Research

14 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Headache Disorders: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study

by Leonidas Mantonakis, Ioanna Belesioti, Christina I. Deligianni, Vasilis Natsis, Euthimia Mitropoulou, Elina Kasioti, Maria Lypiridou and Dimos D. Mitsikostas

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(2), 356-369; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16020026 - 18 Mar 2024

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Background: Headache disorders have been associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in a large sample of individuals with different headache disorders (HDs) in order to determine whether their frequency differs [...] Read more.

Background: Headache disorders have been associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in a large sample of individuals with different headache disorders (HDs) in order to determine whether their frequency differs by headache type. Methods: Consecutive individuals with headache attending a headache outpatient clinic were interviewed with the HAM-D and HAM-A, along with age, sex, and education matched non-headache individuals. Results: Individuals numbering 2673 with headache (females 71.2%) and 464 non-headache individuals (females 70.9%) were interviewed (with participation rates of 98.3% and 91.0%, respectively). Migraine was diagnosed in 49.7%, tension-type headache in 38%, cluster headache 5.2%, and medication overuse (MO) in 21.8%. Participants with HD scored more in HAM-A (OR = 4.741, CI95%: 3.855–5.831, p < 0.001) and HAM-D scales (OR = 2.319, CI95%: 1.892–2.842, p < 0.001) than non-headache individuals. Participants with chronic HDs (≥15 days with headache for ≥3 consecutive months; 52.5%) scored higher for both HAM-A (OR = 1.944, CI95%: 1.640–2.303, p < 0.001) and HAM-D (OR = 1.625, CI95%: 1.359–1.944, p < 0.001) than those with episodic HDs (33.1%), as did participants with MO vs. participants without MO (OR = 3.418, CI95%: 2.655–4.399, p < 0.001 for HAM-A, OR = 3.043, CI95%: 2.322–3.986, p < 0.001 for HAM-D). Female and low-educated participants scored higher on both scales. Conclusion: Because symptoms of anxiety and depression are substantial in people with HD, the treating physicians should look out for such symptoms and manage them appropriately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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13 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neurite Damage in Patients with Migraine

by Yasushi Shibata and Sumire Ishiyama

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(2), 299-311; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16020021 - 29 Feb 2024

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Abstract

We examined neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging in patients with migraine. We found that patients with medication overuse headache exhibited lower orientation dispersion than those without. Moreover, orientation dispersion in the body of the corpus callosum was statistically negatively correlated with migraine [...] Read more.

We examined neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging in patients with migraine. We found that patients with medication overuse headache exhibited lower orientation dispersion than those without. Moreover, orientation dispersion in the body of the corpus callosum was statistically negatively correlated with migraine attack frequencies. These findings indicate that neurite dispersion is damaged in patients with chronic migraine. Our study results indicate the orientation preference of neurite damage in migraine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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15 pages, 1378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Switching CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Non-Responder Patients in the UAE: A Retrospective Study

by Reem Suliman, Vanessa Santos, Ibrahim Al Qaisi, Batool Aldaher, Ahmed Al Fardan, Hajir Al Barrawy, Yazan Bader, Jonna Lyn Supena, Kathrina Alejandro and Taoufik Alsaadi

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(1), 274-288; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16010019 - 18 Feb 2024

Viewed by 861

Abstract

Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) have shown promising effectiveness in migraine management compared to other preventative treatment options. Many questions remain regarding switching between antibody classes as a treatment option in patients with migraine headaches. This preliminary retrospective real-world study explored [...] Read more.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) have shown promising effectiveness in migraine management compared to other preventative treatment options. Many questions remain regarding switching between antibody classes as a treatment option in patients with migraine headaches. This preliminary retrospective real-world study explored the treatment response of patients who switched between CGRP mAb classes due to lack of efficacy or poor tolerability. A total of 53 patients with migraine headache switched between three of the CGRP mAbs types due to lack of efficacy of the original prescribed CGRP mAbs, specifically eptinezumab, erenumab, and galcanezumab. Fremanezumab was not included due to unavailability in the UAE. Galcanezumab and eptinezumab target the CGRP ligand (CGRP/L), while erenumab targets CGRP receptors (CGRP/R). The analysis of efficacy demonstrated that some improvements were seen in both class switch cohorts (CGRP/R to CGRP/L and CGRP/L to CGRP/R). The safety of switching between CGRP classes was well observed, as any adverse events presented before the class switch did not lead to the discontinuation of treatment following the later switch. The findings of this study suggest that switching between different classes of CGRP mAbs is a potentially safe and clinically viable practice that may have some applications for those experiencing side effects on their current CGRP mAb or those witnessing suboptimal response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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15 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Headache and NOTCH3 Gene Variants in Patients with CADASIL

by Oliwia Szymanowicz, Izabela Korczowska-Łącka, Bartosz Słowikowski, Małgorzata Wiszniewska, Ada Piotrowska, Ulyana Goutor, Paweł P. Jagodziński, Wojciech Kozubski and Jolanta Dorszewska

Neurol. Int. 2023, 15(4), 1238-1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15040078 - 09 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Autosomal dominant cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited vascular disease characterized by recurrent strokes, cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, apathy, and migraine. Approximately 40% of patients with CADASIL experience migraine with aura (MA). In addition to MA, CADASIL patients [...] Read more.

Autosomal dominant cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited vascular disease characterized by recurrent strokes, cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, apathy, and migraine. Approximately 40% of patients with CADASIL experience migraine with aura (MA). In addition to MA, CADASIL patients are described in the literature as having migraine without aura (MO) and other types of headaches. Mutations in the NOTCH3 gene cause CADASIL. This study investigated NOTCH3 genetic variants in CADASIL patients and their potential association with headache types. Genetic tests were performed on 30 patients with CADASIL (20 women aged 43.6 ± 11.5 and 10 men aged 39.6 ± 15.8). PCR-HRM and sequencing methods were used in the genetic study. We described three variants as pathogenic/likely pathogenic (p.Tyr189Cys, p.Arg153Cys, p.Cys144Arg) and two benign variants (p.Ala202=, p.Thr101=) in the NOTCH3 gene and also presented the NOTCH3 gene variant (chr19:15192258 G>T), which has not been previously described in the literature. Patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants had similar headache courses. People with benign variants showed a more diverse clinical picture. It seems that different NOTCH3 variants may contribute to the differential presentation of a CADASIL headache, highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic value of headache characteristics in this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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12 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variability in Vitamin D Receptor and Migraine Susceptibility: A Southeastern European Case-Control Study

by Maria Papasavva, Michail Vikelis, Vasileios Siokas, Martha-Spyridoula Katsarou, Emmanouil V. Dermitzakis, Athanasios Raptis, Efthimios Dardiotis and Nikolaos Drakoulis

Neurol. Int. 2023, 15(3), 1117-1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15030069 - 05 Sep 2023

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Abstract

Migraine is a common primary headache disorder with both environmental and genetic inputs. Cumulative evidence indicates an association between vitamin D and headache. Unravelling the precise role of vitamin D and its receptor in the pathophysiology of migraine can eventually contribute to more [...] Read more.

Migraine is a common primary headache disorder with both environmental and genetic inputs. Cumulative evidence indicates an association between vitamin D and headache. Unravelling the precise role of vitamin D and its receptor in the pathophysiology of migraine can eventually contribute to more efficient prevention and management of this headache disorder. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation of the three most studied VDR variants, i.e., FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236) and BsmI (rs1544410), with migraine susceptibility and distinct clinical phenotypes in a Southeastern European case-control population residing in Greece. DNA was extracted from 191 unrelated patients diagnosed with migraine and 265 headache-free controls and genotyped using real-time PCR (LightSNiP assays) followed by melting curve analysis. Genotype frequency distribution analysis of the TaqI and BsmI variants showed a statistically significant difference between migraine cases and controls. In addition, subgroup analyses revealed a significant association between all three studied VDR variants, particularly with a migraine without aura subtype. Therefore, the current study provides supporting evidence for a possible association of VDR variants with migraines, particularly migraine without aura susceptibility in Southeastern Europeans residing in Greece, further reinforcing the emerging role of vitamin D and its receptor in migraines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

16 pages, 3130 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Semi-Automated Recording of Facial Sensitivity in Rat Demonstrates Antinociceptive Effects of the Anti-CGRP Antibody Fremanezumab

by Nicola Benedicter, Karl Messlinger, Birgit Vogler, Kimberly D. Mackenzie, Jennifer Stratton, Nadine Friedrich and Mária Dux

Neurol. Int. 2023, 15(2), 622-637; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15020039 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

Migraine pain is frequently accompanied by cranial hyperalgesia and allodynia. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in migraine pathophysiology but its role in facial hypersensitivity is not entirely clear. In this study, we investigated if the anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody fremanezumab, which is therapeutically [...] Read more.

Migraine pain is frequently accompanied by cranial hyperalgesia and allodynia. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in migraine pathophysiology but its role in facial hypersensitivity is not entirely clear. In this study, we investigated if the anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody fremanezumab, which is therapeutically used in chronic and episodic migraines, can modify facial sensitivity recorded by a semi-automatic system. Rats of both sexes primed to drink from a sweet source had to pass a noxious mechanical or heat barrier to reach the source. Under these experimental conditions, animals of all groups tended to drink longer and more when they had received a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg fremanezumab compared to control animals injected with an isotype control antibody 12–13 days prior to testing, but this was significant only for females. In conclusion, anti-CGRP antibody, fremanezumab, reduces facial sensitivity to noxious mechanical and thermal stimulation for more than one week, especially in female rats. Anti-CGRP antibodies may reduce not only headache but also cranial sensitivity in migraineurs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 2525 KiB

Open AccessReview

All Roads Lead to the Gut: The Importance of the Microbiota and Diet in Migraine

by Eleonóra Spekker and Gábor Nagy-Grócz

Neurol. Int. 2023, 15(3), 1174-1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15030073 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2268

Abstract

Migraine, a prevalent neurological condition and the third most common disease globally, places a significant economic burden on society. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise underlying mechanism of the disease remains incompletely comprehended. Nevertheless, it is established that the activation and sensitization of [...] Read more.

Migraine, a prevalent neurological condition and the third most common disease globally, places a significant economic burden on society. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise underlying mechanism of the disease remains incompletely comprehended. Nevertheless, it is established that the activation and sensitization of the trigeminal system are crucial during migraine attacks, and specific substances have been recognized for their distinct involvement in the pathomechanism of migraine. Recently, an expanding body of data indicates that migraine attacks can be prevented and treated through dietary means. It is important to highlight that the various diets available pose risks for patients without professional guidance. This comprehensive overview explores the connection between migraine, the gut microbiome, and gastrointestinal disorders. It provides insight into migraine-triggering foods, and discusses potential diets to help reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Additionally, it delves into the benefits of using pre- and probiotics as adjunctive therapy in migraine treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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54 pages, 3017 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Migraine: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment

by Horia Pleș, Ioan-Alexandru Florian, Teodora-Larisa Timis, Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc, Luca-Andrei Glavan, David-Ioan Dumitrascu, Andrei Adrian Popa, Andrei Bordeianu and Alexandru Vlad Ciurea

Neurol. Int. 2023, 15(3), 1052-1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15030067 - 31 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6984

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive review on migraine, a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by chronic headaches, by focusing on their pathogenesis and treatment advances. By examining molecular markers and leveraging imaging techniques, the research identifies key mechanisms and triggers in migraine pathology, thereby [...] Read more.

This article presents a comprehensive review on migraine, a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by chronic headaches, by focusing on their pathogenesis and treatment advances. By examining molecular markers and leveraging imaging techniques, the research identifies key mechanisms and triggers in migraine pathology, thereby improving our understanding of its pathophysiology. Special emphasis is given to the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine development. CGRP not only contributes to symptoms but also represents a promising therapeutic target, with inhibitors showing effectiveness in migraine management. The article further explores traditional medical treatments, scrutinizing the mechanisms, benefits, and limitations of commonly prescribed medications. This provides a segue into an analysis of emerging therapeutic strategies and their potential to enhance migraine management. Finally, the paper delves into neuromodulation as an innovative treatment modality. Clinical studies indicating its effectiveness in migraine management are reviewed, and the advantages and limitations of this technique are discussed. In summary, the article aims to enhance the understanding of migraine pathogenesis and present novel therapeutic possibilities that could revolutionize patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

7 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pulsed Radiofrequency for Auriculotemporal Neuralgia: A Case Report

by Yan Tereshko, Enrico Belgrado, Christian Lettieri, Simone Dal Bello, Giovanni Merlino, Gian Luigi Gigli and Mariarosaria Valente

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(2), 349-355; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16020025 - 12 Mar 2024

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Auriculotemporal neuralgia is a rare facial pain disorder with no therapeutic evidence for refractory cases. We described a male patient with right auriculotemporal neuralgia, refractory to anesthetic nerve blocks and botulinum toxin type A injections, who was successfully treated with pulsed radiofrequency without [...] Read more.

Auriculotemporal neuralgia is a rare facial pain disorder with no therapeutic evidence for refractory cases. We described a male patient with right auriculotemporal neuralgia, refractory to anesthetic nerve blocks and botulinum toxin type A injections, who was successfully treated with pulsed radiofrequency without adverse events. Pulsed radiofrequency may be an effective and safe treatment for refractory auriculotemporal neuralgia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraines and Beyond: Advances in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Headache Disorders)

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