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Special Issue "Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes"

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2023 | Viewed by 10671

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Guochong Chen

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Guest Editor

Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
Interests: diet; lifestyle; metabolomics and cardiovascular disease; diabetes and diabetes-associated complications

Dr. Kai Luo

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Guest Editor

Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
Interests: gut microbiome and host genetics; metabolome; proteome; multi-omics; nutrition, cardiometabolic health; environmental endocrine disruptors; reproductive health

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes is a global public health challenge. The majority of diabetes is type 2 diabetes (T2D) which is closely related to lifestyle factors including diet. In the context of the ongoing nutritional transitions across diverse global regions especially in developing areas, the role of nutritional strategies in the prevention and management of diabetes is becoming crucial. Despite mounting epidemiologic evidence linking various food groups or nutrients to the development and progression of T2D, the corresponding application to dietary practices remains challenging. This is partly because of the difficulties in clarifying the independent role of one food/nutrient beyond the others as well as potentially reduced adherence when the consumption of a single unhealthy or healthy food is recommended to be very low or high. The dietary pattern approach, which considers a broad picture of individual dietary components or focuses on overall eating habits, has emerged as a common method used to address the diet-disease relationship. In general, findings from such a dietary-pattern approach are more practical for nutritional recommendations and dietary practices. This Special Issue of Nutrients was proposed to collect epidemiologic studies using such an approach to evaluate the impact of dietary patterns or eating habits on the development of diabetes, regulation of glucose metabolism, or management of diabetes-associated complications.

Aim:

Collecting population-level nutritional evidence that could facilitate the establishment of more practical dietary strategies for diabetes prevention and management.

Scope

The outcome of interest could be diabetes incidence, measures of glucose metabolism, or diabetes-associated complications (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, or nephropathy and peripheral arterial disease). Studies that include diabetes-only participants are also welcome. Observational studies, intervention studies, or systematic reviews/meta-analyses that meet the following scopes are welcome, and studies that incorporate multi-omics to improve the understanding of the association between diet and diabetes-associated outcomes are particularly appreciated:

Dietary patterns or eating habits (e.g., eating frequency, eating time) in relation to diabetes, glucose metabolism, or diabetes-associated complications;
Biomarkers (especially those identified using metabolomics) for dietary patterns in relation to diabetes, glucose metabolism, or diabetes-associated complications;
Impact of dietary pattern-genetics interaction on diabetes, glucose metabolism, or diabetes-associated complications.

Dr. Guochong Chen
Dr. Kai Luo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Complications
Diabetes
Diet quality
Dietary pattern
Eating Habits
Glucose metabolism

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessArticle

A Risk Profile for Disordered Eating Behaviors in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Latent Class Analysis Study

, ISPED Study Group and

Valentino Cherubini

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071721 - 31 Mar 2023

Viewed by 669

Abstract

(1) Background: This multi-center study aimed to identify a risk profile for disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) based on their dietary intake, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI-SDS), and glycometabolic control. (2) Methods: Adolescents aged 11 to 18 years from five centers across Italy were recruited. Lipid profile, HbA1c, BMI-SDS, and dietary intake data were collected. The risk for developing DEBs was assessed via the Diabetes Eating Problems Survey-R (DEPS-R) questionnaire. A latent class analysis (LCA) was performed using a person-centered approach. (3) Results: Overall, 148 participants aged 11–18 (12.1, ±3.34), 52% males with a mean diabetes duration of 7.2 (±3.4), were enrolled. Based on the results of the DEBS-R score, LCA allowed us to highlight two different classes of patients which were defined as “at-risk” and “not at-risk” for DEB. The risk profile for developing DEBs is characterized by higher BMI—SDS (23.9 vs. 18.6), higher HbA1c (7.9 vs. 7.1%), higher LDL cholesterol (99.9 vs. 88.8 mg/dL), lower HDL cholesterol (57.9 vs. 61.3 mg/dL), higher proteins (18.2 vs. 16.1%), and lower carbohydrates (43.9 vs. 45.3%). Adolescents included in the “at-risk” class were significantly older (p = 0.000), and their parents’ SES was significantly lower (p = 0.041). (4) Conclusions: This study allowed us to characterize a risk profile for DEBs based on dietary behavior and clinical parameters. Early identification of the risk for DEBs allows timely intervention and prevention of behavior disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Open AccessArticle

Identifying the Associations of Nightly Fasting Duration and Meal Timing with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey

and

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061385 - 13 Mar 2023

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Abstract

Nightly fasting duration and meal timing are associated with metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relationships of nightly fasting duration and meal timing with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. A total of 22,685 adults ≥ 19 years were included in this study. Nightly fasting duration was calculated by subtracting the interval between the day’s first and last meal eating times from 24 h. The meal timing were analyzed using various parameters, including the times of the first and last eating episodes and the percentage of energy intake during the morning (05:00 to 9:00 a.m.), evening (06:00 to 09:00 p.m.), and night (after 09:00 p.m.). Men who fasted nightly for ≥ 12 h had lower odds of T2DM (odds ratio (OR): 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75–0.99) than those who fasted for < 12 h. Individuals who had their last meal after 09:00 p.m. had higher odds of T2DM (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.38, men; OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01–1.40, women). Additionally, the percentage of energy intake during the evening was associated with increased odds of T2DM (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08–1.84, men; OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02–1.70, women). These findings emphasize the importance of nightly fasting duration and meal timing in modulating the risk of T2DM among Korean adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Open AccessArticle

Association between Meal Frequency and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Adults: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

and

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061348 - 10 Mar 2023

Viewed by 719

Abstract

Diet frequency may potentially influence metabolic health. However, general population-based evidence on the association between meal frequency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains limited and inconclusive. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between meal frequency and T2DM in resource limited area. A total of 29,405 qualified participants were enrolled from the Henan rural cohort study. Data on meal frequency were collected through a validated face-to-face questionnaire survey. Logistic regression models were utilized to explore the association between meal frequency and T2DM. Compared with 21 times per week meal frequency group, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were 0.75 (0.58, 0.95) and 0.70 (0.54, 0.90) for 16–20 times/week group and 14–15 times/week group, respectively. For the analysis of the three meals, significant associations were only found between dinner frequency and T2DM. Compared with seven times per week dinner group, the ORs (95%CIs) were 0.66 (0.42, 0.99) and 0.51 (0.29, 0.82) for the group with three to six times/week and zero to two times/week. Reduced meal frequency, especially dinner frequency, was associated with lower prevalence of T2DM, which suggests that an appropriate reduction in meal frequency per week may have a role in decreasing the risk of T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Open AccessArticle

Dietary Pattern Associated with the Risk of Poor Glycemic Control in Chinese Diabetic Adults: Results from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017 Survey

and

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010056 - 23 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1908

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the nutrition status of dietary patterns and the association between dietary patterns and the risk of poor glycemic control in Chinese diabetics. The relevant data was collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015–2017 survey, which is a national cross-sectional surveillance program. A total of 2031 participants were included in the present statistical analysis. Food consumption was assessed through a validated and standard food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived with reduced rank regression using hemoglobin A1c. Diabetes was diagnosed by medical institutions, glycemic control was defined as hemoglobin A1c less than 7%, poor glycemic control was defined as hemoglobin A1c greater than 7%. A multiple-variable-adjusted logistic regression, including age, living area, income level, educational attainment, body mass index, occupational physical activity, energy intake, current smoking status, current drinking status, diabetic medication use, insulin use, following diabetic diets, increased exercise, and glucose monitoring, was adjusted to explore the association between dietary patterns and the risk of poor glycemic control in diabetes. Two gender-specific dietary patterns have an increased risk of poor glycemic control and are characterized by a low intake of freshwater fish, poultry, and fruits. For male participants, the dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of wheat and its products, a low intake of vegetables, corn and its products, shrimp and crab, and beans (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.76 to 4.10). For female participants, the dietary pattern was characterized by a low intake of snacks and nuts, and algae and mushroom (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.48 to 3.20). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Diet Quality and Risk of Diabetes in a National Survey of Chinese Adults

Yumeng Hua

Ziwei Zhang

and

Aiping Liu

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4841; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224841 - 16 Nov 2022

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Abstract

There is little evidence involving the association between diet quality and the risk of diabetes among the Asian populations, especially from the long-term prospective cohort studies in China. This study evaluated the long-term diet quality of Chinese adults by the Chinese diet balance index 2016 (DBI-16) and firstly explored its role in diabetes prevention. A total of 9394 participants from the China health and nutrition survey (2004–2015) prospective cohort were included. Dietary information was selected by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls, combined with a household food inventory and further calculated as the scores of the DBI-16 components and indicators. Three major indicators, the low bound score (LBS), the high bound score (HBS) and the diet quality distance (DQD), were divided into four level groups, according to the total scores, respectively, including Level 1 (scores below 20%), Level 2 (20–40% of scores), Level 3 (40–60% of scores) and Level 4 (scores above 60%). Diabetes cases were identified through a questionnaire or by testing the overnight fasting blood samples. Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, while restricted cubic splines (RCS) were applied to explore the potentially non-linear relationships. During a median follow-up of 6.0 years (61,979 persons-years), 657 participants developed diabetes. The LBS and DQD scores were positively associated with diabetes risks, whereas no significant association of the HBS scores with diabetes risks was observed. Compared with those on the lowest level, the adjusted HRs (95%) across the increased levels of diet quality were 2.43 (1.36, 4.37), 3.05 (1.69, 5.53) and 4.90 (2.46, 9.78) for the LBS; 1.06 (0.74, 1.51), 1.30 (0.99, 1.88) and 0.99 (0.39, 2.55) for the HBS; 1.28 (1.01, 1.61) and 2.10 (1.57, 2.82) for the DQD after pooling the participants on Level 1 and 2 as the reference group, due to the few who developed diabetics on Level 1 of the DQD. No significantly non-linear shape was observed for all three indicators. Our findings indicated a significant inverse association between the long-term diet quality assessed by the DBI-16 and diabetes risks, providing evidence for the positive role of healthy diets in diabetes prevention in Asia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Open AccessArticle

Inverse Association of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

and

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4559; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214559 - 29 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 944

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study included 2667 Chinese patients with T2DM aged 18 to 76 years from March 2017 to October 2021. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and prevalent NAFLD was diagnosed with abdominal ultrasonography. High fruit–vegetable consumption was determined using ≥500 g/day consumption of both fruit and vegetable, and both fruit and vegetable consumption were divided into three categories of <200 g/day (low), 200–400 g/day (median) and >400 g (high). The primary outcome measurement was multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence of NAFLD in relation to the highest fruit and (or) vegetable intake compared with the lowest. Secondary analyses were conducted to assess the effects of either fruit or vegetable intake on the fatty liver index (FLI) using multivariable linear regressions. There were 1694 men and 973 women in this study, and 1445 (54.06%) participants had prevalent NAFLD. Patients with high fruit–vegetable intake had a lower prevalence of NAFLD than those with low fruit–vegetable intake (52.04% vs. 56.48%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.065). Vegetable intake had a significantly inverse association with NAFLD (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.90), but this association was not pronounced with fruit intake (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.89–1.69) or fruit–vegetable intake (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.73–1.10). Additional analyses showed that an increase in vegetable intake was linearly associated with a significant reduction in FLI (β: −1.028, 95% CI: −1.836, −0.219). In conclusion, higher vegetable consumption was associated with lower odds of NAFLD in Chinese patients with T2DM, which suggested that increased vegetable intake might protect patients with diabetes against NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Open AccessArticle

Effects of Whey Protein or Its Hydrolysate Supplements Combined with an Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Women

and

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214540 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

An energy-restricted weight-loss approach has limitations when it used in the elderly, especially because of muscle loss. We aimed to assess the effects of whey protein (WP) or WP hydrolysate (WPH) combined with an energy-restricted diet (ERD) on weight reduction and muscle preservation in older women with overweight and obesity. A total of 60 women were randomized to the control (ERD), WP (ERD + 20 g/d WP) or WPH (ERD + 20 g/d WPH) group, using a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. After an 8-week intervention, body composition, gut microbiota, and serum metabolomics changes were compared among the three groups. The reductions in body weight (−1.11 ± 1.11 vs. −2.34 ± 1.35, p < 0.05), BMI (−0.46 ± 0.45 vs. −0.97 ± 0.54, p < 0.05), and body fat (−0.70 ± 0.92 vs. −2.45 ± 1.65, p < 0.01) were higher in the WPH group than in the control group. Body fat (%) was significantly decreased in the two protein groups. Fat-free mass did not significantly change among the three groups. Serum metabolomics showed that the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway was upregulated in the WPH group. No significant changes in microbiota were observed among the groups. In conclusion, WP or WPH supplementation combined with an energy-restricted diet benefits older women during weight loss. WPH was more effective, possibly due to increased energy metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Determining Dietary Patterns to Recommend for Type 2 Diabetes: An Umbrella Review

Cathryn Whiteley

Fiona Benton

Louisa Matwiejczyk

and

Natalie Luscombe-Marsh

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040861 - 08 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2127

Abstract

Some specific dietary patterns improve glycaemic levels and cardiovascular risk factors better than others. We aimed to identify the most effective dietary patterns using a food-focused approach to improve blood glucose management (primary outcome) and cardiovascular risk factors (secondary outcome) in people with type 2 diabetes. An umbrella review was conducted comparing dietary patterns for the management of these outcomes. Studies published between 2012 and 2022 were identified using PubMed Central, ProQuest, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Thirty systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-two of thirty reviews quantitated (via meta-analyses of over 212 randomised control trials) the effect size of different dietary patterns. Twelve reviews found Low-carbohydrate (LC), Mediterranean (M), Plant-based (PB), and/or Low-glycaemic Index (LGI) diets reduced HbA1c moderately more than control diets (typically a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet) (i.e., LC: −0.1 to −0.5%; M: −0.3 to −0.5%; PB: −0.2 to −0.4%; LGI −0.2 to −0.5%; all p-value < 0.01). We conclude that Low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, Plant-based, and Low-glycaemic Index dietary patterns are all clinically effective for people with type 2 diabetes as alternatives to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets typically used for managing glycaemic levels and CVD risk. However, quality evidence about the sustainability of effects and safety remains limited, warranting future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary Patterns or Eating Habits on Diabetes)

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