Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanocomposite Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2023) | Viewed by 18853

Special Issue Editors

Ioffe Institute, 26 Polytechnicheskaya str, 194021 St Petersburg, Russia
Interests: integrated optics; physics of semiconductor lasers; nanoelectronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Ioffe Institute, 26 Polytechnicheskaya str, 194021 St Petersburg, Russia
Interests: nanophotonics; semiconductor laser; nonlinear fiber optics; nanoelectronics; laser technology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lasers are a key component in modern nanophotonics that has rapidly evolved in the 21st century. The studies of lasing sources that started from bulk materials boosted very intensive research and development of novel nanomaterials. Nowadays, laser active media can be based on quantum wells, quantum dot arrays and individual quantum dots, nanowires and various photonic metamaterials that exhibit different properties targeted on the desired features of the final device. Importantly, the development of lasing systems goes in parallel with the development of gratings, without which it is hard to imagine modern single-frequency and tunable lasers, fiber-optic communication systems, and many other nanophotonic devices. Plasmonic metamaterials exploiting the properties of localized surface plasmons (LSPs) find unique high-tech applications, ranging from solar-cell engineering and chemical analysis to the development of optical logic elements and single-photon sources for quantum computing. Due to their peculiar properties, nanoscale plasmon lasers are becoming promising light sources for ultra-compact and ultra-fast photonic circuits and highly sensitive bio-detection.

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue with the latest progress in the field, including fundamental research and applications of lasers, gratings, and localized surface plasmons. You are welcome to submit your original research or comprehensive review articles covering the Special Issue topics. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Single-photon sources
  • Quantum-cascade lasers and applications
  • Tunable single-frequency laser diodes
  • Fiber-optic gratings and applications
  • Ultra-fast photonics
  • Nanoscale plasmon lasers
  • Localized surface plasmons resonance sensors and other applications
  • Nanoheterostructures for lasers and applications

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Grigorii Sokolovskii
Dr. Vladislav V. Dudelev
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • localized surface plasmons
  • laser
  • grating
  • laser diode
  • quantum-cascade laser
  • fiber-optic grating
  • plasmonic metamaterials
  • plasmonic nanostructures
  • nanolasers

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1597 KiB  
Article
Active Region Overheating in Pulsed Quantum Cascade Lasers: Effects of Nonequilibrium Heat Dissipation on Laser Performance
by Ivan I. Vrubel, Evgeniia D. Cherotchenko, Dmitry A. Mikhailov, Dmitrii V. Chistyakov, Aleksandr V. Abramov, Vladislav V. Dudelev and Grigorii S. Sokolovskii
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(23), 2994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13232994 - 22 Nov 2023
Viewed by 656
Abstract
Mid IR Quantum cascade lasers are of high interest for the scientific community due to their unique applications. However, the QCL designs require careful engineering to overcome some crucial disadvantages. One of them is active region (ARn) overheating, which significantly affects laser characteristics, [...] Read more.
Mid IR Quantum cascade lasers are of high interest for the scientific community due to their unique applications. However, the QCL designs require careful engineering to overcome some crucial disadvantages. One of them is active region (ARn) overheating, which significantly affects laser characteristics, even in the pulsed mode. In this work, we consider the effects related to the nonequilibrium temperature distribution when thermal resistance formalism is irrelevant. We employ the heat equation and discuss the possible limitations and structural features stemming from the chemical composition of the ARn. We show that the presence of solid solutions in the ARn structure fundamentally limits the heat dissipation in pulsed and CW regimes due to their low thermal conductivity compared with binary compounds. Also, the QCL postgrowths affect the thermal properties of a device closer to CW mode, while it is by far less important in the short-pulsed mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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12 pages, 2499 KiB  
Article
Metal Electrodes for Filtering the Localized Fundamental Mode of a Ridge Optical Waveguide on a Thin Lithium Niobate Nanofilm
by Mikhail Parfenov, Petr Agruzov, Aleksandr Tronev, Igor Ilichev, Anna Usikova, Yurii Zadiranov and Aleksandr Shamrai
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(20), 2755; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13202755 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 991
Abstract
An approach for filtering the fundamental mode in an integrated optical modulator with multimode waveguides based on etched thin lithium niobate nanofilms is presented. It is shown that metal electrodes can be used as a modal filter to suppress high-order modes in wide [...] Read more.
An approach for filtering the fundamental mode in an integrated optical modulator with multimode waveguides based on etched thin lithium niobate nanofilms is presented. It is shown that metal electrodes can be used as a modal filter to suppress high-order modes in wide multimode ridge waveguides and, consequently, to provide their quasi-single-mode regime of operation. The influence of the gap between the electrodes and its displacement relative to the waveguide symmetry axis is analyzed for various configurations of waveguides. The conditions for quasi-single-mode light propagation with suppression of high-order modes of more than 90 dB/cm are found. The influence of fabrication errors on the efficiency of modal filtering is discussed. Efficient electro-optical modulation with an equivalent voltage-length product of 4 V∙cm has been experimentally demonstrated on integrated optical phase modulator samples fabricated using conventional contact photolithography. The proposed topological solution can be further used for the fast and cheap fabrication of TFLN modulators by conventional contact photolithography. The proposed modal filtering can also be used in other waveguide topologies and in more complex waveguide devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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9 pages, 1846 KiB  
Article
Brightness of AlGaInAs/InP Multimode Diode Lasers with Different Aperture Widths
by Yulia Kirichenko (Bobretsova), Dmitriy Veselov, Alexander Klimov, Sergey Slipchenko, Natalia Shuvalova, Andrey Lyutetsky, Nikita Pikhtin, Alexander Marmalyuk, Vladimir Svetogorov, Yuriy Ryaboshtan and Maksim Ladugin
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(20), 2746; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13202746 - 11 Oct 2023
Viewed by 693
Abstract
A set of semiconductor lasers with different stripe widths is fabricated based on the AlGaInAs/InP heterostructure with an ultra-narrow waveguide. The key characteristics of the lasers (light-current curves (L-I), current-voltage curves (I-V), and spectral and spatial characteristics) are measured, and their dependence on [...] Read more.
A set of semiconductor lasers with different stripe widths is fabricated based on the AlGaInAs/InP heterostructure with an ultra-narrow waveguide. The key characteristics of the lasers (light-current curves (L-I), current-voltage curves (I-V), and spectral and spatial characteristics) are measured, and their dependence on the stripe width is shown. The operating optical power increases from 1.4 W to 4.3 W; however, the lateral brightness decreases from 1.09 W/(mm*mrad) to 0.65 W/(mm*mrad) as the stripe width increases from 20 to 150 μm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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13 pages, 10469 KiB  
Article
Selective Area Epitaxy of Highly Strained InGaAs Quantum Wells (980–990 nm) in Ultrawide Windows Using Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
by Viktor Shamakhov, Sergey Slipchenko, Dmitriy Nikolaev, Alexander Smirnov, Ilya Eliseyev, Artyom Grishin, Matvei Kondratov, Ilya Shashkin and Nikita Pikhtin
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(17), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13172386 - 22 Aug 2023
Viewed by 611
Abstract
We employed the selective-area-epitaxy technique using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition to fabricate and study samples of semiconductor heterostructures that incorporate highly strained InGaAs quantum wells (980–990 nm emission wavelength). Selective area epitaxy of InGaAs quantum wells was performed on templates that had a [...] Read more.
We employed the selective-area-epitaxy technique using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition to fabricate and study samples of semiconductor heterostructures that incorporate highly strained InGaAs quantum wells (980–990 nm emission wavelength). Selective area epitaxy of InGaAs quantum wells was performed on templates that had a patterned periodic structure consisting of a window (where epitaxial growth occurred) and a passive mask (where epitaxial growth was suppressed), each with a width of 100 µm for every element. Additionally, a selectively grown potential barrier layer was included, which was characterized by an almost parabolic curvature profile of the surface. We conducted a study on the influence of the curvature profile of the growth surface on the optical properties of InGaAs quantum wells and the spatial distribution of composition in an ultrawide window. Our results showed that, under fixed selective-area-epitaxy conditions, the composition of the InxGa1−xAs and the wavelength of the quantum-well emission changed across the width of the window. Our study demonstrates that increasing the curvature profile of the growth surface of highly strained quantum wells leads to a transition in the photoluminescence wavelength distribution profile across the window, from quasi-parabolic to inverted parabolic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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12 pages, 2023 KiB  
Article
Temperature Evolution of Two-State Lasing in Microdisk Lasers with InAs/InGaAs Quantum Dots
by Ivan Makhov, Konstantin Ivanov, Eduard Moiseev, Nikita Fominykh, Anna Dragunova, Natalia Kryzhanovskaya and Alexey Zhukov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050877 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1690
Abstract
One-state and two-state lasing is investigated experimentally and through numerical simulation as a function of temperature in microdisk lasers with Stranski–Krastanow InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots. Near room temperature, the temperature-induced increment of the ground-state threshold current density is relatively weak and can be described [...] Read more.
One-state and two-state lasing is investigated experimentally and through numerical simulation as a function of temperature in microdisk lasers with Stranski–Krastanow InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots. Near room temperature, the temperature-induced increment of the ground-state threshold current density is relatively weak and can be described by a characteristic temperature of about 150 K. At elevated temperatures, a faster (super-exponential) increase in the threshold current density is observed. Meanwhile, the current density corresponding to the onset of two-state lasing was found to decrease with increasing temperature, so that the interval of current density of pure one-state lasing becomes narrower with the temperature increase. Above a certain critical temperature, ground-state lasing completely disappears. This critical temperature drops from 107 to 37 °C as the microdisk diameter decreases from 28 to 20 μm. In microdisks with a diameter of 9 μm, a temperature-induced jump in the lasing wavelength from the first excited-state to second excited-state optical transition is observed. A model describing the system of rate equations and free carrier absorption dependent on the reservoir population provides a satisfactory agreement with experimental results. The temperature and threshold current corresponding to the quenching of ground-state lasing can be well approximated by linear functions of saturated gain and output loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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16 pages, 28493 KiB  
Article
Single-Layer Transmissive Chiral Plasma Metasurface with High Circular Polarization Extinction Ratio in Visible Wavelength
by Ran Zhang, Zhichao Zhang, Yuanyi Fan, Hao Zhang and Jinkui Chu
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050813 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1383
Abstract
Chiral metamaterials are extensively applied in the fields of photoelectric detection, biomedical diagnostics and micro-nano polarization imaging. Currently, single-layer chiral metamaterials are unfortunately limited by several issues, such as a weaker circular polarization extinction ratio and circular polarization transmittance difference. To tackle these [...] Read more.
Chiral metamaterials are extensively applied in the fields of photoelectric detection, biomedical diagnostics and micro-nano polarization imaging. Currently, single-layer chiral metamaterials are unfortunately limited by several issues, such as a weaker circular polarization extinction ratio and circular polarization transmittance difference. To tackle these issues, a single-layer transmissive chiral plasma metasurface (SCPMs) suitable for visible wavelength is proposed in this paper. Its basic unit is composed of double orthogonal rectangular slots and a spatial π/4 inclined arrangement of the rectangular slot to constitute a chiral structure. Each rectangular slot structure has characteristics that enable the SCPMs to easily achieve a high circular polarization extinction ratio and strong circular polarization transmittance difference. Both the circular polarization extinction ratio and circular polarization transmittance difference of the SCPMs reach over 1000 and 0.28 at a wavelength of 532 nm, respectively. In addition, the SCPMs is fabricated via the thermally evaporated deposition technique and focused ion beam system. This compact structure coupled with a simple process and excellent properties enhances its applicability for the control and detection of polarization, especially during integration with linear polarizers, to achieve the fabrication of a division-of-focal-plane full-Stokes polarimeter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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7 pages, 1531 KiB  
Article
High-Power Quantum Cascade Lasers Emitting at 8 μm: Technology and Analysis
by Evgeniia Cherotchenko, Vladislav Dudelev, Dmitry Mikhailov, Grigorii Savchenko, Dmitriy Chistyakov, Sergey Losev, Andrey Babichev, Andrey Gladyshev, Innokentiy Novikov, Andrey Lutetskiy, Dmitry Veselov, Sergey Slipchenko, Dmitry Denisov, Andrey Andreev, Irina Yarotskaya, Konstantin Podgaetskiy, Maksim Ladugin, Aleksandr Marmalyuk, Nikita Pikhtin, Leonid Karachinsky, Vladimir Kuchinskii, Anton Egorov and Grigorii Sokolovskiiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 3971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12223971 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1633
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the features of a two-stage epitaxial growth technique and show the results of power and efficiency measurements for three different designs of quantum cascade lasers with a record-high peak power in the 8 μm spectral region. The [...] Read more.
In this work, we demonstrate the features of a two-stage epitaxial growth technique and show the results of power and efficiency measurements for three different designs of quantum cascade lasers with a record-high peak power in the 8 μm spectral region. The time-resolved QCL spectral study proves that InP-based upper cladding paired with an InP contact layer provides better heat dissipation and allows one to reach better power characteristics in comparison with InGaAs-based contact, even with short pulse pumping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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16 pages, 2866 KiB  
Article
Accurate and Comprehensive Spectrum Characterization for Cavity-Enhanced Electro-Optic Comb Generators
by Ruitao Yang, Jinxuan Wu, Hongxing Yang, Haijin Fu, Liang Yu, Xu Xing, Yisi Dong, Pengcheng Hu and Jiubin Tan
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213907 - 05 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1250
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced electro-optic comb generators (CEEOCGs) can provide optical frequency combs with excellent stability and configurability. The existing methods for CEEOCGs spectrum characterization, however, are based on approximations and have suffered from either iterative calculations or limited applicable conditions. In this paper, we show [...] Read more.
Cavity-enhanced electro-optic comb generators (CEEOCGs) can provide optical frequency combs with excellent stability and configurability. The existing methods for CEEOCGs spectrum characterization, however, are based on approximations and have suffered from either iterative calculations or limited applicable conditions. In this paper, we show a spectrum characterization method by accumulating the optical electrical field with respect to the count of the round-trip propagation inside of CEEOCGs. The identity transformation and complete analysis of the intracavity phase delay were conducted to eliminate approximations and be applicable to arbitrary conditions, respectively. The calculation efficiency was improved by the noniterative matrix operations. Setting the maximum propagation count as 1000, the spectrum of the center ±300 comb modes can be characterized with merely the truncation error of floating-point numbers within 1.2 s. More importantly, the effects of all CEEOCG parameters were comprehensively characterized for the first time. Accordingly, not only the exact working condition of CEEOCG can be identified for further optimization, but also the power of each comb mode can be predicted accurately and efficiently for applications in optical communications and waveform synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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13 pages, 2970 KiB  
Article
Dual Tunable Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Based on a Grating-Assisted Double-Layer Graphene Hybrid Structure at Terahertz Frequencies
by Xu Zhong, Tiesheng Wu, Zhihui Liu, Dan Yang, Zuning Yang, Rui Liu, Yan Liu and Junyi Wang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3853; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213853 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1243
Abstract
We propose a graphene plasmonic structure by applying two graphene layers mingled with a thin gold layer in a silicon grating. By utilizing the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we investigate the optical response of the system, and observe that the design achieves dual [...] Read more.
We propose a graphene plasmonic structure by applying two graphene layers mingled with a thin gold layer in a silicon grating. By utilizing the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, we investigate the optical response of the system, and observe that the design achieves dual tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effect at terahertz frequencies. The EIT-like effect arises from the destructive interference between the grapheme-layer bright modes and the gold-layer dark mode. The EIT-like phenomenon can be adjusted by the Fermi level, which is related to the applied voltage. The results show that the group delay of the present structure reaches 0.62 ps in the terahertz band, the group refractive index exceeds 1200, the maximum delay-bandwidth product is 0.972, and the EIT-like peak frequency transmittance is up to 0.89. This indicates that the device has good slow light performance. The proposed structure might enable promising applications in slow-light devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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12 pages, 3036 KiB  
Article
Dissipative Phase Transition in Systems with Two-Photon Drive and Nonlinear Dissipation near the Critical Point
by Valentin Yu. Mylnikov, Sergey O. Potashin, Grigorii S. Sokolovskii and Nikita S. Averkiev
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152543 - 24 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
In this paper, we examine dissipative phase transition (DPT) near the critical point for a system with two-photon driving and nonlinear dissipations. The proposed mean-field theory, which explicitly takes into account quantum fluctuations, allowed us to describe properly the evolutionary dynamics of the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we examine dissipative phase transition (DPT) near the critical point for a system with two-photon driving and nonlinear dissipations. The proposed mean-field theory, which explicitly takes into account quantum fluctuations, allowed us to describe properly the evolutionary dynamics of the system and to demonstrate new effects in its steady-state. We show that the presence of quantum fluctuations leads to a power-law dependence of the anomalous average at the phase transition point, with which the critical exponent is associated. Also, we investigate the effect of the quantum fluctuations on the critical point renormalization and demonstrate the existence of a two-photon pump “threshold”. It is noteworthy that the obtained results are in a good agreement with the numerical simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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Review

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31 pages, 89637 KiB  
Review
Optical Processes behind Plasmonic Applications
by Viktoriia E. Babicheva
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(7), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071270 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3159
Abstract
Plasmonics is a revolutionary concept in nanophotonics that combines the properties of both photonics and electronics by confining light energy to a nanometer-scale oscillating field of free electrons, known as a surface plasmon. Generation, processing, routing, and amplification of optical signals at the [...] Read more.
Plasmonics is a revolutionary concept in nanophotonics that combines the properties of both photonics and electronics by confining light energy to a nanometer-scale oscillating field of free electrons, known as a surface plasmon. Generation, processing, routing, and amplification of optical signals at the nanoscale hold promise for optical communications, biophotonics, sensing, chemistry, and medical applications. Surface plasmons manifest themselves as confined oscillations, allowing for optical nanoantennas, ultra-compact optical detectors, state-of-the-art sensors, data storage, and energy harvesting designs. Surface plasmons facilitate both resonant characteristics of nanostructures and guiding and controlling light at the nanoscale. Plasmonics and metamaterials enable the advancement of many photonic designs with unparalleled capabilities, including subwavelength waveguides, optical nanoresonators, super- and hyper-lenses, and light concentrators. Alternative plasmonic materials have been developed to be incorporated in the nanostructures for low losses and controlled optical characteristics along with semiconductor-process compatibility. This review describes optical processes behind a range of plasmonic applications. It pays special attention to the topics of field enhancement and collective effects in nanostructures. The advances in these research topics are expected to transform the domain of nanoscale photonics, optical metamaterials, and their various applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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23 pages, 10101 KiB  
Review
Advances in Meta-Optics and Metasurfaces: Fundamentals and Applications
by Kai Ou, Hengyi Wan, Guangfeng Wang, Jingyuan Zhu, Siyu Dong, Tao He, Hui Yang, Zeyong Wei, Zhanshan Wang and Xinbin Cheng
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(7), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13071235 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3432
Abstract
Meta-optics based on metasurfaces that interact strongly with light has been an active area of research in recent years. The development of meta-optics has always been driven by human’s pursuits of the ultimate miniaturization of optical elements, on-demand design and control of light [...] Read more.
Meta-optics based on metasurfaces that interact strongly with light has been an active area of research in recent years. The development of meta-optics has always been driven by human’s pursuits of the ultimate miniaturization of optical elements, on-demand design and control of light beams, and processing hidden modalities of light. Underpinned by meta-optical physics, meta-optical devices have produced potentially disruptive applications in light manipulation and ultra-light optics. Among them, optical metalens are most fundamental and prominent meta-devices, owing to their powerful abilities in advanced imaging and image processing, and their novel functionalities in light manipulation. This review focuses on recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of the field defined by excavating new optical physics and breaking the limitations of light manipulation. In addition, we have deeply explored the metalenses and metalens-based devices with novel functionalities, and their applications in computational imaging and image processing. We also provide an outlook on this active field in the end. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics: Lasers, Gratings and Localized Surface Plasmons)
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