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18 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Energy Restriction with Exercise on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers, Dietary Compliance, and Perceived Hunger and Mood: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomised, Controlled Trial

by Stephen Keenan, Matthew B. Cooke, Won Sun Chen, Sam Wu and Regina Belski

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3071; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153071 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4809

Abstract

(1) Background: Excess weight in the form of adiposity plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. Lifestyle modifications that incorporate continuous energy restriction (CER) are effective at inducing weight loss and reductions in adiposity; however, prescribing daily CER results in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Excess weight in the form of adiposity plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. Lifestyle modifications that incorporate continuous energy restriction (CER) are effective at inducing weight loss and reductions in adiposity; however, prescribing daily CER results in poor long-term adherence. Over the past decade, intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a promising alternative to CER that may promote increased compliance and/or improvements in cardiometabolic health parameters independent of weight loss. (2) Methods: This paper presents a secondary analysis of data from a 12-week intervention investigating the effects of a twice-weekly fast (5:2 IF; IFT group) and CER (CERT group) when combined with resistance exercise in 34 healthy participants (17 males and 17 females, mean BMI: 27.0 kg/m², mean age: 23.9 years). Specifically, changes in cardiometabolic blood markers and ratings of hunger, mood, energy and compliance within and between groups were analysed. Dietary prescriptions were hypoenergetic and matched for energy and protein intake. (3) Results: Both dietary groups experienced reductions in total cholesterol (TC; mean reduction, 7.8%; p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; mean reduction, 11.1%; p < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean reduction 2.6%, p = 0.049) over the 12 weeks. Reductions in TC and LDL-C were greater in the IFT group after adjustment for baseline levels and change in weight. No significant changes in markers of glucose regulation were observed. Both groups maintained high levels of dietary compliance (~80%) and reported low levels of hunger over the course of the intervention period. (4) Conclusions: Secondary data analysis revealed that when combined with resistance training, both dietary patterns improved blood lipids, with greater reductions observed in the IFT group. High levels of compliance and low reported levels of hunger throughout the intervention period suggest both diets are well tolerated in the short-to-medium term. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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11 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cheese Intake on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Biomarkers

by Meng-Jin Hu, Jiang-Shan Tan, Xiao-Jin Gao, Jin-Gang Yang and Yue-Jin Yang

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142936 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 91050

Abstract

Background: A growing number of cohort studies revealed an inverse association between cheese intake and cardiovascular diseases, yet the causal relationship is unclear. Objective: To assess the causal relationship between cheese intake, and cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular biomarkers. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization [...] Read more.

Background: A growing number of cohort studies revealed an inverse association between cheese intake and cardiovascular diseases, yet the causal relationship is unclear. Objective: To assess the causal relationship between cheese intake, and cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular biomarkers. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly available genome-wide association studies was employed to infer the causal relationship. The effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects inverse-variance-weighted method. Results: Cheese intake per standard deviation increase causally reduced the risks of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34–0.63; p = 1.02 × 10⁻⁶), heart failure (OR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49–0.79; p = 0.0001), coronary heart disease (OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53–0.79; p = 2.01 × 10⁻⁵), hypertension (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53–0.84; p = 0.001), and ischemic stroke (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91; p = 0.003). Suggestive evidence of an inverse association between cheese intake and peripheral artery disease was also observed. No associations were observed for atrial fibrillation, cardiac death, pulmonary embolism, or transient ischemic attack. The better prognosis associated with cheese intake may be explained by lower body mass index (BMI; effect estimate = −0.58; 95% CI, from −0.88 to −0.27; p = 0.0002), waist circumference (effect estimate = −0.49; 95% CI, from −0.76 to −0.23; p = 0.0003), triglycerides (effect estimate = −0.33; 95% CI, from −0.50 to −0.17; p = 4.91 × 10⁻⁵), and fasting glucose (effect estimate = −0.20; 95% CI, from −0.33 to −0.07; p = 0.0003). There was suggestive evidence of a positive association between cheese intake and high-density lipoprotein. No influences were observed for blood pressure or inflammation biomarkers. Conclusions: This two-sample MR analysis found causally inverse associations between cheese intake and type 2 diabetes, heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and ischemic stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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10 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Combined Protein-Enriched Enteral Nutrition and Early Cycle Ergometry in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients—A Pilot Study

by Ilya Kagan, Jonathan Cohen, Itai Bendavid, Sandy Kramer, Ronit Mesilati-Stahy, Yehuda Glass, Miriam Theilla and Pierre Singer

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081589 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2388

Abstract

Background: Cycle ergometry (CE) is a method of exercise used in clinical practice. Limited data demonstrate its effectiveness in critically ill patients. We aimed to evaluate the combination of CE and a high-protein diet in critically ill patients. Methods: This was an open [...] Read more.

Background: Cycle ergometry (CE) is a method of exercise used in clinical practice. Limited data demonstrate its effectiveness in critically ill patients. We aimed to evaluate the combination of CE and a high-protein diet in critically ill patients. Methods: This was an open label pilot trial comparing conventional physiotherapy with enteral nutrition (EN) (control, Group 1), CE with EN (Group 2), and CE with protein-enriched EN (Group 3). The primary outcome was length of ventilation (LOV). Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, length of ICU stay (ICU LOS), length of hospital stay (Hospital LOS), and rate of re-intubation. Results: Per protocol, 41 ICU patients were enrolled. Thirteen patients were randomized to Group 1 (control), fourteen patients to Group 2, and fourteen patients to Group 3 (study groups). We found no statistically significant difference in LOV between the study arms (14.2 ± 9.6 days, 15.8 ± 7.1 days, and 14.9 ± 9.4 days, respectively, p = 0.89). Secondary outcomes did not demonstrate any significant differences between arms. Conclusions: In this pilot trial, CE combined with either standard EN or protein-enriched EN was not associated with better clinical outcomes, as compared to conventional physiotherapy with standard EN. Larger trials are needed in order to further evaluate this combination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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16 pages, 4340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

(–)-Epicatechin Improves Vasoreactivity and Mitochondrial Respiration in Thermoneutral-Housed Wistar Rat Vasculature

by Ji Hye Chun, Melissa M. Henckel, Leslie A. Knaub, Sara E. Hull, Greg B. Pott, Lori A. Walker, Jane E.-B. Reusch and Amy C. Keller

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051097 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health concern. Vascular dysfunction is an aspect of CVD, and novel treatments targeting vascular physiology are necessary. In the endothelium, eNOS regulates vasodilation and mitochondrial function; both are disrupted in CVD. (–)-Epicatechin, a botanical compound known for [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health concern. Vascular dysfunction is an aspect of CVD, and novel treatments targeting vascular physiology are necessary. In the endothelium, eNOS regulates vasodilation and mitochondrial function; both are disrupted in CVD. (–)-Epicatechin, a botanical compound known for its vasodilatory, eNOS, and mitochondrial-stimulating properties, is a potential therapy in those with CVD. We hypothesized that (–)-epicatechin would support eNOS activity and mitochondrial respiration, leading to improved vasoreactivity in a thermoneutral-derived rat model of vascular dysfunction. We housed Wistar rats at room temperature or in thermoneutral conditions for a total of 16 week and treated them with 1mg/kg body weight (–)-epicatechin for 15 day. Vasoreactivity, eNOS activity, and mitochondrial respiration were measured, in addition to the protein expression of upstream cellular signaling molecules including AMPK and CaMKII. We observed a significant improvement of vasodilation in those housed in thermoneutrality and treated with (–)-epicatechin (p < 0.05), as well as dampened mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.05). AMPK and CaMKIIα and β expression were lessened with (–)-epicatechin treatment in those housed at thermoneutrality (p < 0.05). The opposite was observed with animals housed at room temperature supplemented with (–)-epicatechin. These data illustrate a context-dependent vascular response to (–)-epicatechin, a candidate for CVD therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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13 pages, 782 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Morning and Evening Exercise on Energy Balance: A Pilot Study

by Seth A. Creasy, Liza Wayland, Shelby L. Panter, Sarah A. Purcell, Rebecca Rosenberg, Erik A. Willis, Bethelhem Shiferaw, Laura Grau, Matthew J. Breit, Daniel H. Bessesen, Edward L. Melanson and Victoria A. Catenacci

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040816 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7875

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25–40 kg/m²) to morning (06:00–10:00) or evening (15:00–19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25–40 kg/m²) to morning (06:00–10:00) or evening (15:00–19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, n = 18) or evening (PM, n = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750–2000 kcal/week. Bodyweight, body composition, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), energy intake (EI), sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and week 15. Study retention was 94% and adherence to the supervised exercise program was ≥90% in both groups. Weight change was −0.9 ± 2.8 kg and −1.4 ± 2.3 kg in AM and PM, respectively. AM and PM increased TDEE (AM: 222 ± 399 kcal/day, PM: 90 ± 150 kcal/day). EI increased in AM (99 ± 198 kcal/day) and decreased in PM (−21 ± 156 kcal/day) across the intervention. It is feasible to randomize adults with overweight and obesity to morning or evening aerobic exercise with high levels of adherence. Future trials are needed to understand how the timing of exercise affects energy balance and body weight regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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17 pages, 2052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and Metabolic Pathways to Breaking up Sedentary Behaviors in Overweight or Obese Adults

by Nathan P. De Jong, Michael C. Rudolph, Matthew R. Jackman, Rachel R. Sharp, Ken Jones, Julie Houck, Zhaoxing Pan, Jane E. B. Reusch, Paul S. MacLean, Daniel H. Bessesen and Audrey Bergouignan

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030454 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Breaking up sedentary behavior with short-frequent bouts of physical activity (PA) differentially influences metabolic health compared with the performance of a single-continuous bout of PA matched for total active time. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We compared skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (high-resolution [...] Read more.

Breaking up sedentary behavior with short-frequent bouts of physical activity (PA) differentially influences metabolic health compared with the performance of a single-continuous bout of PA matched for total active time. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We compared skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (high-resolution respirometry) and molecular adaptations (RNA sequencing) following 4-day exposure to breaks vs. energy-matched single-continuous PA bout in inactive adults with overweight/obesity. Participants (9M/10F, 32.2 ± 6.4 years, 30.3 ± 3.0 kg/m²) completed three 4-day interventions of a randomized cross-over study: SED, sedentary control; MICRO, 5 min brisk walking each hour for 9 h; ONE: 45 min/d continuous brisk walking bout. Fasted muscle biopsies were collected on day 5. Mitochondrial coupling in the presence of lipid-associated substrates was higher after ONE (4.8 ± 2.5) compared to MICRO (3.1 ± 1.1, p = 0.02) and SED (2.3 ± 1.0, p = 0.001). Respiratory rates did not differ across groups with carbohydrate-associated substrates. In pathways associated with muscle contraction transcription signaling, ONE and MICRO similarly enhanced Oxidative Phosphorylation and Sirtuin Signaling expression (p < 0.0001, for both). However, ONE (p < 0.001, for all), but not MICRO, had greater pathway enrichment, including Ca++, mTOR, AMPK, and HIF1α signaling, than SED. Although breaking up sedentary behavior triggered skeletal muscle molecular adaptations favoring oxidative capacity, it did not improve mitochondrial function over the short term. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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18 pages, 1355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Obesity Class on the Energetics and Mechanics of Walking

by Julia Primavesi, Aitor Fernández Menéndez, Didier Hans, Lucie Favre, Fabienne Crettaz von Roten and Davide Malatesta

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124546 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

Higher mass-normalized net energy cost of walking (NetC_w/kg) and mechanical pendular recovery are observed in obese compared to lean adults. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different classes of obesity on the energetics and mechanics of walking and to [...] Read more.

Higher mass-normalized net energy cost of walking (NetC_w/kg) and mechanical pendular recovery are observed in obese compared to lean adults. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different classes of obesity on the energetics and mechanics of walking and to explore the relationships between body mass, NetC_w/kg and gait mechanics by using principal component analysis (PCA). NetC_w/kg and gait mechanics were computed in severely obese (SOG; n = 18, BMI = 40.1 ± 4.4 kg·m⁻²), moderately obese (MOG; n = 17, BMI = 32.2 ± 1.5 kg·m⁻²) and normal-weight (NWG; n = 13, BMI = 22.0 ± 1.5 kg·m⁻²) adults during five walking trials (0.56, 0.83, 1.11, 1.39, 1.67 m·s⁻¹) on an instrumented treadmill. NetC_w/kg was significantly higher in SOG compared to NWG (p = 0.019), with no significant difference between SOG and MOG (p = 0.14), nor between MOG and NWG (p = 0.27). Recovery was significantly higher in SOG than in NWG (p = 0.028), with no significant difference between SOG and MOG (p = 0.13), nor between MOG and NWG (p = 0.35). PCA models explained between 17.0% and 44.2% of the data variance. This study showed that: (1) obesity class influences the gait energetics and mechanics; (2) PCA was able to identify two components, showing that the obesity class is associated with lower walking efficiency and better pendulum-like characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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11 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Bone Mineral Density and Fat Mass Independent of Lean Mass and Physical Activity in Women Aged 75 or Older

by Marie Mathieu, Pascale Guillot, Typhaine Riaudel, Anne-Sophie Boureau, Guillaume Chapelet, Céline Brouessard, Laure de Decker and Gilles Berrut

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061994 - 10 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

(1) Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are frequent pathologies among the geriatric population. The interlink between these two diseases is supported by their common pathophysiology. The aim is to explore the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in women aged 75 or [...] Read more.

(1) Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are frequent pathologies among the geriatric population. The interlink between these two diseases is supported by their common pathophysiology. The aim is to explore the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in women aged 75 or older. (2) From January 2016 to December 2019, women aged 75 or older of Caucasian ethnicity, who were addressed to perform a biphoton absorptiometry (DXA), were included in this observational study. Femoral neck T-score, lean mass, fat mass, and physical performances were measured. (3) The mean age of 101 patients included was 84.8 (±4.9) years old. Osteoporosis was present in 72% of patients. According to EWGSOP criteria, 37% of patients were sarcopenic. Osteosarcopenia was present in 34% of patients. The femoral neck T-score was significantly associated with fat mass (β = 0.02, 95% CI (0.01; 0.03), p < 0.05) in multivariable analysis. Osteosarcopenic patients had significantly lower fat mass (16.2 kg (±6.8) vs. 23.1 kg (±10.8), p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (20.7 kg/m² (±2.8) vs. 26.7 kg/m² (±5.6), p < 0.001). (4) In postmenopausal women, fat mass is estimated to provide hormonal protection. While osteosarcopenia is described as a lipotoxic disease, fat mass and BMI would appear to protect against the risk of osteosarcopenia. This raises questions about the relevance of BMI and DXA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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15 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Glucose Uptake by Skeletal Muscle within the Contexts of Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise: An Integrated Approach

by Nicholas A. Hulett, Rebecca L. Scalzo and Jane E. B. Reusch

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030647 - 03 Feb 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5847

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes continues to negatively impact the health of millions. The inability to respond to insulin to clear blood glucose (insulin resistance) is a key pathogenic driver of the disease. Skeletal muscle is the primary tissue for maintaining glucose homeostasis through glucose [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes continues to negatively impact the health of millions. The inability to respond to insulin to clear blood glucose (insulin resistance) is a key pathogenic driver of the disease. Skeletal muscle is the primary tissue for maintaining glucose homeostasis through glucose uptake via insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Skeletal muscle is also responsive to exercise-meditated glucose transport, and as such, exercise is a cornerstone for glucose management in people with type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake requires a concert of events. First, the glucose-rich blood must be transported to the skeletal muscle. Next, the glucose must traverse the endothelium, extracellular matrix, and skeletal muscle membrane. Lastly, intracellular metabolic processes must be activated to maintain the diffusion gradient to facilitate glucose transport into the cell. This review aims to examine the physiology at each of these steps in healthy individuals, analyze the dysregulation affecting these pathways associated with type 2 diabetes, and describe the mechanisms by which exercise acts to increase glucose uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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14 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessReview

Association between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review

by Catalina M Mascaró, Cristina Bouzas and Josep A Tur

Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010049 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5402

Abstract

Background and Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver without alcohol abuse. It is linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and no pharmacological treatment exists. This systematic review aims to assess evidence about the effect of [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver without alcohol abuse. It is linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and no pharmacological treatment exists. This systematic review aims to assess evidence about the effect of Mediterranean lifestyle on the prevention and reversion of NAFLD. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE via Pubmed. MeSH terms used were: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [MeSH Major Topic] AND metabolic syndrome [MeSH Term] AND (Diet, Mediterranean [MeSH Term]) OR (Exercise [MeSH Term]). (PROSPERO ID: 2021 CRD42021289495). Results: Thirteen articles were selected and divided into two categories (four focused on Mediterranean diet and NAFLD and nine focused on Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and NAFLD). Information of clinical endpoints was based on NAFLD, as well as MetS, body mass index, fasting glycemia, obesity, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, albuminuria, and hepatic steatosis, among others. All studies found beneficial associations between the clinical parameters of NAFLD/MetS and following a Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity. Conclusions: An effective treatment that prevents, and even reverses, NAFLD is to adapt lifestyle to the Mediterranean one, based on a Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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