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11 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Method of Body Volume and Fat Mass Estimation Using Three-Dimensional Image Processing with a Mexican Sample

by Fabián Ituriel García Flores, Miguel Klünder Klünder, Miriam Teresa López Teros, Cristopher Antonio Muñoz Ibañez and Miguel Angel Padilla Castañeda

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030384 - 29 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Body composition assessment using instruments such as dual X-ray densitometry (DXA) can be complex and their use is often limited to research. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate a densitometric method for fat mass (FM) estimation using 3D cameras. Using two [...] Read more.

Body composition assessment using instruments such as dual X-ray densitometry (DXA) can be complex and their use is often limited to research. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate a densitometric method for fat mass (FM) estimation using 3D cameras. Using two such cameras, stereographic images, and a mesh reconstruction algorithm, 3D models were obtained. The FM estimations were compared using DXA as a reference. In total, 28 adults, with a mean BMI of 24.5 (±3.7) kg/m² and mean FM (by DXA) of 19.6 (±5.8) kg, were enrolled. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for body volume (BV) was 0.98–0.99 (95% CI, 0.97–0.99) for intra-observer and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96–0.99) for inter-observer reliability. The coefficient of variation for kinetic BV was 0.20 and the mean difference (bias) for BV (liter) between Bod Pod and Kinect was 0.16 (95% CI, −1.2 to 1.6), while the limits of agreement (LoA) were 7.1 to −7.5 L. The mean bias for FM (kg) between DXA and Kinect was −0.29 (95% CI, −2.7 to 2.1), and the LoA was 12.1 to −12.7 kg. The adjusted R² obtained using an FM regression model was 0.86. The measurements of this 3D camera-based system aligned with the reference measurements, showing the system’s feasibility as a simpler, more economical screening tool than current systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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14 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Lean Tissue Mass and Muscle Function in Women with Obesity

by Laurent Maïmoun, Elise Bourgeois, Chris Serrand, Thibault Mura, Jean-Paul Cristol, Justine Myzia, Antoine Avignon, Denis Mariano-Goulart and Ariane Sultan

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214517 - 25 Oct 2023

Viewed by 924

Abstract

It is well documented that lean tissue mass (LTM) decreases with aging in patients with obesity, but there is no information available regarding muscle strength changes, a parameter that may be better associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO). The objectives of this study were [...] Read more.

It is well documented that lean tissue mass (LTM) decreases with aging in patients with obesity, but there is no information available regarding muscle strength changes, a parameter that may be better associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO). The objectives of this study were to analyze the changes in LTM and fat mass (FM), muscle strength and muscle function with aging in women with obesity and to determine the prevalence of SO. LTM and FM were determined by DXA, muscle strength with the hand-grip test and muscle function with the 6 min walk test (6MWT) in 383 women with obesity. A redistribution of the LTM and FM occurred with age, characterized by a gain at the trunk to the detriment of the lower limbs, thus reducting in appendicular LTM indices. The physical performances evaluated by the muscle strength and muscle function decreased concomitantly, and the prevalence of low values for both these parameters was 22.8% and 13.4%, respectively, in the older patients. In summary, although a reduction in appendicular LTM and muscle performances occurred with age and resulted in an increase in the prevalence of SO, the number of women with obesity affected by SO remained low (n ≤ 15), even in those older than 60 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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16 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Lean Tissue Mass, Fat Mass, Biological Parameters and Resting Energy Expenditure over 24 Months Following Sleeve Gastrectomy

by Laurent Maïmoun, Safa Aouinti, Marion Puech, Patrick Lefebvre, Melanie Deloze, Pascal de Santa Barbara, Eric Renard, Jean-Paul Christol, Justine Myzia, Marie-Christine Picot, Denis Mariano-Goulart and David Nocca

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051201 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1367

Abstract

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) induces weight loss but its effects on body composition (BC) are less well known. The aims of this longitudinal study were to analyse the BC changes from the acute phase up to weight stabilization following SG. Variations in the biological [...] Read more.

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) induces weight loss but its effects on body composition (BC) are less well known. The aims of this longitudinal study were to analyse the BC changes from the acute phase up to weight stabilization following SG. Variations in the biological parameters related to glucose, lipids, inflammation, and resting energy expenditure (REE) were concomitantly analysed. Fat mass (FM), lean tissue mass (LTM), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 83 obese patients (75.9% women) before SG and 1, 12 and 24 months later. After 1 month, LTM and FM losses were comparable, whereas at 12 months the loss of FM exceeded that of LTM. Over this period, VAT also decreased significantly, biological parameters became normalized, and REE was reduced. For most of the BC, biological and metabolic parameters, no substantial variation was demonstrated beyond 12 months. In summary, SG induced a modification in BC changes during the first 12 months following SG. Although the significant LTM loss was not associated with an increase in sarcopenia prevalence, the preservation of LTM might have limited the reduction in REE, which is a longer-term weight-regain criterion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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14 pages, 1661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Twelve-Month Outcomes in Patients with Obesity Following Bariatric Surgery—A Single Centre Experience

by Radu Petru Soroceanu, Daniel Vasile Timofte, Madalina Maxim, Razvan Liviu Platon, Vlad Vlasceanu, Bogdan Mihnea Ciuntu, Alin Constantin Pinzariu, Andreea Clim, Andreea Soroceanu, Ioana Silistraru and Doina Azoicai

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051134 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1463

Abstract

Background: As obesity rates continue to rise worldwide, many surgeons consider bariatric procedures as a possible cure for the upcoming obesity pandemic. Excess weight represents a risk factor for multiple metabolic disorders, especially for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is a strong [...] Read more.

Background: As obesity rates continue to rise worldwide, many surgeons consider bariatric procedures as a possible cure for the upcoming obesity pandemic. Excess weight represents a risk factor for multiple metabolic disorders, especially for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is a strong correlation between the two pathologies. The aim of this study is to highlight the safety and short-term results of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, laparoscopic gastric plication (LGP) and intragastric balloon (IGB) as methods used in the treatment of obesity. We followed the remission or amelioration of comorbidities, tracked metabolic parameters, weight loss curves and hoped to outline the profile of the obese patient in Romania. Methods: The target population of this study was represented by patients (n = 488) with severe obesity who qualified for the metabolic surgery criteria. Starting from 2013 to 2019, patients underwent four types of bariatric procedures and were subsequently monitored over the course of 12 months in the 3rd Surgical Clinic at “Sf. Spiridon” Emergency Hospital Iași. Descriptive evaluation indicators, as well as those of analytical evaluation were used as statistical processing methods. Results: A significant decrease in body weight was recorded during monitoring and was more pronounced for patients who underwent LSG and RYGB. T2DM was identified in 24.6% of patients. Partial remission of T2DM was present in 25.3% of cases, and total remission was identified in 61.4% of patients. Mean blood glucose levels, triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol levels decreased significantly during monitoring. Vitamin D increased significantly regardless of the type of surgery performed, while mean levels of vitamin B12 decreased significantly during monitoring. Post-operative intraperitoneal bleeding occurred in 6 cases (1.22%) and a reintervention for haemostasis was required. Conclusions: All procedures performed were safe and effective methods of weight loss and improved associated comorbidities and metabolic parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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10 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of an Intermittent Fasting 5:2 Plus Program on Body Weight in Chinese Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Pilot Study

by Junren Kang, Xiaodong Shi, Ji Fu, Hailong Li, Enling Ma and Wei Chen

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224734 - 09 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3215

Abstract

To retrospectively review the efficacy of intermittent fasting 5:2 plus program (30% of energy requirements on fast days and 70% of energy requirements on nonfasting days) in Chinese patients with overweight or obesity. This retrospective cohort study evaluated weight loss outcomes of patients [...] Read more.

To retrospectively review the efficacy of intermittent fasting 5:2 plus program (30% of energy requirements on fast days and 70% of energy requirements on nonfasting days) in Chinese patients with overweight or obesity. This retrospective cohort study evaluated weight loss outcomes of patients treated with 12 weeks weight loss program in clinic. Adults with overweight or obesity participated in intermittent fasting 5:2 plus, daily calorie restriction (70% of energy requirements every day) or daily calorie restriction with meal replacement (70% of energy requirements every day, partly provided with high-protein meal replacement) programs for 12 weeks. The primary objective was to compare the weight loss of three groups. The primary outcome measure was the change in the % total weight loss. A total of 131 patients (35.3 ± 10.1 years; 81.7% female) were included, and the mean weight loss was 7.8 ± 4.4% after 12 weeks. The intermittent fasting 5:2 plus group (n = 42) achieved 9.0 ± 5.3% weight loss, compared with 5.7 ± 3.7% in the daily calorie restriction group (n = 41) (p < 0.001) and 8.6 ± 3.5% in the meal replacement group (n = 48) (p = 0.650). A total of 85.7% of patients in the intermittent fasting 5:2 plus group lost more than 5% body weight, vs. 58.5% in the daily calorie restriction group (p = 0.008), and 45.2% lost more than 10% body weight, vs. 14.6% in the daily calorie restriction group (p = 0.005). No serious adverse events were reported in the three groups. The intermittent fasting 5:2 plus program more effectively led to weight loss than daily calorie restriction in the short-term in Chinese patients with overweight or obesity. A longer-term prospective randomized controlled trial is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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13 pages, 3184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on Metabolism during Submaximal Aerobic Exercise and in the Recovery Period in Postmenopausal Women

by Jean-Christophe Lagacé, Jasmine Paquin, Renaud Tremblay, Philippe St-Martin, Daniel Tessier, Mélanie Plourde, Eléonor Riesco and Isabelle J. Dionne

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4638; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214638 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1636

Abstract

Aging and family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known risk factors of T2D. Younger first-degree relatives (FDR) of T2D patients have shown early metabolic alterations, which could limit exercise’s ability to prevent T2D. Thus, the objective was to determine whether exercise [...] Read more.

Aging and family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known risk factors of T2D. Younger first-degree relatives (FDR) of T2D patients have shown early metabolic alterations, which could limit exercise’s ability to prevent T2D. Thus, the objective was to determine whether exercise metabolism was altered during submaximal exercise in FDR postmenopausal women. Nineteen inactive postmenopausal women (control: 10, FDR: 9) aged 60 to 75 years old underwent an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with intensity ranging from 40 to 70% of peak power output. Participants consumed 50 mg of ¹³C-palmitate 2 h before the test. At the end of each stage, glucose, lactate, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and ¹³C-palmitate were measured in plasma, and ¹³CO₂ was measured in breath samples. Gas exchanges and heart rate were both monitored continuously. There were no between-group differences in substrate oxidation, plasma substrate concentrations or ¹³C recovered in plasma or breath. Interestingly, despite exercising at a similar relative intensity to control, FDR were consistently at a lower percentage of heart rate reserve. Overall, substrate plasma concentration and oxidation are not affected by family history of T2D in postmenopausal women and therefore not a participating mechanism in the altered response to exercise previously reported. More studies are required to better understand the mechanisms involved in this response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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21 pages, 5805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treadmill Exercise Modulates Intestinal Microbes and Suppresses LPS Displacement to Alleviate Neuroinflammation in the Brains of APP/PS1 Mice

by Shunling Yuan, Jialun Yang, Ye Jian, Yong Lei, Sisi Yao, Zelin Hu, Xia Liu, Changfa Tang and Wenfeng Liu

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194134 - 05 Oct 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2756

Abstract

Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with [...] Read more.

Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with a deterioration in the function of gut microbiota. APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice were subjected to 12 weeks of treadmill exercise, followed by spatial memory tests. After the behavioral study, the amyloid (Aβ) pathology, gut microbes and metabolites, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) displacement, and degree of neuroinflammation were analyzed. We found that this strategy of exercise enriched gut microbial diversity and alleviated neuroinflammation in the brain. Notably, exercise led to reductions in pathogenic bacteria such as intestinal Allobaculum, increases in probiotic bacteria such as Akkermansia, increased levels of intestine–brain barrier proteins, and attenuated LPS displacement. These results suggest that prolonged exercise can effectively modulate gut microbes and the intestinal barrier and thereby reduce LPS displacement and ultimately alleviate AD-related neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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Review

Jump to: Research

14 pages, 2491 KiB

Open AccessReview

Myokines: Crosstalk and Consequences on Liver Physiopathology

by Aurore Dumond Bourie, Jean-Baptiste Potier, Michel Pinget and Karim Bouzakri

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071729 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3327

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease mainly characterized by the hepatic accumulation of lipid inducing a deregulation of β-oxidation. Its advanced form is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which, in addition to lipid accumulation, induces hepatocellular damage, oxidative stress and fibrosis [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease mainly characterized by the hepatic accumulation of lipid inducing a deregulation of β-oxidation. Its advanced form is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which, in addition to lipid accumulation, induces hepatocellular damage, oxidative stress and fibrosis that can progress to cirrhosis and to its final stage: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, no specific therapeutic treatment exists. The implications of organ crosstalk have been highlighted in many metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, metabolic-associated liver diseases and obesity. Skeletal muscle, in addition to its role as a reservoir and consumer of energy and carbohydrate metabolism, is involved in this inter-organs’ communication through different secreted products: myokines, exosomes and enzymes, for example. Interestingly, resistance exercise has been shown to have a beneficial impact on different metabolic pathways, such as lipid oxidation in different organs through their secreted products. In this review, we will mainly focus on myokines and their effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and their complication: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and HCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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