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Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease
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Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 33240

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Rebecca V. Vince

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7 RX, UK
Interests: oxidative stress; stress response; reactive oxygen species; flow cytometry; exercise; nutrition; obesity; cancer; biomarkers; athletic performance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Non-communicable conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancers, and respiratory diseases, contribute significantly to total reported deaths and the burden of disease, and have an impact on quality of life. Physical inactivity and unhealthy eating can contribute to these conditions and good nutrition and physical activity can be used in the prevention and treatment of disease and the modification of risk factors. Furthermore, a large portion of adults with chronic disease are likely to be employed, and thus chronic disease risk factors and conditions are becoming more prevalent within the workforce.

This Special Issue welcomes research that investigates nutrition and physical activity in relation to the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. We would also particularly welcome research on the impact of working with chronic disease and any interventions therein.

This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease”, welcomes original research and literature reviews concerning this important topic.

Dr. Rebecca V. Vince
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nutrition
  • physical activity
  • chronic disease
  • exercise
  • prevention
  • treatment
  • workplace health

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

12 pages, 823 KiB  
Article
The Association of Loneliness with Diabetes Is Mediated by Physical Activity and BMI but Not Diet Quality
by Marie Fanelli Kuczmarski, Elizabeth Orsega-Smith, Michele K. Evans and Alan B. Zonderman
Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4923; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234923 - 25 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1245
Abstract
Loneliness is considered a predictor of poor health through numerous pathways. Mediators of this association has not been extensively explored. The study objective was to determine if diet quality and physical activity are parallel mediators with body mass index (BMI) as the third [...] Read more.
Loneliness is considered a predictor of poor health through numerous pathways. Mediators of this association has not been extensively explored. The study objective was to determine if diet quality and physical activity are parallel mediators with body mass index (BMI) as the third mediator in the association of loneliness with diabetes. The sample, middle-aged and older African American and White adults, 36–77 years, participated in the second follow-up wave of the prospective Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study, 2013–2017. Loneliness was measured by the UCLA 3-item loneliness scale. Participants were categorized as not diabetic, pre-diabetic, or diabetic based on fasting blood glucose, self-reports, or taking medication for diabetes. The Mean Healthy Eating Index-2010 score was calculated from two 24 h dietary recalls collected using the USDA automated multiple pass method. Physical activity was derived from the Baecke questionnaire. The Hayes PROCESS macro, model #80, was used to perform the mediational analysis. Covariates were age, sex at birth, race, income, alcohol intake, and education. Loneliness was inversely and significantly associated with diet quality and physical activity. The only significant indirect path was loneliness > physical activity > BMI > diabetes. Better understanding of modifiable lifestyle behaviors when developing interventions may improve mental health, thereby improving health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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14 pages, 619 KiB  
Article
See Me, Hear Me, Know Me: Perspectives on Diet and Physical Activity Influences among Teens Living in Rural Texas Communities
by Debbe Thompson, Julie Miranda, Chishinga Callender, Jayna M. Dave, Godlove Appiah and Salma M. A. Musaad
Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214695 - 06 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1092
Abstract
Teens in rural communities are at greater risk of obesity than teens in urban areas. Diet and physical activity influence obesity risk. Understanding their perspectives is an important step in intervention design. This qualitative investigation explored teen perspectives on how living in a [...] Read more.
Teens in rural communities are at greater risk of obesity than teens in urban areas. Diet and physical activity influence obesity risk. Understanding their perspectives is an important step in intervention design. This qualitative investigation explored teen perspectives on how living in a rural community influenced their diet and physical activity choices. Forty parent–teen pairs were recruited. Data collection included surveys and telephone interviews. This paper reports teen perspectives identified in the first interview. Thematic analysis was used to code and analyze the data. Findings revealed that the primary factor driving teens’ diet and physical activity behaviors was the teens themselves. They clearly understood their role in the choices they made, although they acknowledged not always making the healthiest choice. This belief was driven by their motivation to engage in healthy behaviors, which was influenced by the perceived benefits derived from making healthy choices and from the synergistic relationship between diet and physical activity. Diet and physical activity, in turn, were influenced by the environment, particularly the home, social, and community environments. Family and friends were particularly influential, as well as resource availability. These findings can serve as a foundation for designing interventions tailored to this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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15 pages, 1733 KiB  
Article
The Effect of a Very-Low-Calorie Diet (VLCD) vs. a Moderate Energy Deficit Diet in Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)—A Randomised Controlled Trial
by Harshal Deshmukh, Maria Papageorgiou, Liz Wells, Shahzad Akbar, Thomas Strudwick, Ketki Deshmukh, Salvatore Giovanni Vitale, Alan Rigby, Rebecca V. Vince, Marie Reid and Thozhukat Sathyapalan
Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 3872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183872 - 06 Sep 2023
Viewed by 4028
Abstract
We performed an open-label, randomised controlled trial to compare the effects of a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) vs. moderate energy deficit approach on body weight, body composition, free androgen index (FAI), and metabolic markers in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Forty eligible [...] Read more.
We performed an open-label, randomised controlled trial to compare the effects of a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) vs. moderate energy deficit approach on body weight, body composition, free androgen index (FAI), and metabolic markers in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Forty eligible patients were randomly assigned to a VLCD (n = 21) or a conventional energy deficit approach (n = 19) over the same period. After eight weeks, both groups experienced significant weight loss; however, this was greater in the VLCD arm (−10.9% vs. −3.9%, p < 0.0001). There was also a trend towards a reduction in FAI in the VLCD group compared to the energy deficit group (−32.3% vs. −7.7%, p = 0.07). In the VLCD arm, two women (18%) had a biochemical remission of PCOS (FAI < 4); this was not the case for any of the participants in the energy deficit arm. There was a significant within-group increase in the sex-hormone-binding globulin (p = 0.002) and reductions in fasting blood glucose (p = 0.010) and waist to hip ratio (p = 0.04) in the VLCD arm, but not in the energy deficit arm. The VLCD resulted in significantly greater weight reduction and was accompanied by more pronounced improvements in hyperandrogenaemia, body composition, and several metabolic parameters in obese women with PCOS as compared to the energy deficit approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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30 pages, 8240 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Non-Alcoholic Beverages and the Risk Related to Consumer Health among the Romanian Population
by Magdalena Mititelu, Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Gabriel Olteanu, Alexandru-Tiberiu Cîrțu, Lucian Hîncu, Theodora Claudia Gheonea, Tiberius Iustinian Stanciu, Ion Rogoveanu, Fallah Hashemi, Gabriela Stanciu, Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Caunii Angelica, Nicoleta Măru, Sergiu Lupu and Carmen Elena Lupu
Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173841 - 02 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2136
Abstract
The range of non-alcoholic drinks is very varied both from a compositional point of view and from a caloric and nutritional point of view. The excessive consumption of sweetened non-alcoholic beverages represents an important risk factor for health, especially when it is accompanied [...] Read more.
The range of non-alcoholic drinks is very varied both from a compositional point of view and from a caloric and nutritional point of view. The excessive consumption of sweetened non-alcoholic beverages represents an important risk factor for health, especially when it is accompanied by an unbalanced diet and a disordered lifestyle. In order to evaluate the consumption of non-alcoholic beverages correlated with the evaluation of the main lifestyle factors that can affect the state of health among Romanians, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out based on a questionnaire. The results of the study indicate that among the most consumed non-alcoholic drinks are coffee and sweetened carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, which are indicated as being responsible for the development of consumption addictions: 44% for coffee, 16.5% for sweetened or tonic carbonated drinks and 12% for sweetened non-carbonated drinks. Considering that the consumption of coffee is usually associated with sweeteners, there is a risk of excessive caffeine and caloric intake in a context where a lack of exercise predominates (59.98%) among respondents declaring that they do sports rarely or not at all, which can lead, in the long term, to the appearance of imbalances either of a psycho-emotional nature or of a metabolic nature. A significant link was found between sports activity and the environment in which they work (χ2 = 51.33, p = 0.05). Respondents with a daily activity that involves movement (working outdoors, working on a construction site) are also those who usually do sports, while 60.67% of the respondents who work a lot in front of the computer declared that they do sports very rarely or not at all. Reducing the excessive consumption of sweetened drinks can be achieved through an appropriate consumption of water and fruits and by intensifying physical activity as a way of counterbalancing the excess caloric intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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15 pages, 1005 KiB  
Article
Lifestyle Modification: Evaluation of the Effects of Physical Activity and Low-Glycemic-Index Mediterranean Diet on Fibrosis Score
by Ritanna Curci, Antonella Bianco, Isabella Franco, Caterina Bonfiglio, Angelo Campanella, Antonella Mirizzi, Vito Giannuzzi, Raffaele Cozzolongo, Nicola Veronese and Alberto Ruben Osella
Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3520; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163520 - 10 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1196
Abstract
Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one the most prevalent causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. In the absence of an approved drug treatment, lifestyle modification is the first intervention strategy. This study aimed to estimate the main effect of two different [...] Read more.
Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one the most prevalent causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. In the absence of an approved drug treatment, lifestyle modification is the first intervention strategy. This study aimed to estimate the main effect of two different physical activity (PA) programs, and a Low-Glycemic-Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD), or their combined effect on liver fibrosis parameters in subjects with NAFLD. Methods: Subjects with moderate or severe NAFLD grade of severity (n = 144) were randomly assigned to six intervention arms for three months: LGIMD, PA programs, and their combination. Data were collected at baseline, 45 days, and 90 days. Transient elastography was performed to assess the outcome. Results: at 90 days, a statistically significant reduction in kPa was found among subjects following LGMID (−2.85, 95% CI −5.24, −0.45) and those following an LGIMD plus PA1 (−2.37, 95% CI −4.39, −0.35) and LGIMD plus Pa2 (−2.21, 95% CI −4.10, −0.32). The contrast between time 2 and time 1 of the LGIMD plus PA2 treatment showed a statistically significant increase, and vice versa: the contrast between time 3 and time 2 of the same treatment showed a statistically significant reduction. The PA1 and PA2 arms also showed reduced kPa, although the results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The intervention arms, LGIMD, LGIMD+PA1, and LGIMD+PA2, reduced the fibrosis score. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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11 pages, 475 KiB  
Article
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and Sarcopenia in Older Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Yanjie Zhang, Xiaolei Liu, Yongzhi Ma and Xinxing Li
Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153417 - 01 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1368
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior, fruit and vegetable intake, and the risk of sarcopenia among older Chinese adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 5418 older Chinese adults who [...] Read more.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior, fruit and vegetable intake, and the risk of sarcopenia among older Chinese adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 5418 older Chinese adults who participated in the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health (SAGE). Participants reported information about their physical activity, sedentary behavior, and dietary habits (fruit and vegetable intake). Sarcopenia was defined as the presence of low skeletal muscle mass and either a slow gait speed or weak handgrip strength. A multiple logistic regression model was employed to determine the relationship between MVPA, sedentary behavior, fruit and vegetable intake, and the risk of sarcopenia. Results: Only 32.63% of participants met all three recommendations (for MVPA, sedentary behavior, and fruit and vegetable intake). Compared with meeting none of the recommendations, meeting all three recommendations was associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41–0.98). Moreover, meeting the recommendation for sufficient fruit and vegetable intake (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.58–0.83), MVPA and fruit/vegetable intake (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.52–0.86), and sedentary behavior and fruit/vegetable intake (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.48–0.98) was associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that in this large representative sample of older Chinese adults, meeting lifestyle recommendations for MVPA, sedentary behavior, and fruit and vegetable intake protected against sarcopenia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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17 pages, 1738 KiB  
Article
Acute Cardiometabolic and Exercise Responses to Breakfast Omission Versus Breakfast Consumption in Adolescent Girls: A Randomised Crossover Trial
by Julia K. Zakrzewski-Fruer, Victoria Morari, Rachael B. Champion, Daniel P. Bailey, Louise E. Ferrandino and Rebecca L. Jones
Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143210 - 19 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1560
Abstract
Girls often begin to skip breakfast during adolescence. This study compared the acute effect of breakfast omission versus consumption on cardiometabolic risk markers and perceived appetite and mood during rest and/or exercise in adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast consumers. Girls (aged 13.2 [...] Read more.
Girls often begin to skip breakfast during adolescence. This study compared the acute effect of breakfast omission versus consumption on cardiometabolic risk markers and perceived appetite and mood during rest and/or exercise in adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast consumers. Girls (aged 13.2 ± 0.7 years) completed two 5.5 h conditions in a randomised crossover design: breakfast omission (BO) and standardised breakfast consumption (BC). A standardised lunch was provided at 3 h. Incremental cycling exercise was performed at 5 h. Blood and expired gas samples were taken at regular intervals. Whilst pre-lunch plasma glucose, insulin, and Metabolic Load Index incremental area under the curve (IAUC) were significantly lower in BO versus BC, post-lunch differences were reversed and larger in magnitude. Peak plasma glucose and insulin were significantly higher in BO versus BC. Pre-lunch perceived fullness and hunger were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in BO versus BC. Perceived energy and concentration were lower, and tiredness was higher, in BO versus BC. Exercise peak fat oxidation and Fatmax were unaffected. The lower physical activity enjoyment in BO versus BC approached significance. To conclude, acutely omitting breakfast adversely affects cardiometabolic risk markers and exercise enjoyment among adolescent girls who habitually consume breakfast. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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15 pages, 1030 KiB  
Article
Diet Quality Trajectories over Adulthood in a Biracial Urban Sample from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span Study
by Marie Fanelli Kuczmarski, May A. Beydoun, Michael F. Georgescu, Nicole Noren Hooten, Nicolle A. Mode, Michele K. Evans and Alan B. Zonderman
Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3099; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143099 - 11 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1187
Abstract
Limited investigation has been done on diet quality trajectories over adulthood. The main study objectives were to determine the diet quality group trajectories (GTs) over time and to detect changes in a socio-economically and racially diverse middle-aged cohort. Data from three waves of [...] Read more.
Limited investigation has been done on diet quality trajectories over adulthood. The main study objectives were to determine the diet quality group trajectories (GTs) over time and to detect changes in a socio-economically and racially diverse middle-aged cohort. Data from three waves of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study were used to determine diet quality with group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). Three quality indices—the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR)—were explored. The rate of change in quality over time was determined by mixed-effects regression analysis. Three diet quality GTs, low, middle, and high quality, were identified for each index and confirmed with spaghetti plots. Within each GT, only small changes in diet quality scores were observed, with improvements for the HEI and DII indices and a slight decline in MAR scores. Weighted kappa values revealed that the DII had better agreement with the HEI-2010 and MAR indices compared with the agreement between the HEI-2010 and MAR. Bayesian estimates revealed that the annualized rate of change in diet quality per person across the GTs was similar. There was minimal change in diet quality over time, regardless of the diet quality index used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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11 pages, 1223 KiB  
Article
Impact of the FTO Gene Variation on Appetite and Fat Oxidation in Young Adults
by Jesús G. Ponce-Gonzalez, Ángel Martínez-Ávila, Daniel Velázquez-Díaz, Alejandro Perez-Bey, Félix Gómez-Gallego, Alberto Marín-Galindo, Juan Corral-Pérez and Cristina Casals
Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092037 - 23 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1484
Abstract
The FTO rs9939609 gene, which presents three polymorphisms (AA, AT, and TT), has been associated with the development of obesity through an increased fat accumulation; however, the associations of the gene with other physiological mechanisms, such as appetite or fat oxidation, are still [...] Read more.
The FTO rs9939609 gene, which presents three polymorphisms (AA, AT, and TT), has been associated with the development of obesity through an increased fat accumulation; however, the associations of the gene with other physiological mechanisms, such as appetite or fat oxidation, are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of the FTO rs9939609 gene on different obesity-related factors in young adults. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped in 73 participants (28 women, 22.27 ± 3.70 years). Obesity-related factors included dietary assessment, physical activity expenditure, body composition, appetite sensation, resting metabolic rate, maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO), and cardiorespiratory fitness. Our results showed that TT allele participants expressed higher values of hunger (p = 0.049) and appetite (p = 0.043) after exercising compared to the AT allele group. Moreover, the TT allele group showed significantly higher values of MFO (p = 0.031) compared to the AT group, regardless of sex and body mass index. Thus, our results suggest that the FTO rs9939609 gene has an influence on appetite, hunger, and fat oxidation during exercise, with TT allele participants showing significantly higher values compared to the AT allele group. These findings may have practical applications for weight loss and exercise programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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25 pages, 346 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
by Marta Gruca, Justyna Zamojska, Katarzyna Niewiadomska-Jarosik, Agnieszka Wosiak, Aleksandra Stasiak, Karolina Sikorska, Jerzy Stańczyk and Elżbieta Smolewska
Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071700 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Intima–media complex thickness (IMT), selected metabolic parameters and health behaviors were assessed in the course of the study. Methods: [...] Read more.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Intima–media complex thickness (IMT), selected metabolic parameters and health behaviors were assessed in the course of the study. Methods: The study included study group, which consisted of 45 patients with JIA and 37 healthy age- and sex-matched children in the control group. Analyses in both groups included anthropometric parameters, laboratory tests, IMT and a questionnaire on exposure to modifiable CVD risk factors. Results: The study confirmed that CVD risk factors were present in both groups of patients. Significantly more children with JIA had abnormal BMI (p = 0.006) compared to the control group. Children in the study group were more likely to consume fruit regularly (p = 0.021) and less likely to consume fast food (p = 0.011) and sweetened beverages (p = 0.042) than children in the control group. Only 1 patient with JIA met criteria for ideal cardiovascular health. Dietary habits were not associated with IMT values, BMI, presence of joint pain or biochemical parameters in the study group. Conclusions: Patients with JIA are exposed to cardiovascular risk factors equally to their healthy peers. Ideal cardiovascular health should be pursued in the pediatric population with particular attention paid to patients with chronic diseases (i.e., JIA). The application of carotid artery IMT measurement in the assessment of CVD risk requires studies on a larger group of patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
20 pages, 1413 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Association between Physical Activity, Blood Lipids, and Risk of Dyslipidemia among Chinese Adults: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Surveys in 2009 and 2015
by Qinpei Zou, Chang Su, Wenwen Du, Huijun Wang, Bing Zhang, Shuquan Luo, Tao Tan, Xiaoyun Song, Xiaoni Zhong, Huadong Zhang and Yaokai Chen
Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020341 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2358
Abstract
Physical activity is needed in today’s highly sedentary society. Research into Chinese trends with respect to the longitudinal association between changes in physical activity (PA) and dyslipidemia (DL) is limited. The present study assessed PA and PA-related changes associated with the level of [...] Read more.
Physical activity is needed in today’s highly sedentary society. Research into Chinese trends with respect to the longitudinal association between changes in physical activity (PA) and dyslipidemia (DL) is limited. The present study assessed PA and PA-related changes associated with the level of serum lipids, and the risk of dyslipidemia stratified by gender, via a population-based longitudinal observational study among adults (>18 years old) residing in nine provinces in China. Data of 3380 adult participants, gleaned from two surveys in 2009 and 2015 used by the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), were analyzed. Three-level random intercept growth models were used to calculate the associations between total physical activity (TPA), the four activity subtypes, and changes in the level of blood lipids. Three-level logistic regression models were utilized to assess the association between TPA and the risk of DL. The highest level of TPA was observed to correlate with the lowest prevalence of DL. Compared with the lowest level of TPA, the highest level of TPA increases the concentration of HDL-C (β = 0.050, 95% CI = 0.005, 0.096) in males, and also reduces the risk in males of having low HDL-C by 31% (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.91). Occupational PA was positively associated with higher HDL-C levels in both genders (males: β = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.002, 0.007; females: β = 0.002, 95% CI = 0.000, 0.004), and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was negatively associated with TG levels in males. Increasing TPA benefited HDL-C levels in males, irrespective of the level of basic TPA of individuals. Physical activity (especially occupational PA) was superior in positively influencing HDL-C in males, but not in females. Leisure-time physical activity needs to be increased substantially in order to increase TPA to levels that would be beneficial to blood lipid levels and DL, irrespective of baseline TPA levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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10 pages, 812 KiB  
Article
Metabolically Healthy Obesity and Carotid Plaque among Steelworkers in North China: The Role of Inflammation
by Miao Yu, Shengkui Zhang, Lihua Wang, Jianhui Wu, Xiaoming Li and Juxiang Yuan
Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5123; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235123 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1762
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and carotid plaque. In this cross-sectional survey, 3467 steelworkers in North China were surveyed. There are two criteria for defining a carotid plaque: (1) the lesion structure exceeds 50% of the [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the association between metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and carotid plaque. In this cross-sectional survey, 3467 steelworkers in North China were surveyed. There are two criteria for defining a carotid plaque: (1) the lesion structure exceeds 50% of the peripheral intima-media thickness value or invades the arterial lumen by at least 0.5 mm; (2) a thickness > 1.5 mm from the intima–lumen interface to the media–adventitia interface. Metabolic health was defined as the nonexistence of one of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnostic criteria for metabolic abnormalities. Obesity was defined as having a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. To calculate the odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence carotid plaque, a logistic regression was used for the analysis. The prevalence of carotid plaque in the subjects was 14.3% for metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO), 32.4% for MHO, 18.9% for metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), and 46.8% for metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). The odds ratios for suffering from carotid plaque were 1.27 (95% CI: 0.69 to 2.32) for MHO, 1.83 (95% CI: 1.29 to 2.58) for MUNO, and 1.81 (1.28 to 2.56) for MUO in comparison with MHNO after adjusting for confounders. There was no association between the MHO phenotype and carotid plaque prevalence among steelworkers in North China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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Review

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13 pages, 749 KiB  
Review
Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism—A Concise Review
by Bernardo Starling-Soares, Marcela Pereira and Guilherme Renke
Nutrients 2023, 15(24), 5031; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245031 - 07 Dec 2023
Viewed by 3016
Abstract
The consumption of coffee and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is part of many cultures worldwide. Their properties include serving as a neurostimulant aid, enhancing energy substrate levels, and improving general exercise performance. Both present therapeutic effects that can also be used to control chronic and [...] Read more.
The consumption of coffee and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is part of many cultures worldwide. Their properties include serving as a neurostimulant aid, enhancing energy substrate levels, and improving general exercise performance. Both present therapeutic effects that can also be used to control chronic and metabolic diseases due to four mechanisms: adenosine receptor antagonism, increased catecholamine concentrations, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and a stimulator of calcium-release channels. Despite the individual genetic variabilities, distinct mechanisms have been demonstrated to improve physical performance, thermogenesis, lipolysis, insulin sensitivity, and hormonal modulation. Thus, coffee consumption and caffeine supplementation may enhance physical and mental performance and may improve metabolic variables, reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Current data reveal vital aspects of coffee and caffeine consumption in specific populations, although further studies are needed to define clinical interventions with caffeine in obesity and chronic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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18 pages, 372 KiB  
Review
Zinc Deficiency and Therapeutic Value of Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases
by Hsun-Chin Chao
Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4093; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194093 - 22 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2804
Abstract
The benefits of zinc in treating certain gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have been recognized for over two decades. This review aims to explore zinc deficiency (ZD) and the potential therapeutic value and safety of zinc supplementation in pediatric GI diseases. A systematic review of [...] Read more.
The benefits of zinc in treating certain gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have been recognized for over two decades. This review aims to explore zinc deficiency (ZD) and the potential therapeutic value and safety of zinc supplementation in pediatric GI diseases. A systematic review of published articles on ZD and zinc as adjuvant treatments for GI diseases was conducted using various databases. Children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and those receiving long-term proton pump inhibitor treatments are particularly susceptible to ZD. ZD in children with celiac disease and IBD is attributed to insufficient intake, reduced absorption, and increased intestinal loss as a result of the inflammatory process. Zinc plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosa and exerts a gastroprotective action against gastric lesions. Although considerable evidence supports the use of zinc as adjuvant therapy for certain GI diseases in adults, its use is unspecified in children except for infectious diarrhea. Current evidence suggests that zinc supplementation with well-documented dosages helps reduce the duration of diarrhea in children with acute or persistent diarrhea, while there are no specific guidelines for zinc supplementation in children with IBD and celiac disease. Zinc supplementation appears to be beneficial in peptic ulcer disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease. The available evidence highlights the need for intervention programs to enhance zinc status and reduce the morbidity of certain GI diseases in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
32 pages, 528 KiB  
Review
Digital Health Solutions for Weight Loss and Obesity: A Narrative Review
by Liam Irvin, Leigh A. Madden, Phil Marshall and Rebecca V. Vince
Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081858 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3753
Abstract
Personal exercise programmes have long been used and prescribed for weight loss and the improvement of quality of life in obese patients. While individualised programmes are usually the preferred option, they can be more costly and challenging to deliver in person. A move [...] Read more.
Personal exercise programmes have long been used and prescribed for weight loss and the improvement of quality of life in obese patients. While individualised programmes are usually the preferred option, they can be more costly and challenging to deliver in person. A move to digital programmes with a wider reach has commenced, and demand has increased due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this review, we evaluate the current status of digital exercise programme delivery and its evolution over the past decade, with a focus on personalisation. We used specific keywords to search for articles that met our predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to provide valuable evidence and insights for future research. We identified 55 studies in total in four key areas of focus, from the more recent development of apps and personal digital assistants to web-based programmes and text or phone call interventions. In summary, we observed that apps may be useful for a low-intensity approach and can improve adherence to programmes through self-monitoring, but they are not always developed in an evidence-based manner. Engagement and adherence are important determinants of weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance. Generally, professional support is required to achieve weight loss goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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1 pages, 161 KiB  
Reply
Reply to Verma et al. Comment on “Chao, H.-C. Zinc Deficiency and Therapeutic Value of Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4093”
by Hsun-Chin Chao
Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010136 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 539
Abstract
Your comment [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
2 pages, 163 KiB  
Comment
Comment on Chao, H.-C. Zinc Deficiency and Therapeutic Value of Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4093
by Anil K. Verma, Shilpa Tandon, Jedid-Jah Blom, David Armstrong and Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez
Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010134 - 30 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 594
Abstract
We appreciate the recent review article by Chao H.-C. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease)
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