluated before [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemotherapy (CT) and its different types of regimens on the anthropometry and body composition of women with breast cancer. Three-hundred-and-four women with breast cancer were enrolled in this multicenter study. The participants were evaluated before the infusion of the first cycle of CT (pre-CT), and until two weeks after CT completion (post-CT), regarding body weight, body mass index (BMI); waist circumference (WC); waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); conicity index (C-index); fat mass index (FMI); and fat-free mass index (FFMI). CT regimens were classified as anthracycline-based (AC—doxorubicin or epirubicin); anthracyclines and taxane (ACT); cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF); or isolated taxanes (paclitaxel or docetaxel). Women significantly increased BMI and FMI post-CT (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). The ACT regimen increased FMI (p < 0.001), while FFMI increased after AC (p = 0.007). It is concluded that the CT negatively impacted body composition and the type of regime had a strong influence. The ACT regimen promoted an increase in FMI compared to other regimens, and the AC increased FFMI. These findings reinforce the importance of nutritional monitoring of breast cancer patients throughout the entire CT treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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12 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Impact of Nutritional Status on Overall Survival and Health-Related Quality of Life in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer

by Luka Cavka, Maja Pohar Perme, Nada Rotovnik Kozjek and Bostjan Seruga

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041044 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1645

Abstract

Purpose: Prognostic role of nutritional status (NS) in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is unknown. We hypothesized that patients’ NS at the presentation of mCRPC is prognostic for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and overall survival (OS). Methods: We conducted a [...] Read more.

Purpose: Prognostic role of nutritional status (NS) in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is unknown. We hypothesized that patients’ NS at the presentation of mCRPC is prognostic for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and overall survival (OS). Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study in mCRPC patients. At enrollment, we allocated each patient into one of four NS categories: (i) well-nourished (WN), (ii) nutritional risk without sarcopenia/cachexia (NR), (iii) sarcopenia, or (iv) cachexia. We sought the prognostic role of the NS for OS and HRQoL by regression models. Results: 141 patients were included into our study. When compared to WN patients, those with NR and cachexia had a higher chance of worse HRQoL (OR 3.45; 95% CI [1.28 to 9.09], and OR 4.17; 95% CI [1.28 to 12.5], respectively), as well as shorter OS (HR 2.04; 95% CI [1.19 to 3.39] and HR 2.9; 95% CI [1.56 to 5.41], respectively). However, when accounting for possible confounding factors, we could not prove the significant importance of NS for chosen outcomes. Conclusions: Suboptimal NS might be an unfavorable prognostic factor for HRQoL and OS. Further interventional studies focusing on therapy or prevention are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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12 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Purine Intake and All-Cause Mortality in Ovarian Cancer: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study

by Zongda Du, Tingting Gong, Yifan Wei, Gang Zheng, Junqi Zhao, Bingjie Zou, Xue Qin, Shi Yan, Fanghua Liu, Qian Xiao, Qijun Wu, Song Gao and Yuhong Zhao

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040931 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1650

Abstract

Background: Current biological evidence suggests that purine involvement in purine metabolism may contribute to the development and progression of ovarian cancer (OC), but the epidemiological association is currently unknown. Methods: A total of 703 newly diagnosed patients with OC aged 18–79 years were [...] Read more.

Background: Current biological evidence suggests that purine involvement in purine metabolism may contribute to the development and progression of ovarian cancer (OC), but the epidemiological association is currently unknown. Methods: A total of 703 newly diagnosed patients with OC aged 18–79 years were included in this prospective cohort study. Utilizing a verified food-frequency questionnaire, the participants’ dietary consumption was gathered. Using medical records and ongoing follow-up, the deaths up until 31 March 2021 were determined. To assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of purine intake with OC mortality, Cox proportional-hazard models were utilized. Results: During the median follow-up of 31 months (interquartile: 20–47 months), 130 deaths occurred. We observed an improved survival for the highest tercile of total purine intake compared with the lowest tercile (HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.19–0.80; p trend < 0.05), and this protective association was mainly attributed to xanthine intake (HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.29–0.94, p trend < 0.05). Additionally, we observed a curving relationship in which OC mortality decreased with total purine intake, and the magnitude of the decrease was negatively correlated with intake (p non-linear < 0.05). Significant inverse associations were also observed in subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Moreover, we observed that xanthine intake and hypoxanthine intake had a multiplicative interaction with ER and PR expression (p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: A high total purine and xanthine intake was linked to a lower risk of OC mortality. Further clarification of these findings is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 5797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrients-Rich Food Index Scores and the Overall Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients: Results from the Ovarian Cancer Follow-Up Study, a Prospective Cohort Study

by Jun-Qi Zhao, Qi-Peng Ma, Yi-Fan Wei, Gang Zheng, Bing-Jie Zou, Zong-Da Du, Song Gao, Shi Yan, Xue Qin, Ting-Ting Gong, Yu-Hong Zhao and Qi-Jun Wu

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030717 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2340

Abstract

Background: The nutrients-rich food (NRF) index provides a score of diet quality. Although high diet quality is associated with survival of ovarian cancer (OC), the associations between NRF index scores and OC survival remain unevaluated. Methods: The prospective cohort study enrolled 703 women [...] Read more.

Background: The nutrients-rich food (NRF) index provides a score of diet quality. Although high diet quality is associated with survival of ovarian cancer (OC), the associations between NRF index scores and OC survival remain unevaluated. Methods: The prospective cohort study enrolled 703 women with newly diagnosed epithelial OC to assess the correlations between NRF index scores and overall survival (OS) in OC patients. Dietary consumption was evaluated through a food frequency questionnaire and diet quality was calculated based on NRF index scores, including three limited nutrients and six (NRF6.3), nine (NRF9.3), or eleven (NRF11.3) benefit nutrients. All-cause deaths were ascertained through medical records combined with active follow-up. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression of IHC indicators (including Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, p53, Vimentin, and Wilms’ tumor 1), which were identified by two independent pathologists. The Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied for estimating the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Moreover, we performed the penalized cubic splines model to assess the curvilinear associations of NRF index scores with OC survival. Results: During the median follow-up of 37.17 (interquartile: 24.73–50.17) months, 130 deaths were documented. Compared to the lowest tertiles, the highest tertile of index scores [NRF9.3 (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41–0.95), NRF6.3 (HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.39–0.89), and NRF11.3 (HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38–0.87)] were correlated to better OS, showing an obvious linear trend (all p trend < 0.05). Interestingly, the curvilinear association between the NRF6.3 index score and OC survival was also observed (p non-linear < 0.05). Subgroup analyses, stratified by clinical, demographic, and IHC features, showed similar risk associations as the unstratified results. Furthermore, there were significant multiplicative interactions between NRF index scores and Progestogen Receptors as well as Wilms’ tumor 1 expressions (all p interaction < 0.05). Conclusions: Higher NRF index scores were associated with an improved OS in OC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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15 pages, 2178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Site, International Audit of Malnutrition Risk and Energy and Protein Intakes in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Head Neck and Esophageal Cancer: Results from INFORM

by Lisa Martin, Merran Findlay, Judith D. Bauer, Rupinder Dhaliwal, Marian de van der Schueren, Alessandro Laviano, Adrianne Widaman, Vickie E. Baracos, Andrew G. Day and Leah M. Gramlich

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5272; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245272 - 10 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2693

Abstract

Patients with foregut tumors are at high risk of malnutrition. Nutrition care focuses on identifying individuals at risk of malnutrition and optimizing nutrient intake to promote the maintenance of body weight and lean body mass. This multi-center prospective, longitudinal study audited nutrition care [...] Read more.

Patients with foregut tumors are at high risk of malnutrition. Nutrition care focuses on identifying individuals at risk of malnutrition and optimizing nutrient intake to promote the maintenance of body weight and lean body mass. This multi-center prospective, longitudinal study audited nutrition care practices related to screening for risk of malnutrition (Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form; PG-SGA SF), and nutrition interventions prescribed (route; adequacy of energy and protein intakes). Audits occurred at four time periods: baseline (before treatment) and at 2, 4, and 6 months after starting cancer treatment; 170 patients (esophageal (ESO; n = 51); head and neck (HN; n = 119)) were enrolled. Nutrition risk (PG-SGA SF score ≥ 4) was prevalent at every time period: HN (baseline: 60%; 6 months 66%) and ESO (77%; 72%). Both groups had significant (p < 0.001) weight losses over the 6 month audit period (HN = 13.2% ESO = 11.4%). Enteral nutrition (EN) was most likely to be prescribed at 2 months for HN and at 4 and 6 months for ESO. Target prescribed energy and protein intakes were not met with any nutrition intervention; although adequacy was highest for those receiving EN. Nutrition care practices differed for HN and ESO cancers and there may be time points when additional nutrition support is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Roles of MTRR and MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Survival

by Yu Wang, Meizhi Du, Jillian Vallis, Matin Shariati, Patrick S. Parfrey, John R. Mclaughlin, Peizhong Peter Wang and Yun Zhu

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4594; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214594 - 01 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2502

Abstract

Background: Paradoxically epidemiological data illustrate a negative relationship between dietary folate intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The occurrence and progression of CRC may be influenced by variants in some key enzyme coding genes in the folate metabolic pathway. We investigated the correlation [...] Read more.

Background: Paradoxically epidemiological data illustrate a negative relationship between dietary folate intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The occurrence and progression of CRC may be influenced by variants in some key enzyme coding genes in the folate metabolic pathway. We investigated the correlation between genetic variants in methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and CRC survival. Methods: This study used data collected from the Newfoundland Familial Colorectal Cancer Study. A total of 532 patients diagnosed with CRC for the first time from 1999 to 2003 were enrolled, and their mortality were tracked until April 2010. DNA samples were genotyped by Illumina’s integrated quantum 1 million chip. Cox models were established to assess 33 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms in MTRR and MTHFR in relation to overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and CRC-specific survival. Results: The MTRR and MTHFR genes were associated with DFS and CRC-specific survival in CRC patients at the gene level. After multiple comparison adjustment, MTRR rs1801394 A (vs. G) allele was associated with increased DFS (p = 0.024), while MTHRT rs3737966 (G vs. A), rs4846049 (T vs. G), rs1476413 (A vs. G), rs1801131 (C vs. A), rs12121543 (A vs. C), rs1801133 (C vs. T), rs4846052 (T vs. C), rs2066471 (A vs. G) and rs7533315 (T vs. C) were related to worse CRC-specific survival. Additionally, significant interactions were seen among pre-diagnostic alcohol consumption with MTRR rs1801394, rs3776467, rs326124, rs162040, and rs3776455, with superior OS associated with those protective variant alleles limited to patients with alcohol consumption under the median. The MTHFR rs3737966 (G vs. A) allele seemed to be detrimental to CRC survival only among subjects with fruit intake below the median. Conclusions: Polymorphic variants in MTRR and MTHFR genes that code for key enzymes for folate metabolism may be associated with survival in patients with CRC. The gene-CRC outcome association seems modulated by alcohol drinking and fruit intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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18 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Lung Cancer Risk in Men and Compliance with the 2018 WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations

by Iwona Hawrysz, Lidia Wadolowska, Malgorzata Anna Slowinska, Anna Czerwinska and Janusz Jacek Golota

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4295; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204295 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most common and deadly form of cancer worldwide, especially in men. The 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) updated cancer prevention recommendations, and a standard scoring system (2018 WCRF/AICR Score) was published. The purpose of [...] Read more.

Lung cancer is the most common and deadly form of cancer worldwide, especially in men. The 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) updated cancer prevention recommendations, and a standard scoring system (2018 WCRF/AICR Score) was published. The purpose of this study was to develop the adapted version of the 2018 WCRF/AICR Score with respect to lung cancer prevention recommendation (Ad-LC WCRF/AICR Score) and to examine the association between lung cancer risk in men and the Ad-LC WCRF/AICR Score as well as its single components. A case–control study was conducted among 439 men aged 45–80 years (187 controls, 252 primary lung cancer cases). Lifestyle and dietary data were collected with a questionnaire including the 62-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-6^®). The Ad-LC WCRF/AICR Score was used as a categorized and continuous variable. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for lung cancer risk were calculated with the partly and fully adjusted model. One component of the score was independently associated with a lower risk of lung cancer in men, regardless of the set of confounders used. In the fully adjusted model following the recommendation “Limit smoking” was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer—in the never smokers by 87% (OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04–0.37; p = 0.0002) and in the moderate smokers by 45% (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.33–0.91; p = 0.0189) compared with the heavy smokers as a reference. By adding the single components making up the Ad-LC WCRF/AICR Score, the combination of three components or more, reducing the risk of lung cancer compared to lower compliance as a reference by 45% to 78% and by 39% to 66% for intermediate compliance (except two models out of seven) and higher compliance, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, the risk of lung cancer for the total Ad-LC WCRF/AICR Score was lower by 47% (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32–0.88; p = 0.0129) in higher compliance with the score compared to those with the lower compliance. Each one-point increase in the Ad-LC WCRF/AICR Score reduced lung cancer risk by 34% (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45–0.95; p = 0.0267). The results support previous evidence that limiting smoking reduces the risk of lung cancer in men. It also provides an insight into cancer research by showing that following the combined 2018 cancer prevention recommendations related to diet, lifestyle and body fatness was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer in men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

10 pages, 1368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Home Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Advanced Cancer: Quality Outcomes from a Centralized Model of Care Delivery

by Maja Kopczynska, Antje Teubner, Arun Abraham, Michael Taylor, Ashley Bond, Andrew Clamp, Rebecca Wight, Zena Salih, Jurjees Hasan, Claire Mitchell, Gordon C. Jayson and Simon Lal

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3379; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163379 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1732

Abstract

Lack of expertise in home parenteral nutrition (HPN) management has been reported as a barrier to its initiation in patients with advanced cancer (AC), and there are limited data describing hospital readmissions and HPN-related complications. We aimed to assess a centralized approach for [...] Read more.

Lack of expertise in home parenteral nutrition (HPN) management has been reported as a barrier to its initiation in patients with advanced cancer (AC), and there are limited data describing hospital readmissions and HPN-related complications. We aimed to assess a centralized approach for managing HPN in AC and evaluate associated outcomes, including hospital readmissions and HPN-related complications. This was a cohort study of adults with AC requiring palliative HPN between 2010–2018 at a tertiary intestinal failure (IF) center, primarily utilizing a centralized model of HPN oversight to discharge patients remotely from an oncology center to their homes over a wide geographic area. A total of 126 patients were included, with a median distance between the patient’s home and the IF center of 17.5 km (IQR 10.9–39.1; maximum 317.4 km). A total of 28 (22%) patients experienced at least one HPN-related complication, the most common being a central venous catheter (CVC) occlusion and electrolyte abnormalities. The catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) rate was 0.49/1000 catheter days. The CVC type, administration of concomitant chemotherapy via a distinct CVC lumen separate from PN, venting gastrostomy and distance between the patient’s home and the IF center were not associated with CRBSI or mechanical CVC complications. A total of 82 (65.1%) patients were readmitted while on HPN, but only 7 (8.5%) of these readmissions were HPN-related. A total of 44 (34.9%) patients died at home, 41 (32.5%) at a hospice and 41 (32.5%) in a hospital. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a centralized approach to IF care can provide HPN to patients over a large geographical area while maintaining low HPN-related complications that are comparable to patients requiring HPN for benign conditions and low hospital readmission rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Early and Intensive Telephone or Electronic Nutrition Counselling Delivered to People with Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer on Quality of Life: A Three-Arm Randomised Controlled Trial

by Catherine E. Huggins, Lauren Hanna, Kate Furness, Mary Anne Silvers, June Savva, Helena Frawley, Daniel Croagh, Paul Cashin, Liang Low, Judy Bauer, Helen Truby and Terry P. Haines

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153234 - 07 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3179

Abstract

Background: Delay in dietetic service provision for upper gastrointestinal cancer exacerbates disease-related malnutrition and consequently increases morbidity and mortality. Dietetic services are usually referral-based and provided face-to-face in inpatient or outpatient settings, which can delay the commencement of nutrition care. The aim of [...] Read more.

Background: Delay in dietetic service provision for upper gastrointestinal cancer exacerbates disease-related malnutrition and consequently increases morbidity and mortality. Dietetic services are usually referral-based and provided face-to-face in inpatient or outpatient settings, which can delay the commencement of nutrition care. The aim of this study was to provide intensive dietetic intervention close to the time of diagnosis for upper gastrointestinal cancer and assess the effect on quality-adjusted life years. Methods: A three-arm randomised controlled trial of adults newly diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal cancer was performed. A behavioural-based, individually tailored, symptom-directed nutrition intervention was provided in addition to usual care, delivered by a dietitian using a telephone (synchronously) or a mobile application (asynchronously) for 18 weeks, compared with a usual care control group. Data were collected at baseline, three, six, and twelve months post-randomisation. The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life years (EQ-5D-5L quality of life assessment tool). Data were analysed using linear mixed models. Results: One hundred and eleven participants were randomised. Quality-adjusted life years were not different in the intervention groups compared with control (telephone: mean (95% CI) 0.04 (0.43, 2.3), p = 0.998; App: −0.08 (−0.18, 0.02), p = 0.135) after adjustment for baseline, nutrition risk status, age, and gender. Survival was similar between groups over 12 months. The asynchronous mobile app group had a greater number of withdrawals compared with the telephone group. Conclusion: Early and intensive nutrition counselling, delivered at home, during anticancer treatment did not change quality-adjusted life years or survival over 12 months compared with usual care. Behavioural counselling alone was unable to achieve nutritional adequacy. Dietetic services delivered asynchronously using a mobile app had low acceptance for patients undergoing anticancer treatment. Trial Registration: 27 January 2017 Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12617000152325. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 1382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Astragalus Shiitake—A Novel Functional Food with High Polysaccharide Content and Anti-Proliferative Activity in a Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line

by Bunu Tamang, Qi Liang, Biju Balakrishnan, Su Peng and Wei Zhang

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112333 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2675

Abstract

The chemical and nutritional constituents of mushrooms can alter significantly when grown on different substrates. Based on this fact, an approach was made to cultivate a new type of mushroom, Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake, by growing Shiitake mushrooms on beds supplemented with the roots [...] Read more.

The chemical and nutritional constituents of mushrooms can alter significantly when grown on different substrates. Based on this fact, an approach was made to cultivate a new type of mushroom, Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake, by growing Shiitake mushrooms on beds supplemented with the roots of an edible herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. In this study, three green extraction techniques, including microwave-enzyme assisted (MEA), ultrasound-enzyme assisted (UEA) and microwave-ultrasound-enzyme assisted (MUEA) extractions, were used to compare both the yield and antiproliferative activity of the polysaccharide-rich extracts (PREs) from HAS in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT 116). Both HAS-A and HAS-B extracts contain significantly higher amounts of polysaccharides when compared to the control (Shiitake extract), regardless of the extraction methods. The PREs from HAS-B have significantly higher anti-proliferative activity in HCT 116 compared to the control when using the UEA extraction method. Our findings demonstrate that HAS-B can become a novel functional food with anti-proliferative activities and the optimization of UEA extraction would help to develop new active extract-based health products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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15 pages, 3320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applying Machine Learning to Determine 25(OH)D Threshold Levels Using Data from the AMATERASU Vitamin D Supplementation Trial in Patients with Digestive Tract Cancer

by Katharina Otani, Kazuki Kanno, Taisuke Akutsu, Hironori Ohdaira, Yutaka Suzuki and Mitsuyoshi Urashima

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091689 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1646

Abstract

Some controversy remains on thresholds for deficiency or sufficiency of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Moreover, 25(OH)D levels sufficient for bone health might differ from those required for cancer survival. This study aimed to explore these 25(OH)D threshold levels by applying the machine [...] Read more.

Some controversy remains on thresholds for deficiency or sufficiency of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Moreover, 25(OH)D levels sufficient for bone health might differ from those required for cancer survival. This study aimed to explore these 25(OH)D threshold levels by applying the machine learning method of multivariable adaptive regression splines (MARS) in post hoc analyses using data from the AMATERASU trial, which randomly assigned Japanese patients with digestive tract cancer to receive vitamin D or placebo supplementation. Using MARS, threshold 25(OH)D levels were estimated as 17 ng/mL for calcium and 29 ng/mL for parathyroid hormone (PTH). Vitamin D supplementation increased calcium levels in patients with baseline 25(OH)D levels ≤17 ng/mL, suggesting deficiency for bone health, but not in those >17 ng/mL. Vitamin D supplementation improved 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) compared with placebo in patients with intermediate 25(OH)D levels (18–28 ng/mL): vitamin D, 84% vs. placebo, 71%; hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–0.96; p = 0.04. In contrast, vitamin D supplementation did not improve 5-year RFS among patients with low (≤17 ng/mL) or with high (≥29 ng/mL) 25(OH)D levels. MARS might be a reliable method with the potential to eliminate guesswork in the estimation of threshold values of biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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10 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Poor Physical Performance Is Associated with Postoperative Complications and Mortality in Preoperative Patients with Colorectal Cancer

by Francisco José Sánchez-Torralvo, Iván González-Poveda, María García-Olivares, Nuria Porras, Montserrat Gonzalo-Marín, María José Tapia, Santiago Mera-Velasco, José Antonio Toval-Mata, Manuel Ruiz-López, Joaquín Carrasco-Campos, Julio Santoyo-Santoyo and Gabriel Olveira

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071484 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2737

Abstract

Introduction: Poor physical performance has been shown to be a good predictor of complications in some pathologies. The objective of our study was to evaluate, in patients with colorectal neoplasia prior to surgery, physical performance and its relationship with postoperative complications and in-hospital [...] Read more.

Introduction: Poor physical performance has been shown to be a good predictor of complications in some pathologies. The objective of our study was to evaluate, in patients with colorectal neoplasia prior to surgery, physical performance and its relationship with postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality, at 1 month and at 6 months. Methods: We conducted a prospective study on patients with preoperative colorectal neoplasia, between October 2018 and July 2021. Physical performance was evaluated using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test and hand grip strength (HGS). For a decrease in physical performance, SPPB < 10 points or HGS below the EWGSOP2 cut-off points was considered. Nutritional status was evaluated using subjective global assessment (SGA). The prevalence of postoperative complications and mortality during admission, at 1 month, and at 6 months was evaluated. Results: A total of 296 patients, mean age 60.4 ± 12.8 years, 59.3% male, were evaluated. The mean BMI was 27.6 ± 5.1 kg/m². The mean total SPPB score was 10.57 ± 2.07 points. A total of 69 patients presented a low SPPB score (23.3%). Hand grip strength showed a mean value of 33.1 ± 8.5 kg/m² for men and 20.7 ± 4.3 kg/m² for women. A total of 58 patients presented low HGS (19.6%). SGA found 40.2% (119) of patients with normal nourishment, 32.4% (96) with moderate malnutrition, and 27.4% (81) with severe malnutrition. Postoperative complications were more frequent in patients with a low SPPB score (60.3% vs. 38.6%; p = 0.002) and low HGS (64.9% vs. 39.3%, p = 0.001). A low SPPB test score (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.37–4.79, p = 0.003) and low HGS (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.37–5.29, p = 0.004) were associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications after adjusting for tumor stage and age. Patients with a low SPPB score presented an increase in in-hospital mortality (8.7% vs. 0.9%; p = 0.021), at 1 month (8.7% vs. 1.3%; p = 0.002) and at 6 months (13.1% vs. 2.2%, p < 0.001). Patients with low HGS presented an increase in mortality at 6 months (10.5% vs. 3.3%; p = 0.022). Conclusions: The decrease in physical performance, evaluated by the SPPB test or hand grip strength, was elevated in patients with colorectal cancer prior to surgery and was related to an increase in postoperative complications and mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 6021 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Determination of a Consensus Nutritional Approach for Cancer Patients in Spain Using the Delphi Methodology

by José Pablo Suárez-Llanos, Ruth Vera-García and Jorge Contreras-Martinez

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071404 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2787

Abstract

Malnutrition has a multifactorial origin and can be caused by cancer. This study determined the consensus of a panel of experts on the nutritional approach for cancer patients in Spain using a multidisciplinary approach. Using the Delphi methodology, a 74-question questionnaire was prepared [...] Read more.

Malnutrition has a multifactorial origin and can be caused by cancer. This study determined the consensus of a panel of experts on the nutritional approach for cancer patients in Spain using a multidisciplinary approach. Using the Delphi methodology, a 74-question questionnaire was prepared and sent to 46 experts. The areas of knowledge addressed were the nutritional status of the cancer patient, nutritional screening, nutritional therapy, patient referral, and multidisciplinary care. A total of 91.7% of the experts agreed with the questions posed on nutritional status, 60.0% with those on nutritional screening, 76.7% with those on nutritional therapy, and the entire panel of experts agreed with the questions posed on patient referral and multidisciplinary care. The experts agreed upon a high prevalence of malnutrition among cancer patients in Spain. Unlike medical and radiation oncologists, medical nutrition specialists believe that body composition assessment should not be carried out in all types of cancer patients during nutritional screening and that interventions can be conducted outside the oncology clinic. In general, it is recommended that nursing staff routinely perform nutritional screening before starting cancer treatment. It is necessary to develop a multidisciplinary action protocol that includes nutritional and/or sarcopenia screening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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9 pages, 1376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of the Nutritional Risk Index, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, BMI, and GLIM-Defined Malnutrition in Predicting Survival of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Patients Qualified for Home Enteral Nutrition

by Zuzanna Przekop, Dorota Szostak-Węgierek, Magdalena Milewska, Mariusz Panczyk, Zuzanna Zaczek and Jacek Sobocki

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061268 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2843

Abstract

Malnutrition is a poor prognostic factor in cancer disease. In case of head and neck cancer, there are multiple disease symptoms and side effects of treatment that increase the risk of malnutrition. The aim of the study is to assess the association between [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a poor prognostic factor in cancer disease. In case of head and neck cancer, there are multiple disease symptoms and side effects of treatment that increase the risk of malnutrition. The aim of the study is to assess the association between nutritional status at the time of qualification for home enteral nutrition (HEN) and overall survival of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), and assessment usefulness of selected nutritional indices as prognostic factors. The retrospective survival analysis involved 157 patients with HNC referred to HEN between January 2018 and October 2021. The nutritional status assessment was performed at the qualification for HEN visit. We have analyzed results of body mass index (BMI), Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) for patients <65 years, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) for patients ≥65 years and malnutrition defined by Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM). The mean patient survival was 44.7 weeks and the median was 23.9 weeks. Patients with low NRI and GNRI score had a higher risk of death (NRI: p = 0.0229; GNRI: p = 0.371). NRI, GNRI, and malnutrition defined by GLIM were superior to BMI as prognostic markers for survival. Results suggest that the use of NRI, GNRI, and GLIM criteria could provide useful prognostic information. The longer survival since the qualifying visit for home enteral nutrition suggests that nutritional management could be initiated earlier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

21 pages, 1859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synergistic Strategies for Gastrointestinal Cancer Care: Unveiling the Benefits of Immunonutrition and Microbiota Modulation

by Serena Martinelli, Ingrid Lamminpää, Eda Nur Dübüş, Dilara Sarıkaya and Elena Niccolai

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204408 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a group of highly prevalent malignant tumors affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Globally, one in four cancer cases and one in three cancer deaths are estimated to be GI cancers. They can alter digestive and absorption functions, leading to severe [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a group of highly prevalent malignant tumors affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Globally, one in four cancer cases and one in three cancer deaths are estimated to be GI cancers. They can alter digestive and absorption functions, leading to severe malnutrition which may worsen the prognosis of the patients. Therefore, nutritional intervention and monitoring play a fundamental role in managing metabolic alterations and cancer symptoms, as well as minimizing side effects and increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy. In this scenario, the use of immunonutrients that are able to modulate the immune system and the modification/regulation of the gut microbiota composition have gained attention as a possible strategy to improve the conditions of these patients. The complex interaction between nutrients and microbiota might contribute to maintaining the homeostasis of each individual’s immune system; therefore, concurrent use of specific nutrients in combination with traditional cancer treatments may synergistically improve the overall care of GI cancer patients. This work aims to review and discuss the role of immunonutrition and microbiota modulation in improving nutritional status, postoperative recovery, and response to therapies in patients with GI cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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15 pages, 1625 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recommendations for Nutritional Supplementation in Pediatric Oncology: A Compilation of the Facts

by Alexandra Podpeskar, Roman Crazzolara, Gabriele Kropshofer, Benjamin Hetzer, Evelyn Rabensteiner, Bernhard Meister, Petra Obexer and Christina Salvador

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143239 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2856

Abstract

Background: As one of the few modifiable risk factors, the importance of dietary patterns for both disease prevention and treatment outcome in pediatric oncology has gained increasing popularity. Malnutrition is associated with lower survival rates, tolerance to treatment, and quality of life. Yet, [...] Read more.

Background: As one of the few modifiable risk factors, the importance of dietary patterns for both disease prevention and treatment outcome in pediatric oncology has gained increasing popularity. Malnutrition is associated with lower survival rates, tolerance to treatment, and quality of life. Yet, especially in children with malignancies, nutritional deterioration is common, and pediatric cancer patients often present with inadequate intake of micro- and macronutrients alike. Despite the reported widespread use of dietary supplements, few empirical data provide a basis for clinical recommendations, and evidence for their efficacy is inconsistent. Current literature lacks a systematic approach as to how and which supplements should be recommended for specific patients, types of cancer, or during specific treatments. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of the most frequently used nutrients in pediatric malignant diseases and to give a practical guide based on current scientific evidence. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed through April 2023 to select meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational studies, and individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of macro- and micronutrient supplementation in pediatric oncology. The search strategy included the following medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords: “childhood cancer”, “pediatric oncology”, “nutritional status”, “dietary supplements”, “vitamins”, “micronutrients”, “calcium”, “magnesium”, “vitamin D”, “zinc” “glutamine”, “selen”, and “omega-3 fatty acids”. The reference lists of all relevant articles were screened to include potentially pertinent studies. Results: The present review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the latest evidence about the role of nutrition and diet in pediatric oncology, also focusing on different nutritional interventions available for the management of the disease. We summarize evidence about the importance of adequate nutrition in childhood cancer and the role of several micronutrients and critically interpret the findings. Possible effects and benefits of supplementation during chemotherapy are discussed, as are strategies for primary and secondary prevention. Conclusions: We here describe the obvious benefits of dietary supplementation for childhood cancer. Further large-scale clinical trials are required to verify the impacts of deficiencies and the possible benefits of supplementation and optimal dosages. (337 words). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

44 pages, 1679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Manipulation of Amino Acids for Cancer Therapy

by Julio José Jiménez-Alonso and Miguel López-Lázaro

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132879 - 25 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2778

Abstract

Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging [...] Read more.

Cancer cells cannot proliferate and survive unless they obtain sufficient levels of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids (AAs). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have genetic and metabolic alterations that may limit their capacity to obtain adequate levels of the 20 AAs in challenging metabolic environments. However, since normal diets provide all AAs at relatively constant levels and ratios, these potentially lethal genetic and metabolic defects are eventually harmless to cancer cells. If we temporarily replace the normal diet of cancer patients with artificial diets in which the levels of specific AAs are manipulated, cancer cells may be unable to proliferate and survive. This article reviews in vivo studies that have evaluated the antitumor activity of diets restricted in or supplemented with the 20 proteinogenic AAs, individually and in combination. It also reviews our recent studies that show that manipulating the levels of several AAs simultaneously can lead to marked survival improvements in mice with metastatic cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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14 pages, 3486 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phase Angle, Handgrip Strength, and Other Indicators of Nutritional Status in Cancer Patients Undergoing Different Nutritional Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Desirée Victoria-Montesinos, Ana María García-Muñoz, Julia Navarro-Marroco, Carmen Lucas-Abellán, María Teresa Mercader-Ros, Ana Serrano-Martínez, Oriol Abellán-Aynés, Pablo Barcina-Pérez and Pilar Hernández-Sánchez

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071790 - 06 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

Malnutrition in cancer patients is one of the most influential factors in the evolution and mortality of such patients. To reduce the incidence of malnutrition, it is necessary to establish a correct nutritional intervention. For this purpose, precise tools and indicators must be [...] Read more.

Malnutrition in cancer patients is one of the most influential factors in the evolution and mortality of such patients. To reduce the incidence of malnutrition, it is necessary to establish a correct nutritional intervention. For this purpose, precise tools and indicators must be developed to determine the patient’s condition. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the relationship between different nutritional strategies, phase angle (PA), and handgrip strength in patients with cancer, with the secondary objectives being the modification of other indicators of nutritional status, such as weight and body mass index (BMI). A systematic review of randomized clinical trials was carried out in March 2023 in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. As a risk-of-bias tool, RoB 2.0 was utilized. A total of 8 studies with a total of 606 participants were included in the analysis. A significant increase in PA was observed after the different nutritional strategies (SMD: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.77; p = 0.01; I² = 65.63%), also detecting a significant increase in handgrip strength (SMD: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.47; p = 0.01; I² = 30.70%). A significant increase in PA and handgrip were observed in cancer patients subjected to different nutritional strategies. These results suggest that these indicators could be used in the nutritional and functional assessment of the patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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13 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interrelationships between Dietary Outcomes, Readmission Rates and Length of Stay in Hospitalised Oncology Patients: A Scoping Review

by Cecelia MacFarling Meure, Belinda Steer and Judi Porter

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020400 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1872

Abstract

Background: Poor food intake is an independent risk factor for malnutrition in oncology patients, and achieving adequate nutrition is essential for optimal clinical and health outcomes. This review investigated the interrelationships between dietary intakes, hospital readmissions and length of stay in hospitalised adult [...] Read more.

Background: Poor food intake is an independent risk factor for malnutrition in oncology patients, and achieving adequate nutrition is essential for optimal clinical and health outcomes. This review investigated the interrelationships between dietary intakes, hospital readmissions and length of stay in hospitalised adult oncology patients. Methodology: Three databases, MEDLINE, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for relevant publications from January 2000 to the end of August 2022. Results: Eleven studies investigating the effects of dietary intakes on length of stay (LOS) and hospital readmissions in cohorts of hospitalised patients that included oncology patients were identified. Heterogenous study design, nutritional interventions and study populations limited comparisons; however, a meta-analysis of two randomised controlled trials comparing dietary interventions in mixed patient cohorts including oncology patients showed no effect on LOS: mean difference −0.08 (95% confidence interval −0.64–0.49) days (p = 0.79). Conclusions: Despite research showing the benefits of nutritional intake during hospitalisation, evidence is emerging that the relationship between intakes, LOS and hospital readmissions may be confounded by nutritional status and cancer diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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12 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D and Calcium as Key Potential Factors Related to Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Systematic Review

by Stephanie Marie Cruz-Pierard, Teresa Nestares and Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4934; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224934 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently considered one of the most common and lethal types of tumors. Nutrition is of notorious relevance, given its influence in CRC prevention and treatment. This systematic review aimed to revise and update the state of knowledge regarding the [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently considered one of the most common and lethal types of tumors. Nutrition is of notorious relevance, given its influence in CRC prevention and treatment. This systematic review aimed to revise and update the state of knowledge regarding the potential role of vitamin D and calcium as key factors involved in the prevention and treatment of CRC. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science. A total of eight studies were finally included in the present review. Vitamin D showed a protective role by promoting transcriptomic changes associated with antitumor effects. However, no significant effects of vitamin D were noted in the relapse-free survival of patients at 5 years. On the other hand, previous scientific evidence demonstrated that calcium regulates the expression of colonic proteins that decrease cell proliferation and increase cell differentiation. Nevertheless, an increased risk of associated serrated adenomas was found in response to calcium and calcium + vitamin D supplementation. Moreover, supplementation with both nutrients showed positive changes on relevant CRC biomarkers including TGFα, TGFβ1, APC, β-catenin and E-cadherin. In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation seems to have a protective effect in the prevention and treatment of CRC, while calcium intake showed contradictory effects as a prevention or treatment tool; therefore, further studies are necessary to well understand its relevance in patients with CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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25 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multidisciplinary Prehabilitation and Postoperative Rehabilitation for Avoiding Complications in Patients Undergoing Resection of Colon Cancer: Rationale, Design, and Methodology of the ONCOFIT Study

by Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, Javier Jurado, Andrea Cisneros, Pablo Corres, Andres Marmol-Perez, Francisco J. Osuna-Prieto, Manuel Fernández-Escabias, Estela Salcedo, Natalia Hermán-Sánchez, Manuel D. Gahete, Virginia A. Aparicio, Cristina González-Callejas, Benito Mirón Pozo, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Teresa Nestares and Almudena Carneiro-Barrera

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214647 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3824

Abstract

ONCOFIT is a randomized clinical trial with a two-arm parallel design aimed at determining the influence of a multidisciplinary Prehabilitation and Postoperative Program (PPP) on post-surgery complications in patients undergoing resection of colon cancer. This intervention will include supervised physical exercise, dietary behavior [...] Read more.

ONCOFIT is a randomized clinical trial with a two-arm parallel design aimed at determining the influence of a multidisciplinary Prehabilitation and Postoperative Program (PPP) on post-surgery complications in patients undergoing resection of colon cancer. This intervention will include supervised physical exercise, dietary behavior change, and psychological support comparing its influence to the standard care. Primary and secondary endpoints will be assessed at baseline, at preoperative conditions, at the end of the PPP intervention (after 12 weeks) and 1-year post-surgery, and will include: post-surgery complications (primary endpoint); prolonged hospital length of stay; readmissions and emergency department call within 1-year after surgery; functional capacity; patient reported outcome measures targeted; anthropometry and body composition; clinical/tumor parameters; physical activity levels and sedentariness; dietary habits; other unhealthy habits; sleep quality; and fecal microbiota diversity and composition. Considering the feasibility of the present intervention in a real-life scenario, ONCOFIT will contribute to the standardization of a cost-effective strategy for preventing and improving health-related consequences in patients undergoing resection of colon cancer with an important clinical and economic impact, not only in the scientific community, but also in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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25 pages, 1595 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Employment of Genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara Polyphenols for the Reduction of Selected Anti-Cancer Drug Side Effects

by Jessica Maiuolo, Vincenzo Musolino, Micaela Gliozzi, Cristina Carresi, Francesca Oppedisano, Saverio Nucera, Federica Scarano, Miriam Scicchitano, Lorenza Guarnieri, Francesca Bosco, Roberta Macrì, Stefano Ruga, Antonio Cardamone, Anna Rita Coppoletta, Sara Ilari, Annachiara Mollace, Carolina Muscoli, Francesco Cognetti and Vincenzo Mollace

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081574 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3054

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases globally and one of the leading causes of death. Known cancer treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted hormonal therapy, or a combination of these methods. Antitumor drugs, with different mechanisms, interfere with cancer growth [...] Read more.

Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases globally and one of the leading causes of death. Known cancer treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted hormonal therapy, or a combination of these methods. Antitumor drugs, with different mechanisms, interfere with cancer growth by destroying cancer cells. However, anticancer drugs are dangerous, as they significantly affect both cancer cells and healthy cells. In addition, there may be the onset of systemic side effects perceived and mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and further carcinogenicity. Many polyphenolic extracts, taken on top of common anti-tumor drugs, can participate in the anti-proliferative effect of drugs and significantly reduce the side effects developed. This review aims to discuss the current scientific knowledge of the protective effects of polyphenols of the genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara on the side effects induced by four known chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, and Paclitaxel. In particular, the summarized data will help to understand whether polyphenols can be used as adjuvants in cancer therapy, although further clinical trials will provide crucial information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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15 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gastrointestinal Cancer Patient Nutritional Management: From Specific Needs to Novel Epigenetic Dietary Approaches

by Chiara Cencioni, Ilaria Trestini, Geny Piro, Emilio Bria, Giampaolo Tortora, Carmine Carbone and Francesco Spallotta

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081542 - 08 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3239

Abstract

Nutritional habits impinge on the health of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to GI disorder progression. GI cancer is a widespread and aggressive tumor sensitive to nutritional changes. Indeed, specific nutritional expedients can be adopted to prevent GI cancer onset and to slow [...] Read more.

Nutritional habits impinge on the health of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to GI disorder progression. GI cancer is a widespread and aggressive tumor sensitive to nutritional changes. Indeed, specific nutritional expedients can be adopted to prevent GI cancer onset and to slow down disease activity. Moreover, the patient’s nutritional status impacts prognosis, quality of life, and chemotherapy tolerance. These patients encounter the highest frequency of malnourishment risk, a condition that can progressively evolve into cachexia. Clinical studies dealing with this topic stressed the importance of nutritional counseling and put under the spotlight nutrient delivery, the type of nutrient supplementation, and timing for the start of nutritional management. A medical practitioner well-prepared on the topic of nutrition and cancer should operate in the clinical team dedicated to these oncological patients. This specific expertise needs to be implemented as soon as possible to adopt nutritional interventions and establish a proper patient-tailored dietary regimen. The nutritional gap closure should be prompt during anticancer treatment to stabilize weight loss, improve treatment tolerability, and ameliorate survival rate. Recently, novel nutritional approaches were investigated to target the bidirectional link between epigenetics and metabolism, whose alteration supports the onset, progression, and therapeutic response of GI cancer patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

12 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Web-Based Nutrition Information in Spanish for Cancer Patients and Survivors

by Fjorida Llaha, Alba Ribalta, Lorena Arribas, Marta Bellver, Elena Roura, Núria Guillén-Rey, Isabel Megias-Rangil, Clara Alegret-Basora, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau and Raul Zamora-Ros

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071441 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2149

Abstract

Nutrition education resources are of interest for cancer patients and survivors throughout the cancer continuum. We examined the web-based nutrition information in Spanish for cancer patients and survivors provided by national cancer organizations (NCOs). The Guide to Internet Resources for Cancer and the [...] Read more.

Nutrition education resources are of interest for cancer patients and survivors throughout the cancer continuum. We examined the web-based nutrition information in Spanish for cancer patients and survivors provided by national cancer organizations (NCOs). The Guide to Internet Resources for Cancer and the membership list of the Union for International Cancer Control were searched to identify the NCOs. The International Patients Decisions Aid Standards (IPDAS) was used to describe the quality of the available information. We identified 20 NCOs that provided nutrition information aimed at a general audience on their websites. Web-based resources of nine NCOs were selected for presentation in this review. Website scores ranged between 20 and 24 in the IPDAS scale (maximum score = 31). The selected NCOs offered reliable and safe information. Healthy eating information for cancer patients and management of side-effects was provided by all websites. Information was more limited for cancer survivors. We recommend that NCOs increase the possibilities for personalized recommendations and interaction with the content by including instrumental tools on their websites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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10 pages, 1004 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Creatine and Resistance Training: A Combined Approach to Attenuate Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

by David Law, Mitchel A. Magrini, Jacob A. Siedlik, Joan Eckerson, Kristen M. Drescher and Eric C. Bredahl

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 4048; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184048 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1270

Abstract

Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent chemotherapy agent, useful in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias, is limited by its potentially lethal cardiotoxicity. However, exercise has been consistently shown to mitigate the side effects of DOX, including cardiotoxicity. To date, most studies examining [...] Read more.

Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent chemotherapy agent, useful in the treatment of solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias, is limited by its potentially lethal cardiotoxicity. However, exercise has been consistently shown to mitigate the side effects of DOX, including cardiotoxicity. To date, most studies examining the relationship between exercise and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity have focused on aerobic exercise, with very few examining the role of anerobic activity. Therefore, this investigation explored the potential of creatine (CR) and resistance training (RT) in preserving cardiac health during DOX therapy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into RT, RT + CR, sedentary (SED), and SED + CR, with each division further branching into saline (SAL) or DOX-treated subsets post-10 weeks of RT or SED activity. RT comprised progressive training utilizing specialized cages for bipedal stance feeding. CR-treated groups ingested water mixed with 1% CR monohydrate and 5% dextrose, while control animals received 5% dextrose. At week 10, DOX was administered (2 mg/kg/week) over 4-weeks to an 8 mg/kg cumulative dose. Cardiac function post-DOX treatment was assessed via transthoracic echocardiography. Left ventricular diameter during diastole was lower in DOX + CR, RT + DOX, and RT + CR + DOX compared to SED + DOX (p < 0.05). Additionally, cardiac mass was significantly greater in RT + CR + DOX SED + DOX animals (p < 0.05). These results suggest RT and CR supplementation, separately and in combination, could attenuate some measures of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and may offer a cost-effective way to complement cancer treatments and enhance patient outcomes. More investigations are essential to better understand CR’s prolonged effects during DOX therapy and its clinical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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10 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Carrot Intake and Risk of Developing Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Ulrik Deding, Gunnar Baatrup, Lasse Kaalby and Morten Kobaek-Larsen

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030678 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4606

Abstract

A prospectively followed Danish cohort of 55,756 citizens with an observation time upwards of 25 years was investigated for association between eating raw carrots on a regular basis and developing various adenocarcinoma-dominant cancers and leukemia. Mean age at inclusion was 56.2 years (SD [...] Read more.

A prospectively followed Danish cohort of 55,756 citizens with an observation time upwards of 25 years was investigated for association between eating raw carrots on a regular basis and developing various adenocarcinoma-dominant cancers and leukemia. Mean age at inclusion was 56.2 years (SD 4.4 years), and 52% were females. A dose-dependent reduction in incidence was seen for cancer of the lung (HR 0.76, CI95% 0.66; 0.87) and pancreas (HR 0.79, CI95% 0.61; 1.03), as well as leukemia (HR 0.91, CI95% 0.68; 1.21). Only for lung cancer was the association significant. In the case of pancreatic cancer, a possible type 1 error was present due to a low number of cancers. In cases of breast and prostate cancer, no association and no dose response were demonstrated. The association seen for lung and pancreatic cancer parallels that earlier demonstrated for large bowel cancer and indicates a cancer-protective effect from daily intake of raw carrots not limited to gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Processed carrots exhibited no effect. The preventive effect could be due to the polyacetylenic compounds falcarinol and falcarindiol in carrots, whereas carotene may not have an effect. The polyacetylenes are inactivated by heating, supporting our findings that only raw carrot intake has an effect. Indirect evidence for the cancer preventive effect of carrots in humans has reached a level where a prospective human trial is now timely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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9 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effect of Oral Intake of Carrot Juice on Cyclooxygenases and Cytokines in Healthy Human Blood Stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide

by Ulrik Deding, Bettina Hjelm Clausen, Issam Al-Najami, Gunnar Baatrup, Boye Lagerbon Jensen and Morten Kobaek-Larsen

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030632 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2670

Abstract

In vitro studies and animal studies have shown that chemical compounds contained in carrots, such as falcarinol and falcarindiol, can prevent inflammation. The present study was designed to test whether the oral intake of carrot juice containing falcarinol and falcarindiol affects the activity [...] Read more.

In vitro studies and animal studies have shown that chemical compounds contained in carrots, such as falcarinol and falcarindiol, can prevent inflammation. The present study was designed to test whether the oral intake of carrot juice containing falcarinol and falcarindiol affects the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in human blood. Carrot juice (500 mL) was administered orally to healthy volunteers, and blood samples were drawn before and 1 h after juice intake at the time point when peak concentrations of falcarinol and falcariondiol have been shown in the blood. The blood samples were divided, and one sample was allowed to coagulate for 1 h at room temperature before analyzing the synthesis of thromboxane B2 (TBX2) by the COX1 enzyme using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The other blood samples were stimulated ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The ELISA and cytokine multiplex analysis assessed the levels of COX-2-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inflammatory markers interleukin (IL) 1α, IL1β, IL6, IL16, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Inflammatory cytokines such as IL1α and IL16 were significantly reduced in the LPS stimulated blood samples with higher concentrations of falcarinol and falcariondiol compared to the control samples taken before the intake of carrot juice. The levels of TBX2, PGE2, IL1β, IL6, and TNFα were not affected by the carrot juice intake blood samples not stimulated with LPS. In conclusion, carrot juice rich in the polyacetylens falcarinol and falcarindiol affects blood leukocytes, priming them to better cope with inflammatory conditions, evident by the reduced secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL1α and IL16. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives for Cancer Patients’ Nutritional Support and Therapy)

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