Research

12 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Link between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Adipometrics in Healthy Young Adults Aged 20–35 Years

by Irina Bianca Kosovski, Vladimir Bacârea, Dana Ghiga, Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea, Dragos Constantin Cucoranu, Adina Hutanu and Anca Bacârea

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020257 - 15 Jan 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

Obesity and aging are associated with an inflammatory state, which represents the common background for a wide range of diseases. This study aims to explore the correlation between hsCRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and white blood cell count (WBC) and adipometrics (arm, waist, [...] Read more.

Obesity and aging are associated with an inflammatory state, which represents the common background for a wide range of diseases. This study aims to explore the correlation between hsCRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and white blood cell count (WBC) and adipometrics (arm, waist, and hip circumferences: AC, WC, HC; total body fat mass: TBFM, visceral fat level: VFL, body mass index: BMI; waist/hip ratio: WHR; waist/height ratio: WHtR) in young and healthy adults aged 20–35 years old. The subjects were divided by BMI into the overweight/obesity (OW/OB) group and normal weight (NW) group, and by hsCRP level into Group 1 (<1 mg/L), Group 2 (≥1–2.99 mg/L), and Group 3 (≥3 mg/L). The concentration of all inflammatory biomarkers was significantly higher in the OW/OB group compared to the NW group, with the exception of IL-1β. Significant positive correlations were found between hsCRP, TNF-α, WBC, and all adipometrics; between IL-6 and WHR, WHtR, BMI, TBFM, and VFL; and between IFN-γ and HC, BMI, and TBFM. IL-1β correlates positively with WHR and VFL. In Groups 1–3, all the differences between the adipometrics showed significant differences. Subclinical inflammation persists in association with being overweight and obese in healthy young adults aged 20–35 years old. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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15 pages, 1633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Awareness of Malaysian Healthy Plate Associate with Adequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Malaysian Adults with Non-Communicable Diseases?

by Lay Kim Tan, En Hong Chua, Sumarni Mohd Ghazali, Yong Kang Cheah, Vivek Jason Jayaraj and Chee Cheong Kee

Nutrients 2023, 15(24), 5043; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15245043 - 08 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1699

Abstract

The healthy eating plate concept has been introduced in many countries, including Malaysia, as a visual guide for the public to eat healthily. The relationship between Malaysian Healthy Plate (MHP) and adequate fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among morbid Malaysian adults is unknown. [...] Read more.

The healthy eating plate concept has been introduced in many countries, including Malaysia, as a visual guide for the public to eat healthily. The relationship between Malaysian Healthy Plate (MHP) and adequate fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among morbid Malaysian adults is unknown. Hence, we investigated the relationship between awareness of the MHP and FV intake among morbid Malaysian adults. National survey data on 9760 morbid Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above were analyzed. The relationship between awareness of MHP and FV intake among Malaysian adults with obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were determined using multivariable logistic regression controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle risk factors. Our data demonstrated that MHP awareness is associated with adequate FV intake among the Malaysian adults with abdominal obesity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–3.29), diabetes mellitus (aOR: 4.88, 95% CI: 2.13–22.18), hypertension (aOR: 4.39, 95% CI: 1.96–9.83), and hypercholesterolemia (aOR: 4.16, 95% CI: 1.48–11.72). Our findings indicated the necessity for ongoing efforts by policymakers, healthcare professionals, and nutrition educators to promote the concept of MHP and ensure that morbid Malaysian adults consume a sufficient intake of FV or adopt a healthy eating pattern to achieve and maintain optimal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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23 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Nutritional Factors to Evaluate Periodontal Clinical Parameters in Patients with Systemic Diseases

by Yohei Nakayama, Shinichi Tabe, Arisa Yamaguchi, Yuto Tsuruya, Ryoki Kobayashi, Katsunori Oyama, Daisuke Kitano, Keisuke Kojima, Rikitake Kogawa, Yasuo Okumura, Jun Ogihara, Hidenobu Senpuku and Yorimasa Ogata

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020365 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2122

Abstract

Nutritional factors reflect the periodontal parameters accompanying periodontal status. In this study, the associations between nutritional factors, blood biochemical items, and clinical parameters were examined in patients with systemic diseases. The study participants were 94 patients with heart disease, dyslipidemia, kidney disease, or [...] Read more.

Nutritional factors reflect the periodontal parameters accompanying periodontal status. In this study, the associations between nutritional factors, blood biochemical items, and clinical parameters were examined in patients with systemic diseases. The study participants were 94 patients with heart disease, dyslipidemia, kidney disease, or diabetes mellitus. Weak negative correlation coefficients were found between nine clinical parameters and ten nutritional factors. Stage, grade, mean probing depth (PD), rate of PD 4–5 mm, rate of PD ≥ 6 mm, mean clinical attachment level (CAL), and the bleeding on probing (BOP) rate were weakly correlated with various nutritional factors. The clinical parameters with coefficients of determinations (R²) > 0.1 were grade, number of teeth, PD, rate of PD 4–5 mm, CAL, and BOP rate. PD was explained by yogurt and cabbage with statistically significant standardized partial regression coefficients (yogurt: −0.2143; cabbage and napa cabbage: −0.2724). The mean CAL was explained by pork, beef, mutton, and dark green vegetables with statistically significant standardized partial regression coefficients (−0.2237 for pork, beef, and mutton; −0.2667 for dark green vegetables). These results raise the possibility that the frequency of intake of various vegetables can be used to evaluate periodontal stabilization in patients with systemic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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14 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Clustering on Principal Components for Nutritional Epidemiology: A Workflow to Derive Dietary Patterns

by Andrea Maugeri, Martina Barchitta, Giuliana Favara, Claudia La Mastra, Maria Clara La Rosa, Roberta Magnano San Lio and Antonella Agodi

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010195 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2580

Abstract

In the last decades, different multivariate techniques have been applied to multidimensional dietary datasets to identify meaningful patterns reflecting the dietary habits of populations. Among them, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis represent the two most used techniques, either applied separately or [...] Read more.

In the last decades, different multivariate techniques have been applied to multidimensional dietary datasets to identify meaningful patterns reflecting the dietary habits of populations. Among them, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis represent the two most used techniques, either applied separately or in parallel. Here, we propose a workflow to combine PCA, hierarchical clustering, and a K-means algorithm in a novel approach for dietary pattern derivation. Since the workflow presents certain subjective decisions that might affect the final clustering solution, we also provide some alternatives in relation to different dietary data used. For example, we used the dietary data of 855 women from Catania, Italy. Our approach—defined as clustering on principal components—could be useful to leverage the strengths of each method and to obtain a better cluster solution. In fact, it seemed to disentangle dietary data better than simple clustering algorithms. However, before choosing between the alternatives proposed, it is suggested to consider the nature of dietary data and the main questions raised by the research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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14 pages, 1044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastic in Food and Water: Current Knowledge and Awareness of Consumers

by Klaudia Oleksiuk, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Agata Wypych-Ślusarska, Joanna Głogowska-Ligus, Anna Spychała and Jerzy Słowiński

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4857; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224857 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2815

Abstract

In recent years, the widespread of microplastics in the food chain and environment became a topic of much research. This article focused on the knowledge and awareness of people with higher education levels—mostly young ones. The aim of this study is to analyze [...] Read more.

In recent years, the widespread of microplastics in the food chain and environment became a topic of much research. This article focused on the knowledge and awareness of people with higher education levels—mostly young ones. The aim of this study is to analyze to what extent consumers know about and are aware of the source of microplastics, the level of exposure, and potential health hazards connected to the contamination of food and water with microplastics. The test group, consisting of 410 people, is mostly able to correctly characterize what microplastics mean and knows its sources. A majority of the group is aware of potential presence of microplastics in water; however, the knowledge about contamination of other elements of the environment seems to be gradually lowering. The majority of the people taking part in the research know that microplastic might be present in foods, and they are aware that after entering the human body, it might accumulate in internal organs. Moreover, when asked about potential health hazards, the group chose mostly tumors and gastrointestinal disorders, while disorders of the reproductive system were chosen less frequently. Consumers’ knowledge regarding the sources and health hazards of microplastics seems to be more common among women, in groups living in cities and among people who studied physics-related subjects and medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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10 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waist Circumference-Years Construct Analysis and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1997–2015

by Lijing Xi, Xueke Yang, Ruizhe Wang, Chaoyue Ku, Binbin Wu, Man Dai, Li Liu and Zhiguang Ping

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4654; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214654 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1524

Abstract

Background: Few studies have combined the degree and duration of abdominal obesity into a waist circumference-years construct for analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of waist circumference-years on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of [...] Read more.

Background: Few studies have combined the degree and duration of abdominal obesity into a waist circumference-years construct for analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of waist circumference-years on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 6616 adults from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were enrolled in this study from 1997. The waist circumference-years construct was represented as the sum of the upper and lower area between the waist circumference baseline (men: ≥90 cm, women: ≥85 cm) and the waist circumference line. The correlations in the study were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: The incidence of type 2 diabetes increased with increasing waist circumference-years, with an adjusted risk increase of 38% (95% CI: 31–47%) for each additional 50 waist circumference-years, and this rate was similar across gender and age groups. The area under the curve of waist circumference-years (0.743) was greatest in the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis compared to baseline waist circumference (0.731) and the waist-height ratio (0.728) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The waist circumference-years construct is closely associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and may be a stronger predictor of type 2 diabetes risk than baseline waist circumference or the waist-height ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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12 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dietary Patterns of Pregnant Women: A Comparison between Two Mother-Child Cohorts in Sicily, Italy

by Roberta Magnano San Lio, Martina Barchitta, Andrea Maugeri, Maria Clara La Rosa, Giuliana Giunta, Marco Panella, Antonio Cianci, Fabiola Galvani, Elisa Pappalardo, Giuseppe Ettore and Antonella Agodi

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3380; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163380 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

A maternal diet, before and during pregnancy, plays a key role in ensuring maternal and newborn health. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, may have compromised dietary habits in the general population and in specific subgroups of individuals. Here, we evaluated the impact of COVID-19 [...] Read more.

A maternal diet, before and during pregnancy, plays a key role in ensuring maternal and newborn health. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, may have compromised dietary habits in the general population and in specific subgroups of individuals. Here, we evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on the diet of pregnant women, using data from two mother-child cohorts in Sicily (Italy). Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire and analyzed through the Mediterranean diet (MD) score and principal component analysis (PCA). The comparison of maternal dietary consumption before and during the COVID-19 pandemic showed differences in terms of vegetables (p < 0.001), fruit (p < 0.001), dairy products (p < 0.001), fish (p < 0.001), and legumes (p = 0.001). Accordingly, after adjusting for covariates, mothers enrolled during the pandemic were more likely to report low adherence to MD than those enrolled before (OR = 1.65; 95%CI = 1.12–2.42; p = 0.011). A similar result was obtained by analyzing the adherence to a prudent dietary pattern, derived through PCA and characterized by high intake of cooked and row vegetables, legumes, fruit, fish, and soup. Overall, these findings suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced maternal diet during pregnancy. However, further efforts are needed to investigate the main causes and consequences of this change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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23 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Awareness of Diet-Related Diseases and Dietary Risk Factors: A 2022 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey among Adults in Poland

by Adam Żarnowski, Mateusz Jankowski and Mariusz Gujski

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3285; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163285 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1820

Abstract

A suboptimal diet is a risk factor for numerous non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge on diet-related diseases and dietary risk factors among adults in Poland as well as to identify factors associated with awareness of diet-related diseases [...] Read more.

A suboptimal diet is a risk factor for numerous non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge on diet-related diseases and dietary risk factors among adults in Poland as well as to identify factors associated with awareness of diet-related diseases and dietary risk factors. This cross-sectional survey was carried out in July 2022 on a representative sample of adults in Poland. Data were received from 1070 individuals (53.3% females) aged 18–89 years. Out of eight diet-related diseases included in this study, overweight/obesity was the most recognized diet-related disease (85.0%). Stroke (26.2%) and osteoporosis (17.9%) were the least recognized diet-related diseases. Out of eight dietary risk factors included in this study, excessive consumption of sugar and salt (73.4%) was the most recognized dietary risk factor. Less than half of the respondents were aware that (1) too little vitamin intake, (2) too little intake of calcium and magnesium, (3) too little consumption of fish and oils, and (4) too little dietary fiber intake can lead to the development of the diseases. Having higher education and the presence of chronic diseases were the most important factors associated with a higher level of awareness of diet-related diseases and dietary risk factors (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

Review

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28 pages, 2922 KiB

Open AccessReview

Soy Product Consumption and the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Chenting Wang, Keqing Ding, Xuanzhen Xie, Jinyue Zhou, Pengju Liu, Shuang Wang, Ting Fang, Guozhang Xu, Chunlan Tang and Hang Hong

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070986 - 28 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2015

Abstract

Background: The association between soy product consumption and cancer risk varies among studies. Therefore, this comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies examines the association between soy product consumption and total cancer risk. Methods: This study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Up to October [...] Read more.

Background: The association between soy product consumption and cancer risk varies among studies. Therefore, this comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies examines the association between soy product consumption and total cancer risk. Methods: This study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Up to October 2023, all eligible published studies were searched through PubMed and Web of Science databases. Results: A total of 52 studies on soy product consumption were included in this meta-analysis (17 cohort studies and 35 case–control studies). High consumption of total soy products (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.80), tofu (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.86), and soymilk (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.93) were associated with reduced total cancer risk. No association was found between high consumption of fermented soy products (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.47), non-fermented soy products (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.18), soy paste (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.14), miso soup (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.12), or natto (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.11) and cancer risk. A 54 g per day increment of total soy products reduced cancer risk by 11%, a 61 g per day increment of tofu reduced cancer risk by 12%, and a 23 g per day increment of soymilk reduced cancer risk by 28%, while none of the other soy products were associated with cancer risk. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that high total soy product consumption, especially soymilk and tofu, is associated with lower cancer risk. More prospective cohort studies are still needed to confirm the causal relationship between soy product consumption and cancer risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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22 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Has a High Dose of Vitamin D3 Impacted Health Conditions in Older Adults?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Focusing on Dose 100,000 IU

by Barbara Owczarek, Anna Ziomkiewicz and Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020252 - 14 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Background: Older adults are prone to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency, which may impair their health. A high dose of VD3 (HDVD3 = 100,000 IU) could improve their 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] level and health outcomes. However, evidence for such a beneficial effect of HDVD3 [...] Read more.

Background: Older adults are prone to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency, which may impair their health. A high dose of VD3 (HDVD3 = 100,000 IU) could improve their 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] level and health outcomes. However, evidence for such a beneficial effect of HDVD3 in older adults coming from clinical trials is mixed. Objective: To review the literature on the efficacy of a single dose of 100,000 IU of VD3 in older people. Methods: We searched PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and NIH’s clinical trials registry for clinical studies on the effect of a single high dose of VD3 on various health outcomes in older people. We also performed a meta-analysis using the standardized mean difference to assess the effect of VD3 on its blood level. Due to expected high heterogeneity, its amount (i.e., tau²) was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird estimator. To estimate tau², the Q-test for heterogeneity and the I² statistic were calculated. Results: Search results identify 13 studies that reported diverse health outcomes, such as lung and cardiovascular function, skin cancer progression, intensive care unit mortality, immune system response, and bone density. The meta-analysis showed a significant increase in 25(OH)D blood levels after treatment in 10 studies, with an average standardized mean difference of 2.60 ng/mL (95% CI: 2.07 to 3.13). Their results suggested that a single high dose of VD3 may benefit intensive care unit patients and skin cancer patients in remission. However, evidence for other beneficial health effects of HDVD3 was mixed due to high heterogeneity among studies. Conclusions: A single high dose of VD3 may positively affect some health outcomes in older people, possibly due to its pleiotropic and immunomodulatory effects. However, the evidence needs to be more extensive and consistent, and more rigorous studies are required to confirm the benefits and safety of VD3 high doses in older patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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18 pages, 3258 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Damage from Carbonated Soft Drinks on Enamel: A Systematic Review

by Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Giuseppina Malcangi, Laura Ferrante, Gaetano Del Vecchio, Fabio Viapiano, Antonio Mancini, Francesco Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Daniela Di Venere, Gianna Dipalma and Assunta Patano

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071785 - 06 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4781

Abstract

The present study was conducted to analyze the erosive potential of the ever-increasing consumption of carbonated drinks on the dental surface. To identify relevant studies, a comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science covering the last 5 years (2018–2023) [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted to analyze the erosive potential of the ever-increasing consumption of carbonated drinks on the dental surface. To identify relevant studies, a comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science covering the last 5 years (2018–2023) using the following Boolean keywords: “soft drinks AND tooth”. Finally, a total of 19 studies were included. The initial search provided a total of 407 items. Nineteen records were finally involved in the inclusion phase, seven of which were in vivo and twelve in vitro. An abuse of carbonated acid substances leads to an increase in the possibility of dental erosion with consequent structural disintegration and reduction of the physical and mechanical properties of the enamel. There is thus greater bacterial adhesion on rougher surfaces, determined by the erosive process, and therefore a greater risk of caries. The pH of most commercialized carbonated drinks is lower than the critical pH for the demineralization of the enamel. Carbonated drinks’ pH and duration of exposure have different deleterious effects on enamel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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18 pages, 1158 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Do Nutrients and Nutraceuticals Play a Role in Diabetic Retinopathy? A Systematic Review

by Agostino Milluzzo, Martina Barchitta, Andrea Maugeri, Roberta Magnano San Lio, Giuliana Favara, Maria Grazia Mazzone, Laura Sciacca and Antonella Agodi

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204430 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1847

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a multifactorial neuro-microvascular disease, whose prevalence ranges from 25% to 60% of subjects affected by diabetes mellitus, representing the main cause of legal blindness in adults of industrialized countries. The treatment of advanced stage of DR is based on [...] Read more.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a multifactorial neuro-microvascular disease, whose prevalence ranges from 25% to 60% of subjects affected by diabetes mellitus, representing the main cause of legal blindness in adults of industrialized countries. The treatment of advanced stage of DR is based on invasive and expensive therapies, while few strategies are available for the early stage or prevention. The mechanisms underlying DR involve a complex interplay between the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypoxia, and oxidative stress, providing several pathways potentially targeted by nutrients and nutraceuticals. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of observational and interventional studies, evaluating the effect of nutrients and/or nutraceuticals on the risk of DR and their potential use for the treatment of patients with DR. The analysis of the 41 included studies (27 observational and 14 interventional studies) suggests a promising preventive role of some nutrients, in particular for vitamins B (i.e., B1 and B12), D, and E. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify the potential clinical application of nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of DR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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14 pages, 3067 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Dietary Salt Intake on Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies

by Xiaomin Wu, Liling Chen, Junxia Cheng, Jing Qian, Zhongze Fang and Jing Wu

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4260; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204260 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4219

Abstract

Aim: The effect of dietary salt intake on the risk of gastric cancer is not clear. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the association between dietary salt intake and the risk of gastric cancer. Methods: Three major databases were searched to retrieve case-control [...] Read more.

Aim: The effect of dietary salt intake on the risk of gastric cancer is not clear. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the association between dietary salt intake and the risk of gastric cancer. Methods: Three major databases were searched to retrieve case-control studies published in English before 1 July 2022. Random effects model analysis was used to obtain the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between dietary salt intake and risk of gastric cancer. Subgroup analyses were used to identify possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: Thirty-eight case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis (total population: n = 37,225). The pooled ORs showed a significantly positive association between high salt intake and gastric cancer compared with low salt intake (OR = 1.55, 95% CI (1.45, 1.64); p < 0.001). In subgroup meta-analysis for geographic region, estimation method for dietary salt intake and the source of controls, this association was not changed. Conclusion: Higher dietary salt intake increased the risk of gastric cancer. This study has implications for the prevention of gastric cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Dietary Factors and Disease Risk)

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