Submit to Nutrients Review for Nutrients Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Geriatric Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2023) | Viewed by 18082

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eduardo Ferriolli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Medical School in Sao Paulo, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
Interests: nutrition and aging; frailty syndrome; sarcopenia; intrinsic capacity; body composition; energy expenditure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Heliodoro Alemán-Mateo

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor

Nutrition Coordination, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico
Interests: geriatric nutrition; body composition; nutrition status; total energy expenditure and energy requirements; skeletal muscle; obesity classification and nutrition interventions in older people
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Karina Pfrimer

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor

1. Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
2. Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirão Preto, Avenue Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14096-900, Brazil
Interests: nutrition and ageing; frailty syndrome; sarcopenia; intrinsic capacity; body composition; energy expenditure; assessment nutrition; food intake assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Malnutrition is highly prevalent in the older population. It is associated with declining functionality and relevant health deficits, such as functional status, impaired muscle function, decreased bone mass, immune dysfunction, anaemia, reduced cognitive function, poor wound healing, and delayed recovery from surgery. Significantly, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a major part of social lifestyle has been changed, including changes in eating patterns and physical activity. This could lead to an increased risk of malnutrition. Additionally, older patients seem to be the most vulnerable group to COVID-19. These patients are usually characterized by impaired locomotion and malnutrition. Thus, nutrition assessment is vital in older adults, as it can bring about improved nutritional status and outcomes, and thus individual benefits for affected persons.

This Special Issue aims to explore the principles and tools of successful nutritional screening and assessment in older persons. We also welcome research and knowledge on the current handling of malnutrition in older people. In the present Special Issue, we welcome original articles, as well as narrative and systematic reviews.

Prof. Dr. Eduardo Ferriolli
Dr. Heliodoro Alemán-Mateo
Dr. Karina Pfrimer
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

malnutrition
older people
sarcopenia
nutritional assessment
nutritional status

Published Papers (10 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Obesity on the Health of the Older Population: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Relationship between Health-Related Quality of Life and Body Mass Index across Different Age Groups

by Patrick Reinbacher, Alexander Draschl, Maria Anna Smolle, Andrzej Hecker, Franz Gaderer, Kay-Bernd Lanner, Paul Ruckenstuhl, Patrick Sadoghi, Andreas Leithner, Stefan Nehrer, Thomas Klestil, Kevin Brunnader and Gerwin A. Bernhardt

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010051 - 22 Dec 2023

Viewed by 878

Abstract

Obesity is strongly associated with mortality and morbidity, but there is a lack of data on its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) across different age groups. Therefore, this study’s objective was to determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and HRQoL in the Austrian adult population based on age groups using the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) survey. Methods: The SF-36 survey was sent to 500 randomly assigned Austrian adults (response rate: 80.6%). This study assessed HRQoL subscale and component scores based on gender, level of education, smoking status, and alcohol consumption in 403 participants. Results: Increasing BMI is associated with a negative impact on all domains of physical health and social function. The study uncovered substantial variations in the impact of increasing BMI on HRQoL across different age groups, with a pronounced effect observed in the physical components, particularly among individuals aged 65–74. Conclusions: BMI is negatively associated with the physical aspects of HRQoL and social function, affecting various adult age groups differently. Consequently, our results emphasize assessing different age groups and possible influencing factors on HRQoL, such as BMI, for further optimization in designing prevention programs against obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

13 pages, 406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Malnutrition, Functional Decline, and Institutionalization in Older Adults after Hospital Discharge Following Community-Acquired Pneumonia

by Sandra Clotet-Vidal, M. Encarna Saez Prieto, Pol Duch Llorach, Álvaro Santos Gutiérrez, Jordi Casademont Pou and Olga H. Torres Bonafonte

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010011 - 20 Dec 2023

Viewed by 876

Abstract

Background and aims: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major threat to older adults, but mid-term implications are poorly described. The aim was to analyze functional decline, institutionalization, malnutrition, and risk factors after hospital admission for CAP. Methods: This prospective observational study included patients over 65 years discharged after CAP between May 2019 and July 2021. We performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment and a general nutritional assessment 30–60 days after CAP. This included the MNA and blood test with trace elements and vitamins. The main outcomes were functional decline, institutionalization, and malnutrition. Multivariate logistic regression was used for the analyses. Results: In total, 144 patients of 77.15 ± 7.91 years, 55.6% male, and 9% previously institutionalized were analyzed. At hospital admission, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was 1.5 ± 1.6, the Pneumonia Severity Index was 98.1 ± 25.9, and the previous Barthel Index (BI) was 93.06 ± 17.13. Hospital stay was 9.72 ± 7.88 days. After 44.6 ± 14.4 days, 48.6% patients showed functional decline and 19.4% were institutionalized. Age (OR 1.17; CI 95% 1.09–1.26), previous institutionalization (29.1; 3.7–224.7), BI (1.09; 1.05–1.14), CCI (1.5; 1.1–2.1), and length of stay (1.1, 1.02–1.18) were independently associated with functional decline. The only predictors of new institutionalization were previous BI (0.96; 0.93–0.99) and length of stay (1.06; 1.00–1.13). The MNA indicated malnutrition in 28% of the community-dwelling patients and 67.9% of those institutionalized, with risk of malnutrition being 45.7% and 9.5%, respectively, after an average of 44.6 days of CAP diagnosis. The predictors of malnutrition were previous institutionalization (10.62; 2.20–51.21), BI (0.95; 0.92–0.98), and length of stay (1.12; 1.04–1.20). Micronutrient deficiencies were mainly zinc (61.8%), vitamin D (54.5%), and vitamin C (45.1%). An MNA score < 17 points or hypoalbuminemia showed good specificity to identify these deficiencies. Conclusions: After CAP admission, functional decline, institutionalization, and malnutrition rates were high. Longer hospital stay was a common risk factor for all outcomes. The presence of hypoalbuminemia or an MNA < 17 in older patients should prompt suspicion of deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamin D, C, and zinc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence of the Risk of Malnutrition and Excess Fat Mass, and Gait Speed as Independent Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Miriam T. López-Teros, Helen J. Vidaña-Espinoza, Julián Esparza-Romero, Oscar Rosas-Carrasco, Armando Luna-López and Heliodoro Alemán-Mateo

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204419 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1623

Abstract

Background and aims: Only one cohort study exists on the incidence of the risk of malnutrition (RM) in older adults, though numerous cross-sectional reports, identified several risk factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of this condition. However, alterations in body composition and impaired physical performance as exposition variables of RM have not been explored. This study assessed the incidence of RM and determined its association with excess fat mass, low total lean tissue, gait speed, and handgrip strength as exposition variables for RM in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of older adults (≥60 years) derived from the study “Frailty, dynapenia, and sarcopenia in Mexican adults (FraDySMex)”, a prospective cohort project conducted from 2014 to 2019 in Mexico City. At baseline, volunteers underwent body composition analysis and physical performance tests. Several covariates were identified through comprehensive geriatric assessment. At baseline and follow-up, RM was assessed using the long form of the mini nutritional assessment (MNA-LF) scale. Associations between the exposition variables and RM were assessed by multiple logistic regression. Results: The cohort included 241 subjects. The average age was 75.6 ± 7.8 years, and 83.4% were women. The mean follow-up period was 4.1 years, during which 28.6% of subjects developed RM. This condition was less likely to occur in those with an excess fat mass, even after adjusting for several covariates. Regarding total lean tissue, the unadjusted model showed that RM was more likely to occur in men and women with a low TLT by the TLTI classification, compared to the normal group. However, after adjusting for several covariates (models 1 and 2), the association lost significance. Results on the association between gait speed and RM showed that this condition was also more likely to occur in subjects with low gait speed, according to both the unadjusted and adjusted models. Similar results were found for RM in relation to low handgrip strength; however, after adjusting for the associated covariates, models 1 and 2 no longer reached the level of significance. Conclusions: RM diagnosed by MNA-LF was significantly less likely to occur among subjects with excess fat mass, and a significant association emerged between low gait speed and RM after 4.1 years of follow-up in these community-dwelling older adults. These results confirm the association between some alterations of body composition and impaired physical performance with the risk of malnutrition and highlight that excess fat mass and low gait speed precede the risk of malnutrition, not vice versa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Nutritional Status and Diet Diversity with Skeletal Muscle Strength and Quality of Life among Older Arab Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Rahaf Alotaibi, Alanoud Aladel, Sulaiman A. Alshammari, Mahmoud M. A. Abulmeaty and Adel A. Alhamdan

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204382 - 16 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1218

Abstract

There is little research evaluating skeletal muscle strength, nutritional status, and quality of life in older Arab adults. This study examined the association of nutritional status with skeletal muscle strength and quality of life among older adults living in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among older adults (n = 166 older adults; 57.8% females) who visited primary outpatient clinics at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh City. Sociodemographic data, Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF), diet variety score (DVS), and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) were assessed. Furthermore, handgrip strength (HGS) and knee extension strength (KES) were measured to evaluate skeletal muscle strength. Malnourishment and risk of malnutrition were found in 16.9% of our sample. Nutritional status was significantly associated with muscle strength and HR-QoL (p < 0.05). The well-nourished group had higher HGS, KES, and total HR-QoL scores compared to the at risk of malnutrition or malnourished group. Moreover, there was a moderate positive correlation between MNA-SF and total HR-QoL scores (r = 0.40). The percentage of individuals in the well-nourished group categorized with a high or moderate DVS was significantly higher than those at risk of malnutrition or are malnourished; however, DVS was not associated with muscle strength and HR-QoL. The MNA-SF score had a significant positive correlation with HGS (r = 0.30) and KES (r = 0.23). An increase in the MNA-SF score was significantly associated with higher odds of being moderate/high (HGS and HR-QoL) in the crude and adjusted models. In conclusion, maintaining adequate nutritional status is beneficial for preserving skeletal muscle strength and promoting better HR-QoL among older individuals. Therefore, applications of appropriate nutritional and muscle strength assessments in geriatric care institutions are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Malnutrition in Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Study including Individuals ≥ 75 Years of Age

by Kemal Göçer and Bayram Öztürk

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194195 - 28 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1076

Abstract

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common rhythm disorder in the elderly. The AF can cause life-threatening thromboembolic complications. Therefore, there is a need to determine the risk factors of AF. In this study, we aimed to examine the association of markers of malnutrition with AF in individuals aged 75 years and older and to find the factors that may affect mortality. Methods: In this prospective study, 358 consecutive individuals aged 75 years and older presenting to the cardiology outpatient clinic were included. All participants were divided into AF and sinus rhythm (SR) groups. In addition, a questionnaire and scoring system were used to assess malnutrition status. Information was obtained from all patients through outpatient clinic visits or telephone interviews for one year. Death from any cause was considered as the endpoint. Results: AF was observed in 71 (19.8%) patients. Death was higher in patients with AF (p < 0.001), high CONUT score (p = 0.018), and GLIM malnutrition (p = 0.018). GLIM malnutrition caused a 2.8-fold increase in the development of AF. Conclusions: Screening for malnutrition in the elderly is essential. According to GLIM criteria, malnutrition may play a role in the development of AF and increase one-year mortality in the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Body Shape Index and Its Changes in Relation to All-Cause Mortality among the Chinese Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Ning Yang, Jialu Zhuo, Suyi Xie, Zhihua Qu, Wei Li, Zixiang Li, Panpan Guo, Mingbo Gao, Huanlong Qin and Ting Han

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132943 - 28 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1490

Abstract

Although recent evidence has revealed that a body shape index (ABSI) is correlated with the incidence of death among different ethnicities, there remains a paucity of studies investigating the impact of ABSI on mortality within the Chinese elderly. Our objective was to ascertain the link between ABSI, as well as its alterations over time, and all-cause mortality among Chinese aged 65 y and above. A total of 3789 participants were enrolled from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Cox regressions and restricted cubic splines were employed to assess the association of ABSI and relative changes with all-cause mortality. When nonlinearity was detected, a restricted cubic spline regression was subsequently conducted to compute hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The median survival time was 46 months, and 1342 individuals (35.4%) were reported to have died. ABSI contributed independently to rising death rates among Chinese old populations according to univariate and multivariate Cox regressions. Statistically significant associations were also found stratified by age, sex, and lifestyle. A U-shaped association of ABSI changes with all-cause mortality (p = 0.027) was observed, indicating that old adults with stable ABSI during the follow-up period experienced the lowest risk of mortality. After multivariable adjustment, participants with a 10% reduction in ABSI changes had an increased 9.4% risk of death, while participants with a 10% rise in ABSI changes had an increased 1.9% risk. ABSI and its changes are predictors for all-cause mortality among the elderly Chinese population, which emphasizes the clinical importance of monitoring ABSI and keeping it stable over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrition Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAPs) among Jordanian Elderly—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Fadwa Hammouh, Mai Abdullah, Ala’a Al-Bakheit, Narmeen Jamal Al-Awwad, Ibrahim Dabbour and Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092220 - 08 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3790

Abstract

Nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and good practices are essential for preventing malnutrition, ensuring good health, and maintaining life quality. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have been published on the nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of Jordanian older people. For this reason, our study aimed to assess the KAPs in the Jordanian elderly. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1200 people aged 60 and over. The results revealed that 52.8% of participants had poor knowledge, 52.7% had negative attitude scores, and 72.6% had poor practices. Significant differences were found between the three regions in the KAP prevalence (p < 0.001). The northern region had a higher prevalence of nutritionally poor knowledge (65.6%) compared to 52.5% and 40.4% for the central and southern regions, respectively. Participants from the central region had a higher prevalence of a positive attitude (55.4%), whereas the northern and the southern participants had a higher prevalence of a negative attitude (65.6% and 54.4%, respectively). All regions reported poor practices, yet, significantly, the northern regions had the highest prevalence of poor practices. Participants with a low educational level reported a significantly higher prevalence of poor knowledge, negative attitudes, and poor practices compared to participants with a high educational level. The results obtained underline the importance of taking into account the lack of nutrition-related KAPs among the elderly in Jordan. It is crucial to raise awareness on this issue and to implement the national nutrition strategy, with particular attention paid to the elderly. Concrete measures must be taken to ensure that the nutritional needs of older people are met and to improve their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

12 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Status among Portuguese and Turkish Older Adults Living in the Community: Relationships with Sociodemographic, Health and Anthropometric Characteristics

by Meryem Elif Öztürk, Rui Poínhos, Cláudia Afonso, Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan, Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida and Bruno M. P. M. Oliveira

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061333 - 09 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1570

Abstract

Malnutrition is widespread among older adults, and its determinants may differ between countries. We compared Portuguese and Turkish non-institutionalized older adults regarding nutritional status, sociodemographic, health and anthropometric characteristics and studied the relationships between nutritional status and those characteristics. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 430 Portuguese and 162 Turkish non-institutionalized older adults regarding sociodemographics, health conditions, the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA-FF) and anthropometry. Turkish older adults were more likely to be malnourished or at risk of malnutrition and had lower average BMI but a higher calf circumference. A higher proportion of the Portuguese sample had tooth loss, diabetes, hypertension, oncologic diseases, kidney diseases, osteoarticular problems or eye problems, while less had anemia. A better nutritional status (higher MNA-FF score) was found among the Portuguese, males, people using dentures, those without tooth loss, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, anemia or oncological diseases and was related to younger age, higher BMI and a higher calf circumference. Malnutrition and its risk were higher among older adults from Turkey, despite Portuguese older adults presenting a higher prevalence of chronic diseases. Being female, older age, tooth loss, hypertension, anemia, CVD or oncological disorders and having a lower BMI or CC were associated with higher rates of malnutrition among older adults from Portugal and Turkey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

Review

Jump to: Research

45 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Scoping Review of Nutrition Health for Older Adults: Does Technology Help?

by Dara L. LoBuono and Michael Milovich, Jr.

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4402; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204402 - 17 Oct 2023

Viewed by 3703

Abstract

The technological developments in healthcare may help facilitate older adult nutritional care. This scoping review includes research in technology and nutrition to (1) explain how technology is used to manage nutrition needs and (2) describe the forms of technology used to manage nutrition. Five major databases were the foundation for papers published from January 2000 to December 2020. The most common type of technology used is software to (1) “track, plan, and execute” nutrition management and for (2) “assessing” technology use. “Track, plan, and execute” includes tracking food intake, planning for changes, and executing a plan. “Assessing” technology use is collecting nutrition data from a provider’s or an older adult’s self-use of technology to understand dietary intake. Hardware is the second most type of technology used, with tablet computers for software and internet access. The findings reveal that software for older adults lacks standardization, the Internet of Things is a promising area, the current device emphasis is the tablet computer, and broadband internet access is essential for nutrition care. Only 38 studies were published in the last five years, indicating that nutrition management for older adults with hardware or software has not reached a significant research mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4505 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index for Predicting Overall Survival in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

by Ching-Yi Yiu, Chien-Cheng Liu, Jheng-Yan Wu, Wen-Wen Tsai, Ping-Hsin Liu, Wan-Jung Cheng, Jen-Yin Chen and Kuo-Chuan Hung

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204348 - 12 Oct 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1109

Abstract

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a prevalent malignancy with a poor prognosis, necessitating the identification of prognostic biomarkers to guide management. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), calculated from serum albumin and body weight, may predict survival in patients with HNC. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify this relationship. Databases were searched for studies examining the association between pretreatment GNRI and overall survival in patients with HNC. Ten studies with 2793 patients were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated that low GNRI was associated with significantly worse overall survival compared to high GNRI (hazard ratio [HR]:2.84, 95% CI 2.07–3.91, p < 0.00001). Older age (HR:1.73; 95% CI, 1.35–2.22; p < 0.0001), male sex (HR:1.7; 95% CI, 1.12–2.6; p = 0.01), advanced tumor stage (HR: 2.5; 95% CI, 1.72–3.63; p < 0.00001), and higher T-/N-stage (HR = 1.69 and 1.98, respectively) were also predictive of unfavorable outcomes. The GNRI had the highest HR, suggesting potent predictive ability. Despite limitations, including retrospective design and potential publication bias, our study indicates that low pretreatment GNRI predicts poor overall survival in patients with HNC. The GNRI is an inexpensive, routinely available biomarker that could improve prognostication and guide management decisions. Additional research is warranted to validate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Assessment of Nutritional Status in Older Persons

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (10 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI